1 /* `ln' program to create links between files.
2 Copyright (C) 1986, 1989-1991, 1995-2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
4 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
5 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
6 the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
9 This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
10 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
11 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
12 GNU General Public License for more details.
14 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
15 along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
16 Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA. */
18 /* Written by Mike Parker and David MacKenzie. */
22 #include <sys/types.h>
27 #include "backupfile.h"
29 #include "filenamecat.h"
33 /* The official name of this program (e.g., no `g' prefix). */
34 #define PROGRAM_NAME "ln"
36 #define AUTHORS "Mike Parker", "David MacKenzie"
38 #ifndef ENABLE_HARD_LINK_TO_SYMLINK_WARNING
39 # define ENABLE_HARD_LINK_TO_SYMLINK_WARNING 0
42 /* In being careful not even to try to make hard links to directories,
43 we have to know whether link(2) follows symlinks. If it does, then
44 we have to *stat* the `source' to see if the resulting link would be
45 to a directory. Otherwise, we have to use *lstat* so that we allow
46 users to make hard links to symlinks-that-point-to-directories. */
48 #if LINK_FOLLOWS_SYMLINKS
49 # define STAT_LIKE_LINK(File, Stat_buf) \
52 # define STAT_LIKE_LINK(File, Stat_buf) \
53 lstat (File, Stat_buf)
56 /* The name by which the program was run, for error messages. */
60 static enum backup_type backup_type;
62 /* If true, make symbolic links; otherwise, make hard links. */
63 static bool symbolic_link;
65 /* If true, ask the user before removing existing files. */
66 static bool interactive;
68 /* If true, remove existing files unconditionally. */
69 static bool remove_existing_files;
71 /* If true, list each file as it is moved. */
74 /* If true, allow the superuser to *attempt* to make hard links
75 to directories. However, it appears that this option is not useful
76 in practice, since even the superuser is prohibited from hard-linking
77 directories on most (all?) existing systems. */
78 static bool hard_dir_link;
80 /* If nonzero, and the specified destination is a symbolic link to a
81 directory, treat it just as if it were a directory. Otherwise, the
82 command `ln --force --no-dereference file symlink-to-dir' deletes
83 symlink-to-dir before creating the new link. */
84 static bool dereference_dest_dir_symlinks = true;
86 static struct option const long_options[] =
88 {"backup", optional_argument, NULL, 'b'},
89 {"directory", no_argument, NULL, 'F'},
90 {"no-dereference", no_argument, NULL, 'n'},
91 {"no-target-directory", no_argument, NULL, 'T'},
92 {"force", no_argument, NULL, 'f'},
93 {"interactive", no_argument, NULL, 'i'},
94 {"suffix", required_argument, NULL, 'S'},
95 {"target-directory", required_argument, NULL, 't'},
96 {"symbolic", no_argument, NULL, 's'},
97 {"verbose", no_argument, NULL, 'v'},
98 {GETOPT_HELP_OPTION_DECL},
99 {GETOPT_VERSION_OPTION_DECL},
103 /* FILE is the last operand of this command. Return true if FILE is a
104 directory. But report an error there is a problem accessing FILE,
105 or if FILE does not exist but would have to refer to an existing
106 directory if it referred to anything at all. */
109 target_directory_operand (char const *file)
111 char const *b = last_component (file);
112 size_t blen = strlen (b);
113 bool looks_like_a_dir = (blen == 0 || ISSLASH (b[blen - 1]));
116 (dereference_dest_dir_symlinks ? stat (file, &st) : lstat (file, &st));
117 int err = (stat_result == 0 ? 0 : errno);
118 bool is_a_dir = !err && S_ISDIR (st.st_mode);
119 if (err && err != ENOENT)
120 error (EXIT_FAILURE, err, _("accessing %s"), quote (file));
121 if (is_a_dir < looks_like_a_dir)
122 error (EXIT_FAILURE, err, _("target %s is not a directory"), quote (file));
126 /* Make a link DEST to the (usually) existing file SOURCE.
127 Symbolic links to nonexistent files are allowed.
128 Return true if successful. */
131 do_link (const char *source, const char *dest)
133 struct stat source_stats;
134 struct stat dest_stats;
135 char *dest_backup = NULL;
136 bool dest_lstat_ok = false;
137 bool source_is_dir = false;
140 /* Use stat here instead of lstat.
141 On SVR4, link does not follow symlinks, so this check disallows
142 making hard links to symlinks that point to directories. Big deal.
