1 /* `ln' program to create links between files.
2 Copyright (C) 86, 89, 90, 91, 1995-2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
4 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
5 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
6 the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
9 This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
10 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
11 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
12 GNU General Public License for more details.
14 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
15 along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
16 Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */
18 /* Written by Mike Parker and David MacKenzie. */
26 #include <sys/types.h>
31 #include "backupfile.h"
36 /* The official name of this program (e.g., no `g' prefix). */
37 #define PROGRAM_NAME "ln"
39 #define AUTHORS N_ ("Mike Parker and David MacKenzie")
41 /* For long options that have no equivalent short option, use a
42 non-character as a pseudo short option, starting with CHAR_MAX + 1. */
45 TARGET_DIRECTORY_OPTION = CHAR_MAX + 1
48 int link (); /* Some systems don't declare this anywhere. */
54 /* In being careful not even to try to make hard links to directories,
55 we have to know whether link(2) follows symlinks. If it does, then
56 we have to *stat* the `source' to see if the resulting link would be
57 to a directory. Otherwise, we have to use *lstat* so that we allow
58 users to make hard links to symlinks-that-point-to-directories. */
60 #if LINK_FOLLOWS_SYMLINKS
61 # define STAT_LIKE_LINK(File, Stat_buf) \
64 # define STAT_LIKE_LINK(File, Stat_buf) \
65 lstat (File, Stat_buf)
68 /* Construct a string NEW_DEST by concatenating DEST, a slash, and
69 basename(SOURCE) in alloca'd memory. Don't modify DEST or SOURCE. */
71 #define PATH_BASENAME_CONCAT(new_dest, dest, source) \
74 const char *source_base; \
77 tmp_source = (char *) alloca (strlen ((source)) + 1); \
78 strcpy (tmp_source, (source)); \
79 strip_trailing_slashes (tmp_source); \
80 source_base = base_name (tmp_source); \
82 (new_dest) = (char *) alloca (strlen ((dest)) + 1 \
83 + strlen (source_base) + 1); \
84 stpcpy (stpcpy (stpcpy ((new_dest), (dest)), "/"), source_base);\
91 /* The name by which the program was run, for error messages. */
95 enum backup_type backup_type;
97 /* A pointer to the function used to make links. This will point to either
98 `link' or `symlink'. */
99 static int (*linkfunc) ();
101 /* If nonzero, make symbolic links; otherwise, make hard links. */
102 static int symbolic_link;
104 /* If nonzero, ask the user before removing existing files. */
105 static int interactive;
107 /* If nonzero, remove existing files unconditionally. */
108 static int remove_existing_files;
110 /* If nonzero, list each file as it is moved. */
113 /* If nonzero, allow the superuser to make hard links to directories. */
114 static int hard_dir_link;
116 /* If nonzero, and the specified destination is a symbolic link to a
117 directory, treat it just as if it were a directory. Otherwise, the
118 command `ln --force --no-dereference file symlink-to-dir' deletes
119 symlink-to-dir before creating the new link. */
120 static int dereference_dest_dir_symlinks = 1;
122 static struct option const long_options[] =
124 {"backup", optional_argument, NULL, 'b'},
125 {"directory", no_argument, NULL, 'F'},
126 {"no-dereference", no_argument, NULL, 'n'},
127 {"force", no_argument, NULL, 'f'},
128 {"interactive", no_argument, NULL, 'i'},
129 {"suffix", required_argument, NULL, 'S'},
130 {"target-directory", required_argument, NULL, TARGET_DIRECTORY_OPTION},
131 {"symbolic", no_argument, NULL, 's'},
132 {"verbose", no_argument, NULL, 'v'},
133 {"version-control", required_argument, NULL, 'V'}, /* Deprecated. FIXME. */
134 {GETOPT_HELP_OPTION_DECL},
135 {GETOPT_VERSION_OPTION_DECL},
139 /* Make a link DEST to the (usually) existing file SOURCE.
140 Symbolic links to nonexistent files are allowed.
141 If DEST is a directory, put the link to SOURCE in that directory.
142 Return 1 if there is an error, otherwise 0. */
145 do_link (const char *source, const char *dest)
147 struct stat source_stats;
148 struct stat dest_stats;
149 char *dest_backup = NULL;
151 int backup_succeeded = 0;
153 /* Use stat here instead of lstat.
154 On SVR4, link does not follow symlinks, so this check disallows
155 making hard links to symlinks that point to directories. Big deal.
