1 /* expr -- evaluate expressions.
2 Copyright (C) 86, 1991-1997, 1999-2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
4 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
5 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
6 the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
9 This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
10 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
11 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
12 GNU General Public License for more details.
14 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
15 along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
16 Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */
18 /* Author: Mike Parker.
20 This program evaluates expressions. Each token (operator, operand,
21 parenthesis) of the expression must be a seperate argument. The
22 parser used is a reasonably general one, though any incarnation of
23 it is language-specific. It is especially nice for expressions.
25 No parse tree is needed; a new node is evaluated immediately.
26 One function can handle multiple operators all of equal precedence,
27 provided they all associate ((x op x) op x).
29 Define EVAL_TRACE to print an evaluation trace. */
33 #include <sys/types.h>
37 #include "long-options.h"
42 /* The official name of this program (e.g., no `g' prefix). */
43 #define PROGRAM_NAME "expr"
45 #define AUTHORS "Mike Parker"
48 #define NEW(Type) XMALLOC (Type, 1)
49 #define OLD(x) free (x)
54 /* Invalid expression: i.e., its form does not conform to the
55 grammar for expressions. Our grammar is an extension of the
59 /* Some other error occurred. */
63 /* The kinds of value we can have. */
69 typedef enum valtype TYPE;
74 TYPE type; /* Which kind. */
76 { /* The value itself. */
81 typedef struct valinfo VALUE;
83 /* The arguments given to the program, minus the program name. */
86 /* The name this program was run with. */
89 static VALUE *eval (bool);
90 static bool nomoreargs (void);
91 static bool null (VALUE *v);
92 static void printv (VALUE *v);
97 if (status != EXIT_SUCCESS)
98 fprintf (stderr, _("Try `%s --help' for more information.\n"),
103 Usage: %s EXPRESSION\n\
106 program_name, program_name);
108 fputs (HELP_OPTION_DESCRIPTION, stdout);
109 fputs (VERSION_OPTION_DESCRIPTION, stdout);
112 Print the value of EXPRESSION to standard output. A blank line below\n\
113 separates increasing precedence groups. EXPRESSION may be:\n\
115 ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2\n\
117 ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0\n\
121 ARG1 < ARG2 ARG1 is less than ARG2\n\
122 ARG1 <= ARG2 ARG1 is less than or equal to ARG2\n\
123 ARG1 = ARG2 ARG1 is equal to ARG2\n\
124 ARG1 != ARG2 ARG1 is unequal to ARG2\n\
125 ARG1 >= ARG2 ARG1 is greater than or equal to ARG2\n\
126 ARG1 > ARG2 ARG1 is greater than ARG2\n\
130 ARG1 + ARG2 arithmetic sum of ARG1 and ARG2\n\
131 ARG1 - ARG2 arithmetic difference of ARG1 and ARG2\n\
135 ARG1 * ARG2 arithmetic product of ARG1 and ARG2\n\
136 ARG1 / ARG2 arithmetic quotient of ARG1 divided by ARG2\n\
137 ARG1 % ARG2 arithmetic remainder of ARG1 divided by ARG2\n\
141 STRING : REGEXP anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING\n\
143 match STRING REGEXP same as STRING : REGEXP\n\
144 substr STRING POS LENGTH substring of STRING, POS counted from 1\n\
145 index STRING CHARS index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0\n\
146 length STRING length of STRING\n\
149 + TOKEN interpret TOKEN as a string, even if it is a\n\
150 keyword like `match' or an operator like `/'\n\
152 ( EXPRESSION ) value of EXPRESSION\n\
156 Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells.\n\
157 Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else lexicographical.\n\
158 Pattern matches return the string matched between \\( and \\) or null; if\n\
159 \\( and \\) are not used, they return the number of characters matched or 0.\n\
161 printf (_("\nReport bugs to <%s>.\n"), PACKAGE_BUGREPORT);
166 /* Report a syntax error and exit. */
170 error (EXPR_INVALID, 0, _("syntax error"));
174 main (int argc, char **argv)
178 initialize_main (&argc, &argv);
179 program_name = argv[0];
180 setlocale (LC_ALL, "");
181 bindtextdomain (PACKAGE, LOCALEDIR);
182 textdomain (PACKAGE);
184 initialize_exit_failure (EXPR_FAILURE);
185 atexit (close_stdout);
187 parse_long_options (argc, argv, PROGRAM_NAME, GNU_PACKAGE, VERSION,
188 usage, AUTHORS, (char const *) NULL);
189 /* The above handles --help and --version.
