1 /* `ln' program to create links between files.
2 Copyright (C) 1986, 1989-1991, 1995-2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
4 This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
5 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
6 the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
7 (at your option) any later version.
9 This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
10 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
11 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
12 GNU General Public License for more details.
14 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
15 along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. */
17 /* Written by Mike Parker and David MacKenzie. */
21 #include <sys/types.h>
25 #include "backupfile.h"
27 #include "filenamecat.h"
30 #include "hash-triple.h"
35 /* The official name of this program (e.g., no `g' prefix). */
36 #define PROGRAM_NAME "ln"
39 proper_name ("Mike Parker"), \
40 proper_name ("David MacKenzie")
42 #ifndef ENABLE_HARD_LINK_TO_SYMLINK_WARNING
43 # define ENABLE_HARD_LINK_TO_SYMLINK_WARNING 0
46 /* In being careful not even to try to make hard links to directories,
47 we have to know whether link(2) follows symlinks. If it does, then
48 we have to *stat* the `source' to see if the resulting link would be
49 to a directory. Otherwise, we have to use *lstat* so that we allow
50 users to make hard links to symlinks-that-point-to-directories. */
52 #if LINK_FOLLOWS_SYMLINKS
53 # define STAT_LIKE_LINK(File, Stat_buf) \
56 # define STAT_LIKE_LINK(File, Stat_buf) \
57 lstat (File, Stat_buf)
61 static enum backup_type backup_type;
63 /* If true, make symbolic links; otherwise, make hard links. */
64 static bool symbolic_link;
66 /* If true, ask the user before removing existing files. */
67 static bool interactive;
69 /* If true, remove existing files unconditionally. */
70 static bool remove_existing_files;
72 /* If true, list each file as it is moved. */
75 /* If true, allow the superuser to *attempt* to make hard links
76 to directories. However, it appears that this option is not useful
77 in practice, since even the superuser is prohibited from hard-linking
78 directories on most (all?) existing systems. */
79 static bool hard_dir_link;
81 /* If nonzero, and the specified destination is a symbolic link to a
82 directory, treat it just as if it were a directory. Otherwise, the
83 command `ln --force --no-dereference file symlink-to-dir' deletes
84 symlink-to-dir before creating the new link. */
85 static bool dereference_dest_dir_symlinks = true;
87 /* This is a set of destination name/inode/dev triples for hard links
88 created by ln. Use this data structure to avoid data loss via a
89 sequence of commands like this:
90 rm -rf a b c; mkdir a b c; touch a/f b/f; ln -f a/f b/f c && rm -r a b */
91 static Hash_table *dest_set;
93 /* Initial size of the dest_set hash table. */
94 enum { DEST_INFO_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 61 };
96 static struct option const long_options[] =
98 {"backup", optional_argument, NULL, 'b'},
99 {"directory", no_argument, NULL, 'F'},
100 {"no-dereference", no_argument, NULL, 'n'},
101 {"no-target-directory", no_argument, NULL, 'T'},
102 {"force", no_argument, NULL, 'f'},
103 {"interactive", no_argument, NULL, 'i'},
104 {"suffix", required_argument, NULL, 'S'},
105 {"target-directory", required_argument, NULL, 't'},
106 {"symbolic", no_argument, NULL, 's'},
107 {"verbose", no_argument, NULL, 'v'},
108 {GETOPT_HELP_OPTION_DECL},
109 {GETOPT_VERSION_OPTION_DECL},
113 /* FILE is the last operand of this command. Return true if FILE is a
114 directory. But report an error there is a problem accessing FILE,
115 or if FILE does not exist but would have to refer to an existing
116 directory if it referred to anything at all. */
119 target_directory_operand (char const *file)
121 char const *b = last_component (file);
122 size_t blen = strlen (b);
123 bool looks_like_a_dir = (blen == 0 || ISSLASH (b[blen - 1]));
126 (dereference_dest_dir_symlinks ? stat (file, &st) : lstat (file, &st));
127 int err = (stat_result == 0 ? 0 : errno);
128 bool is_a_dir = !err && S_ISDIR (st.st_mode);
129 if (err && err != ENOENT)
130 error (EXIT_FAILURE, err, _("accessing %s"), quote (file));
131 if (is_a_dir < looks_like_a_dir)
132 error (EXIT_FAILURE, err, _("target %s is not a directory"), quote (file));
136 /* Make a link DEST to the (usually) existing file SOURCE.