156 On other systems, link follows symlinks, so this check is right. */
159 if (STAT_LIKE_LINK (source, &source_stats) != 0)
161 error (0, errno, _("accessing %s"), quote (source));
165 if (S_ISLNK (source_stats.st_mode))
167 error (0, 0, _("%s: warning: making a hard link to a symbolic link\
172 if (!hard_dir_link && S_ISDIR (source_stats.st_mode))
174 error (0, 0, _("%s: hard link not allowed for directory"),
180 lstat_status = lstat (dest, &dest_stats);
181 if (lstat_status != 0 && errno != ENOENT)
183 error (0, errno, _("accessing %s"), quote (dest));
187 /* If the destination is a directory or (it is a symlink to a directory
188 and the user has not specified --no-dereference), then form the
189 actual destination name by appending base_name (source) to the
190 specified destination directory. */
191 if ((lstat_status == 0
192 && S_ISDIR (dest_stats.st_mode))
194 || (dereference_dest_dir_symlinks
195 && (lstat_status == 0
196 && S_ISLNK (dest_stats.st_mode)
201 /* Target is a directory; build the full filename. */
203 PATH_BASENAME_CONCAT (new_dest, dest, source);
206 /* Get stats for new DEST. */
207 lstat_status = lstat (dest, &dest_stats);
208 if (lstat_status != 0 && errno != ENOENT)
210 error (0, errno, _("accessing %s"), quote (dest));
215 /* If --force (-f) has been specified without --backup, then before
216 making a link ln must remove the destination file if it exists.
217 (with --backup, it just renames any existing destination file)
218 But if the source and destination are the same, don't remove
219 anything and fail right here. */
220 if (remove_existing_files
222 /* Allow `ln -sf --backup k k' to succeed in creating the
223 self-referential symlink, but don't allow the hard-linking
224 equivalent: `ln -f k k' (with or without --backup) to get
225 beyond this point, because the error message you'd get is
227 && (backup_type == none || !symbolic_link)
228 && (!symbolic_link || stat (source, &source_stats) == 0)
229 && source_stats.st_dev == dest_stats.st_dev
230 && source_stats.st_ino == dest_stats.st_ino
231 /* The following detects whether removing DEST will also remove
232 SOURCE. If the file has only one link then both are surely
233 the same link. Otherwise check whether they point to the same
234 name in the same directory. */
235 && (source_stats.st_nlink == 1 || same_name (source, dest)))
237 error (0, 0, _("%s and %s are the same file"),
238 quote_n (0, source), quote_n (1, dest));
242 if (lstat_status == 0 || lstat (dest, &dest_stats) == 0)
244 if (S_ISDIR (dest_stats.st_mode))
246 error (0, 0, _("%s: cannot overwrite directory"), quote (dest));
251 fprintf (stderr, _("%s: replace %s? "), program_name, quote (dest));
255 else if (!remove_existing_files && backup_type == none)
257 error (0, 0, _("%s: File exists"), quote (dest));
261 if (backup_type != none)
263 char *tmp_backup = find_backup_file_name (dest, backup_type);
264 if (tmp_backup == NULL)
266 dest_backup = (char *) alloca (strlen (tmp_backup) + 1);
267 strcpy (dest_backup, tmp_backup);
269 if (rename (dest, dest_backup))
273 error (0, errno, _("cannot backup %s"), quote (dest));
281 backup_succeeded = 1;
285 /* Try to unlink DEST even if we may have renamed it. In some unusual
286 cases (when DEST and DEST_BACKUP are hard-links that refer to the
287 same file), rename succeeds and DEST remains. If we didn't remove
288 DEST in that case, the subsequent LINKFUNC call would fail. */
289 if (unlink (dest) && errno != ENOENT)
291 error (0, errno, _("cannot remove %s"), quote (dest));
295 else if (errno != ENOENT)
297 error (0, errno, _("accessing %s"), quote (dest));
303 printf ((symbolic_link
304 ? _("create symbolic link %s to %s")
305 : _("create hard link %s to %s")),
306 quote_n (0, dest), quote_n (1, source));
307 if (backup_succeeded)
308 printf (_(" (backup: %s)"), quote (dest_backup));
312 if ((*linkfunc) (source, dest) == 0)
319 ? _("creating symbolic link %s to %s")
320 : _("creating hard link %s to %s")),
321 quote_n (0, dest), quote_n (1, source));
325 if (rename (dest_backup, dest))
326 error (0, errno, _("cannot un-backup %s"), quote (dest));
335 fprintf (stderr, _("Try `%s --help' for more information.\n"),
340 Usage: %s [OPTION]... TARGET [LINK_NAME]\n\
341 or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET... DIRECTORY\n\
342 or: %s [OPTION]... --target-directory=DIRECTORY TARGET...\n\
344 program_name, program_name, program_name);
346 Create a link to the specified TARGET with optional LINK_NAME.\n\
347 If LINK_NAME is omitted, a link with the same basename as the TARGET is\n\
348 created in the current directory. When using the second form with more\n\