190 Since there is no other invocation of getopt, handle `--' here. */
191 if (argc > 1 && STREQ (argv[1], "--"))
199 error (0, 0, _("too few arguments"));
200 usage (EXPR_INVALID);
213 /* Return a VALUE for I. */
216 int_value (intmax_t i)
226 /* Return a VALUE for S. */
235 v->u.s = xstrdup (s);
239 /* Free VALUE V, including structure components. */
244 if (v->type == string)
255 char buf[INT_STRLEN_BOUND (intmax_t) + 1];
260 p = imaxtostr (v->u.i, buf);
272 /* Return true if V is a null-string or zero-number. */
283 char const *cp = v->u.s;
303 /* Coerce V to a string value (can't fail). */
308 char buf[INT_STRLEN_BOUND (intmax_t) + 1];
313 v->u.s = xstrdup (imaxtostr (v->u.i, buf));
323 /* Coerce V to an integer value. Return true on success, false on failure. */
346 i = i * 10 + *cp - '0';
353 v->u.i = i * (neg ? -1 : 1);
361 /* Return nonzero and advance if the next token matches STR exactly.
362 STR must not be NULL. */
365 nextarg (char const *str)
371 bool r = strcmp (*args, str) == 0;
377 /* Return true if there no more tokens. */
386 /* Print evaluation trace and args remaining. */
395 for (a = args; *a; a++)
401 /* Do the : operator.
402 SV is the VALUE for the lhs (the string),
403 PV is the VALUE for the rhs (the pattern). */
406 docolon (VALUE *sv, VALUE *pv)
410 struct re_pattern_buffer re_buffer;
411 struct re_registers re_regs;
418 if (pv->u.s[0] == '^')
421 warning: unportable BRE: `%s': using `^' as the first character\n\
422 of the basic regular expression is not portable; it is being ignored"),
426 len = strlen (pv->u.s);
427 memset (&re_buffer, 0, sizeof (re_buffer));
428 memset (&re_regs, 0, sizeof (re_regs));
429 re_buffer.allocated = 2 * len;
430 if (re_buffer.allocated < len)
432 re_buffer.buffer = xmalloc (re_buffer.allocated);
433 re_buffer.translate = 0;
434 re_syntax_options = RE_SYNTAX_POSIX_BASIC;
435 errmsg = re_compile_pattern (pv->u.s, len, &re_buffer);
437 error (EXPR_FAILURE, 0, "%s", errmsg);
439 matchlen = re_match (&re_buffer, sv->u.s, strlen (sv->u.s), 0, &re_regs);
442 /* Were \(...\) used? */
443 if (re_buffer.re_nsub > 0)/* was (re_regs.start[1] >= 0) */
445 sv->u.s[re_regs.end[1]] = '\0';
446 v = str_value (sv->u.s + re_regs.start[1]);
449 v = int_value (matchlen);
453 /* Match failed -- return the right kind of null. */
454 if (re_buffer.re_nsub > 0)
459 free (re_buffer.buffer);
463 /* Handle bare operands and ( expr ) syntax. */
466 eval7 (bool evaluate)
487 return str_value (*args++);
490 /* Handle match, substr, index, and length keywords, and quoting "+". */
493 eval6 (bool evaluate)
508 return str_value (*args++);
510 else if (nextarg ("length"))
512 r = eval6 (evaluate);
514 v = int_value (strlen (r->u.s));
518 else if (nextarg ("match"))
520 l = eval6 (evaluate);
521 r = eval6 (evaluate);
532 else if (nextarg ("index"))
534 l = eval6 (evaluate);
535 r = eval6 (evaluate);
538 v = int_value (strcspn (l->u.s, r->u.s) + 1);
539 if (v->u.i == strlen (l->u.s) + 1)
545 else if (nextarg ("substr"))
547 l = eval6 (evaluate);
548 i1 = eval6 (evaluate);
549 i2 = eval6 (evaluate);
551 if (!toarith (i1) || !toarith (i2)
552 || strlen (l->u.s) < i1->u.i
553 || i1->u.i <= 0 || i2->u.i <= 0)
559 v->u.s = strncpy (xmalloc (i2->u.i + 1),
560 l->u.s + i1->u.i - 1, i2->u.i);
569 return eval7 (evaluate);
572 /* Handle : operator (pattern matching).