137 Symbolic links to nonexistent files are allowed.
138 Return true if successful. */
141 do_link (const char *source, const char *dest)
143 struct stat source_stats;
144 struct stat dest_stats;
145 char *dest_backup = NULL;
146 bool dest_lstat_ok = false;
147 bool source_is_dir = false;
150 /* Use stat here instead of lstat.
151 On SVR4, link does not follow symlinks, so this check disallows
152 making hard links to symlinks that point to directories. Big deal.
153 On other systems, link follows symlinks, so this check is right. */
156 if (STAT_LIKE_LINK (source, &source_stats) != 0)
158 error (0, errno, _("accessing %s"), quote (source));
162 if (ENABLE_HARD_LINK_TO_SYMLINK_WARNING
163 && S_ISLNK (source_stats.st_mode))
165 error (0, 0, _("%s: warning: making a hard link to a symbolic link\
170 if (S_ISDIR (source_stats.st_mode))
172 source_is_dir = true;
175 error (0, 0, _("%s: hard link not allowed for directory"),
182 if (remove_existing_files || interactive || backup_type != no_backups)
184 dest_lstat_ok = (lstat (dest, &dest_stats) == 0);
185 if (!dest_lstat_ok && errno != ENOENT)
187 error (0, errno, _("accessing %s"), quote (dest));
192 /* If the current target was created as a hard link to another
193 source file, then refuse to unlink it. */
196 && seen_file (dest_set, dest, &dest_stats))
199 _("will not overwrite just-created %s with %s"),
200 quote_n (0, dest), quote_n (1, source));
204 /* If --force (-f) has been specified without --backup, then before
205 making a link ln must remove the destination file if it exists.
206 (with --backup, it just renames any existing destination file)
207 But if the source and destination are the same, don't remove
208 anything and fail right here. */
209 if ((remove_existing_files
210 /* Ensure that "ln --backup f f" fails here, with the
211 "... same file" diagnostic, below. Otherwise, subsequent
212 code would give a misleading "file not found" diagnostic.
213 This case is different than the others handled here, since
214 the command in question doesn't use --force. */
215 || (!symbolic_link && backup_type != no_backups))
217 /* Allow `ln -sf --backup k k' to succeed in creating the
218 self-referential symlink, but don't allow the hard-linking
219 equivalent: `ln -f k k' (with or without --backup) to get
220 beyond this point, because the error message you'd get is
222 && (backup_type == no_backups || !symbolic_link)
223 && (!symbolic_link || stat (source, &source_stats) == 0)
224 && SAME_INODE (source_stats, dest_stats)
225 /* The following detects whether removing DEST will also remove
226 SOURCE. If the file has only one link then both are surely
227 the same link. Otherwise check whether they point to the same
228 name in the same directory. */
229 && (source_stats.st_nlink == 1 || same_name (source, dest)))
231 error (0, 0, _("%s and %s are the same file"),
232 quote_n (0, source), quote_n (1, dest));
238 if (S_ISDIR (dest_stats.st_mode))
240 error (0, 0, _("%s: cannot overwrite directory"), quote (dest));
245 fprintf (stderr, _("%s: replace %s? "), program_name, quote (dest));
248 remove_existing_files = true;
251 if (backup_type != no_backups)
253 dest_backup = find_backup_file_name (dest, backup_type);
254 if (rename (dest, dest_backup) != 0)
256 int rename_errno = errno;
259 if (rename_errno != ENOENT)
261 error (0, rename_errno, _("cannot backup %s"), quote (dest));
268 ok = ((symbolic_link ? symlink (source, dest) : link (source, dest))
271 /* If the attempt to create a link failed and we are removing or
272 backing up destinations, unlink the destination and try again.