349 than one TARGET, the last argument must be a directory; create links\n\
350 in DIRECTORY to each TARGET. Create hard links by default, symbolic\n\
351 links with --symbolic. When creating hard links, each TARGET must exist.\n\
355 Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.\n\
358 --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file\n\
359 -b like --backup but does not accept an argument\n\
360 -d, -F, --directory hard link directories (super-user only)\n\
361 -f, --force remove existing destination files\n\
364 -n, --no-dereference treat destination that is a symlink to a\n\
365 directory as if it were a normal file\n\
366 -i, --interactive prompt whether to remove destinations\n\
367 -s, --symbolic make symbolic links instead of hard links\n\
370 -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix\n\
371 --target-directory=DIRECTORY specify the DIRECTORY in which to create\n\
373 -v, --verbose print name of each file before linking\n\
375 fputs (HELP_OPTION_DESCRIPTION, stdout);
376 fputs (VERSION_OPTION_DESCRIPTION, stdout);
379 The backup suffix is `~', unless set with --suffix or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX.\n\
380 The version control method may be selected via the --backup option or through\n\
381 the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable. Here are the values:\n\
385 none, off never make backups (even if --backup is given)\n\
386 numbered, t make numbered backups\n\
387 existing, nil numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise\n\
388 simple, never always make simple backups\n\
390 printf (_("\nReport bugs to <%s>.\n"), PACKAGE_BUGREPORT);
396 main (int argc, char **argv)
400 int make_backups = 0;
401 char *backup_suffix_string;
402 char *version_control_string = NULL;
403 char *target_directory = NULL;
404 int target_directory_specified;
405 unsigned int n_files;
409 program_name = argv[0];
410 setlocale (LC_ALL, "");
411 bindtextdomain (PACKAGE, LOCALEDIR);
412 textdomain (PACKAGE);
414 atexit (close_stdout);
416 /* FIXME: consider not calling getenv for SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX unless
417 we'll actually use backup_suffix_string. */
418 backup_suffix_string = getenv ("SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX");
420 symbolic_link = remove_existing_files = interactive = verbose
424 while ((c = getopt_long (argc, argv, "bdfinsvFS:V:", long_options, NULL))
429 case 0: /* Long-named option. */
432 case 'V': /* FIXME: this is deprecated. Remove it in 2001. */
434 _("warning: --version-control (-V) is obsolete; support for\
435 it\nwill be removed in some future release. Use --backup=%s instead."
442 version_control_string = optarg;
449 remove_existing_files = 1;
453 remove_existing_files = 0;
457 dereference_dest_dir_symlinks = 0;
463 error (EXIT_FAILURE, 0,
464 _("symbolic links are not supported on this system"));
467 case TARGET_DIRECTORY_OPTION:
468 target_directory = optarg;
475 backup_suffix_string = optarg;
477 case_GETOPT_HELP_CHAR;
478 case_GETOPT_VERSION_CHAR (PROGRAM_NAME, AUTHORS);
485 n_files = argc - optind;
486 file = argv + optind;
490 error (0, 0, _("missing file argument"));
494 target_directory_specified = (target_directory != NULL);
495 if (!target_directory)
496 target_directory = file[n_files - 1];
498 /* If there's only one file argument, then pretend `.' was given
499 as the second argument. */
502 static char *dummy[2];
511 dest_is_dir = isdir (target_directory);
519 if (target_directory_specified && !dest_is_dir)
521 error (0, 0, _("%s: specified target directory is not a directory"),
522 quote (target_directory));
526 if (backup_suffix_string)
527 simple_backup_suffix = xstrdup (backup_suffix_string);
529 backup_type = (make_backups
530 ? xget_version (_("backup type"), version_control_string)
533 if (target_directory_specified || n_files > 2)
536 unsigned int last_file_idx = (target_directory_specified
540 if (!target_directory_specified && !dest_is_dir)
541 error (EXIT_FAILURE, 0,
542 _("when making multiple links, last argument must be a directory"));
543 for (i = 0; i <= last_file_idx; ++i)
544 errors += do_link (file[i], target_directory);
548 struct stat source_stats;
556 /* When the destination is specified with a trailing slash and the
557 source exists but is not a directory, convert the user's command
558 `ln source dest/' to `ln source dest/basename(source)'. */
560 if (dest[strlen (dest) - 1] == '/'
561 && lstat (source, &source_stats) == 0
562 && !S_ISDIR (source_stats.st_mode))
564 PATH_BASENAME_CONCAT (new_dest, dest, source);
571 errors = do_link (source, new_dest);