573 Calls docolon to do the real work. */
576 eval5 (bool evaluate)
585 l = eval6 (evaluate);
590 r = eval6 (evaluate);
604 /* Handle *, /, % operators. */
607 eval4 (bool evaluate)
611 enum { multiply, divide, mod } fxn;
617 l = eval5 (evaluate);
622 else if (nextarg ("/"))
624 else if (nextarg ("%"))
628 r = eval5 (evaluate);
631 if (!toarith (l) || !toarith (r))
632 error (EXPR_FAILURE, 0, _("non-numeric argument"));
634 val = l->u.i * r->u.i;
638 error (EXPR_FAILURE, 0, _("division by zero"));
639 val = fxn == divide ? l->u.i / r->u.i : l->u.i % r->u.i;
648 /* Handle +, - operators. */
651 eval3 (bool evaluate)
655 enum { plus, minus } fxn;
661 l = eval4 (evaluate);
666 else if (nextarg ("-"))
670 r = eval4 (evaluate);
673 if (!toarith (l) || !toarith (r))
674 error (EXPR_FAILURE, 0, _("non-numeric argument"));
675 val = fxn == plus ? l->u.i + r->u.i : l->u.i - r->u.i;
683 /* Handle comparisons. */
686 eval2 (bool evaluate)
692 less_than, less_equal, equal, not_equal, greater_equal, greater_than
698 char *collation_arg1;
703 l = eval3 (evaluate);
708 else if (nextarg ("<="))
710 else if (nextarg ("=") || nextarg ("=="))
712 else if (nextarg ("!="))
714 else if (nextarg (">="))
716 else if (nextarg (">"))
720 r = eval3 (evaluate);
724 /* Save the first arg to strcoll, in case we need its value for
725 a diagnostic later. This is needed because 'toarith' might
726 free the first arg. */
727 collation_arg1 = xstrdup (l->u.s);
730 lval = strcoll (collation_arg1, r->u.s);
731 collation_errno = errno;
733 if (toarith (l) && toarith (r))
738 else if (collation_errno && evaluate)
740 error (0, collation_errno, _("string comparison failed"));
741 error (0, 0, _("Set LC_ALL='C' to work around the problem."));
742 error (EXPR_FAILURE, 0,
743 _("The strings compared were %s and %s."),
744 quotearg_n_style (0, locale_quoting_style, collation_arg1),
745 quotearg_n_style (1, locale_quoting_style, r->u.s));
750 case less_than: val = (lval < rval); break;
751 case less_equal: val = (lval <= rval); break;
752 case equal: val = (lval == rval); break;
753 case not_equal: val = (lval != rval); break;
754 case greater_equal: val = (lval >= rval); break;
755 case greater_than: val = (lval > rval); break;
760 free (collation_arg1);
768 eval1 (bool evaluate)
776 l = eval2 (evaluate);
781 r = eval2 (evaluate & ~ null (l));
782 if (null (l) || null (r))
807 l = eval1 (evaluate);
812 r = eval1 (evaluate & null (l));