274 POSIX 1003.1-2004 requires that ln -f A B must unlink B even on
275 failure (e.g., when A does not exist). This is counterintuitive,
276 and we submitted a defect report
277 <http://www.opengroup.org/austin/mailarchives/ag-review/msg01794.html>
278 (2004-06-24). If the committee does not fix the standard we'll
279 have to change the behavior of ln -f, at least if POSIXLY_CORRECT
280 is set. In the meantime ln -f A B will not unlink B unless the
281 attempt to link A to B failed because B already existed.
283 Try to unlink DEST even if we may have backed it up successfully.
284 In some unusual cases (when DEST and DEST_BACKUP are hard-links
285 that refer to the same file), rename succeeds and DEST remains.
286 If we didn't remove DEST in that case, the subsequent symlink or link
289 if (!ok && errno == EEXIST && (remove_existing_files || dest_backup))
291 if (unlink (dest) != 0)
293 error (0, errno, _("cannot remove %s"), quote (dest));
298 ok = ((symbolic_link ? symlink (source, dest) : link (source, dest))
304 /* Right after creating a hard link, do this: (note dest name and
305 source_stats, which are also the just-linked-destinations stats) */
306 record_file (dest_set, dest, &source_stats);
311 printf ("%s ~ ", quote (dest_backup));
312 printf ("%s %c> %s\n", quote_n (0, dest), (symbolic_link ? '-' : '='),
313 quote_n (1, source));
320 ? (errno != ENAMETOOLONG && *source
321 ? _("creating symbolic link %s")
322 : _("creating symbolic link %s -> %s"))
323 : (errno == EMLINK && !source_is_dir
324 ? _("creating hard link to %.0s%s")
325 : (errno == EDQUOT || errno == EEXIST || errno == ENOSPC
327 ? _("creating hard link %s")
328 : _("creating hard link %s => %s"))),
329 quote_n (0, dest), quote_n (1, source));
333 if (rename (dest_backup, dest) != 0)
334 error (0, errno, _("cannot un-backup %s"), quote (dest));
345 if (status != EXIT_SUCCESS)
346 fprintf (stderr, _("Try `%s --help' for more information.\n"),
351 Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] TARGET LINK_NAME (1st form)\n\
352 or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET (2nd form)\n\
353 or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET... DIRECTORY (3rd form)\n\
354 or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY TARGET... (4th form)\n\
356 program_name, program_name, program_name, program_name);
358 In the 1st form, create a link to TARGET with the name LINK_NAME.\n\
359 In the 2nd form, create a link to TARGET in the current directory.\n\
360 In the 3rd and 4th forms, create links to each TARGET in DIRECTORY.\n\
361 Create hard links by default, symbolic links with --symbolic.\n\
362 When creating hard links, each TARGET must exist.\n\
366 Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.\n\
369 --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file\n\
370 -b like --backup but does not accept an argument\n\
371 -d, -F, --directory allow the superuser to attempt to hard link\n\
372 directories (note: will probably fail due to\n\
373 system restrictions, even for the superuser)\n\
374 -f, --force remove existing destination files\n\
377 -n, --no-dereference treat destination that is a symlink to a\n\
378 directory as if it were a normal file\n\
379 -i, --interactive prompt whether to remove destinations\n\
380 -s, --symbolic make symbolic links instead of hard links\n\
383 -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix\n\
384 -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY specify the DIRECTORY in which to create\n\
386 -T, --no-target-directory treat LINK_NAME as a normal file\n\
387 -v, --verbose print name of each linked file\n\
389 fputs (HELP_OPTION_DESCRIPTION, stdout);
390 fputs (VERSION_OPTION_DESCRIPTION, stdout);
393 The backup suffix is `~', unless set with --suffix or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX.\n\