143 On other systems, link follows symlinks, so this check is right. */
146 if (STAT_LIKE_LINK (source, &source_stats) != 0)
148 error (0, errno, _("accessing %s"), quote (source));
152 if (ENABLE_HARD_LINK_TO_SYMLINK_WARNING
153 && S_ISLNK (source_stats.st_mode))
155 error (0, 0, _("%s: warning: making a hard link to a symbolic link\
160 if (S_ISDIR (source_stats.st_mode))
162 source_is_dir = true;
165 error (0, 0, _("%s: hard link not allowed for directory"),
172 if (remove_existing_files || interactive || backup_type != no_backups)
174 dest_lstat_ok = (lstat (dest, &dest_stats) == 0);
175 if (!dest_lstat_ok && errno != ENOENT)
177 error (0, errno, _("accessing %s"), quote (dest));
182 /* If --force (-f) has been specified without --backup, then before
183 making a link ln must remove the destination file if it exists.
184 (with --backup, it just renames any existing destination file)
185 But if the source and destination are the same, don't remove
186 anything and fail right here. */
187 if ((remove_existing_files
188 /* Ensure that "ln --backup f f" fails here, with the
189 "... same file" diagnostic, below. Otherwise, subsequent
190 code would give a misleading "file not found" diagnostic.
191 This case is different than the others handled here, since
192 the command in question doesn't use --force. */
193 || (!symbolic_link && backup_type != no_backups))
195 /* Allow `ln -sf --backup k k' to succeed in creating the
196 self-referential symlink, but don't allow the hard-linking
197 equivalent: `ln -f k k' (with or without --backup) to get
198 beyond this point, because the error message you'd get is
200 && (backup_type == no_backups || !symbolic_link)
201 && (!symbolic_link || stat (source, &source_stats) == 0)
202 && SAME_INODE (source_stats, dest_stats)
203 /* The following detects whether removing DEST will also remove
204 SOURCE. If the file has only one link then both are surely
205 the same link. Otherwise check whether they point to the same
206 name in the same directory. */
207 && (source_stats.st_nlink == 1 || same_name (source, dest)))
209 error (0, 0, _("%s and %s are the same file"),
210 quote_n (0, source), quote_n (1, dest));
216 if (S_ISDIR (dest_stats.st_mode))
218 error (0, 0, _("%s: cannot overwrite directory"), quote (dest));
223 fprintf (stderr, _("%s: replace %s? "), program_name, quote (dest));
226 remove_existing_files = true;
229 if (backup_type != no_backups)
231 dest_backup = find_backup_file_name (dest, backup_type);
232 if (rename (dest, dest_backup) != 0)
234 int rename_errno = errno;
237 if (rename_errno != ENOENT)
239 error (0, rename_errno, _("cannot backup %s"), quote (dest));
246 ok = ((symbolic_link ? symlink (source, dest) : link (source, dest))
249 /* If the attempt to create a link failed and we are removing or
250 backing up destinations, unlink the destination and try again.
252 POSIX 1003.1-2004 requires that ln -f A B must unlink B even on
253 failure (e.g., when A does not exist). This is counterintuitive,
254 and we submitted a defect report
255 <http://www.opengroup.org/austin/mailarchives/ag-review/msg01794.html>
256 (2004-06-24). If the committee does not fix the standard we'll
257 have to change the behavior of ln -f, at least if POSIXLY_CORRECT
258 is set. In the meantime ln -f A B will not unlink B unless the
259 attempt to link A to B failed because B already existed.
261 Try to unlink DEST even if we may have backed it up successfully.
262 In some unusual cases (when DEST and DEST_BACKUP are hard-links
263 that refer to the same file), rename succeeds and DEST remains.
264 If we didn't remove DEST in that case, the subsequent symlink or link
267 if (!ok && errno == EEXIST && (remove_existing_files || dest_backup))
269 if (unlink (dest) != 0)
271 error (0, errno, _("cannot remove %s"), quote (dest));
276 ok = ((symbolic_link ? symlink (source, dest) : link (source, dest))
285 printf ("%s ~ ", quote (dest_backup));
286 printf ("%s %c> %s\n", quote_n (0, dest), (symbolic_link ? '-' : '='),
287 quote_n (1, source));
294 ? (errno != ENAMETOOLONG && *source
295 ? _("creating symbolic link %s")
296 : _("creating symbolic link %s -> %s"))
297 : (errno == EMLINK && !source_is_dir
298 ? _("creating hard link to %.0s%s")
299 : (errno == EDQUOT || errno == EEXIST || errno == ENOSPC
301 ? _("creating hard link %s")
302 : _("creating hard link %s => %s"))),
303 quote_n (0, dest), quote_n (1, source));
307 if (rename (dest_backup, dest) != 0)
308 error (0, errno, _("cannot un-backup %s"), quote (dest));
319 if (status != EXIT_SUCCESS)
320 fprintf (stderr, _("Try `%s --help' for more information.\n"),
325 Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] TARGET LINK_NAME (1st form)\n\
326 or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET (2nd form)\n\
327 or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET... DIRECTORY (3rd form)\n\