394 The version control method may be selected via the --backup option or through\n\
395 the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable. Here are the values:\n\
399 none, off never make backups (even if --backup is given)\n\
400 numbered, t make numbered backups\n\
401 existing, nil numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise\n\
402 simple, never always make simple backups\n\
404 emit_bug_reporting_address ();
410 main (int argc, char **argv)
414 bool make_backups = false;
415 char *backup_suffix_string;
416 char *version_control_string = NULL;
417 char const *target_directory = NULL;
418 bool no_target_directory = false;
422 initialize_main (&argc, &argv);
423 set_program_name (argv[0]);
424 setlocale (LC_ALL, "");
425 bindtextdomain (PACKAGE, LOCALEDIR);
426 textdomain (PACKAGE);
428 atexit (close_stdin);
430 /* FIXME: consider not calling getenv for SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX unless
431 we'll actually use backup_suffix_string. */
432 backup_suffix_string = getenv ("SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX");
434 symbolic_link = remove_existing_files = interactive = verbose
435 = hard_dir_link = false;
437 while ((c = getopt_long (argc, argv, "bdfinst:vFS:T", long_options, NULL))
445 version_control_string = optarg;
449 hard_dir_link = true;
452 remove_existing_files = true;
456 remove_existing_files = false;
460 dereference_dest_dir_symlinks = false;
463 symbolic_link = true;
466 if (target_directory)
467 error (EXIT_FAILURE, 0, _("multiple target directories specified"));
471 if (stat (optarg, &st) != 0)
472 error (EXIT_FAILURE, errno, _("accessing %s"), quote (optarg));
473 if (! S_ISDIR (st.st_mode))
474 error (EXIT_FAILURE, 0, _("target %s is not a directory"),
477 target_directory = optarg;
480 no_target_directory = true;
487 backup_suffix_string = optarg;
489 case_GETOPT_HELP_CHAR;
490 case_GETOPT_VERSION_CHAR (PROGRAM_NAME, AUTHORS);
492 usage (EXIT_FAILURE);
497 n_files = argc - optind;
498 file = argv + optind;
502 error (0, 0, _("missing file operand"));
503 usage (EXIT_FAILURE);
506 if (no_target_directory)
508 if (target_directory)
509 error (EXIT_FAILURE, 0,
510 _("Cannot combine --target-directory "
511 "and --no-target-directory"));
516 _("missing destination file operand after %s"),
519 error (0, 0, _("extra operand %s"), quote (file[2]));
520 usage (EXIT_FAILURE);
523 else if (!target_directory)
526 target_directory = ".";
527 else if (2 <= n_files && target_directory_operand (file[n_files - 1]))
528 target_directory = file[--n_files];
529 else if (2 < n_files)
530 error (EXIT_FAILURE, 0, _("target %s is not a directory"),
531 quote (file[n_files - 1]));
534 if (backup_suffix_string)
535 simple_backup_suffix = xstrdup (backup_suffix_string);
537 backup_type = (make_backups
538 ? xget_version (_("backup type"), version_control_string)
541 if (target_directory)
545 /* Create the data structure we'll use to record which hard links we
546 create. Used to ensure that ln detects an obscure corner case that
547 might result in user data loss. Create it only if needed. */
549 && remove_existing_files
550 /* Don't bother trying to protect symlinks, since ln clobbering
551 a just-created symlink won't ever lead to real data loss. */
553 /* No destination hard link can be clobbered when making
555 && backup_type != numbered_backups)
558 dest_set = hash_initialize (DEST_INFO_INITIAL_CAPACITY,
563 if (dest_set == NULL)
568 for (i = 0; i < n_files; ++i)
571 char *dest = file_name_concat (target_directory,
572 last_component (file[i]),
574 strip_trailing_slashes (dest_base);
575 ok &= do_link (file[i], dest);
580 ok = do_link (file[0], file[1]);
582 exit (ok ? EXIT_SUCCESS : EXIT_FAILURE);