328 or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY TARGET... (4th form)\n\
330 program_name, program_name, program_name, program_name);
332 In the 1st form, create a link to TARGET with the name LINK_NAME.\n\
333 In the 2nd form, create a link to TARGET in the current directory.\n\
334 In the 3rd and 4th forms, create links to each TARGET in DIRECTORY.\n\
335 Create hard links by default, symbolic links with --symbolic.\n\
336 When creating hard links, each TARGET must exist.\n\
340 Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.\n\
343 --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file\n\
344 -b like --backup but does not accept an argument\n\
345 -d, -F, --directory allow the superuser to attempt to hard link\n\
346 directories (note: will probably fail due to\n\
347 system restrictions, even for the superuser)\n\
348 -f, --force remove existing destination files\n\
351 -n, --no-dereference treat destination that is a symlink to a\n\
352 directory as if it were a normal file\n\
353 -i, --interactive prompt whether to remove destinations\n\
354 -s, --symbolic make symbolic links instead of hard links\n\
357 -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix\n\
358 -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY specify the DIRECTORY in which to create\n\
360 -T, --no-target-directory treat LINK_NAME as a normal file\n\
361 -v, --verbose print name of each linked file\n\
363 fputs (HELP_OPTION_DESCRIPTION, stdout);
364 fputs (VERSION_OPTION_DESCRIPTION, stdout);
367 The backup suffix is `~', unless set with --suffix or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX.\n\
368 The version control method may be selected via the --backup option or through\n\
369 the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable. Here are the values:\n\
373 none, off never make backups (even if --backup is given)\n\
374 numbered, t make numbered backups\n\
375 existing, nil numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise\n\
376 simple, never always make simple backups\n\
378 emit_bug_reporting_address ();
384 main (int argc, char **argv)
388 bool make_backups = false;
389 char *backup_suffix_string;
390 char *version_control_string = NULL;
391 char const *target_directory = NULL;
392 bool no_target_directory = false;
396 initialize_main (&argc, &argv);
397 program_name = argv[0];
398 setlocale (LC_ALL, "");
399 bindtextdomain (PACKAGE, LOCALEDIR);
400 textdomain (PACKAGE);
402 atexit (close_stdout);
404 /* FIXME: consider not calling getenv for SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX unless
405 we'll actually use backup_suffix_string. */
406 backup_suffix_string = getenv ("SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX");
408 symbolic_link = remove_existing_files = interactive = verbose
409 = hard_dir_link = false;
411 while ((c = getopt_long (argc, argv, "bdfinst:vFS:T", long_options, NULL))
419 version_control_string = optarg;
423 hard_dir_link = true;
426 remove_existing_files = true;
430 remove_existing_files = false;
434 dereference_dest_dir_symlinks = false;
437 symbolic_link = true;
440 if (target_directory)
441 error (EXIT_FAILURE, 0, _("multiple target directories specified"));
445 if (stat (optarg, &st) != 0)
446 error (EXIT_FAILURE, errno, _("accessing %s"), quote (optarg));
447 if (! S_ISDIR (st.st_mode))
448 error (EXIT_FAILURE, 0, _("target %s is not a directory"),
451 target_directory = optarg;
454 no_target_directory = true;
461 backup_suffix_string = optarg;
463 case_GETOPT_HELP_CHAR;
464 case_GETOPT_VERSION_CHAR (PROGRAM_NAME, AUTHORS);
466 usage (EXIT_FAILURE);
471 n_files = argc - optind;
472 file = argv + optind;
476 error (0, 0, _("missing file operand"));
477 usage (EXIT_FAILURE);
480 if (no_target_directory)
482 if (target_directory)
483 error (EXIT_FAILURE, 0,
484 _("Cannot combine --target-directory "
485 "and --no-target-directory"));
490 _("missing destination file operand after %s"),
493 error (0, 0, _("extra operand %s"), quote (file[2]));
494 usage (EXIT_FAILURE);
497 else if (!target_directory)
500 target_directory = ".";
501 else if (2 <= n_files && target_directory_operand (file[n_files - 1]))
502 target_directory = file[--n_files];
503 else if (2 < n_files)
504 error (EXIT_FAILURE, 0, _("target %s is not a directory"),
505 quote (file[n_files - 1]));
508 if (backup_suffix_string)
509 simple_backup_suffix = xstrdup (backup_suffix_string);
511 backup_type = (make_backups
512 ? xget_version (_("backup type"), version_control_string)
515 if (target_directory)
519 for (i = 0; i < n_files; ++i)
522 char *dest = file_name_concat (target_directory,
523 last_component (file[i]),
525 strip_trailing_slashes (dest_base);
526 ok &= do_link (file[i], dest);
531 ok = do_link (file[0], file[1]);
533 exit (ok ? EXIT_SUCCESS : EXIT_FAILURE);