1 /* expr -- evaluate expressions.
2 Copyright (C) 86, 1991-1997, 1999-2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
4 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
5 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
6 the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
9 This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
10 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
11 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
12 GNU General Public License for more details.
14 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
15 along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
16 Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA. */
18 /* Author: Mike Parker.
20 This program evaluates expressions. Each token (operator, operand,
21 parenthesis) of the expression must be a seperate argument. The
22 parser used is a reasonably general one, though any incarnation of
23 it is language-specific. It is especially nice for expressions.
25 No parse tree is needed; a new node is evaluated immediately.
26 One function can handle multiple operators all of equal precedence,
27 provided they all associate ((x op x) op x).
29 Define EVAL_TRACE to print an evaluation trace. */
33 #include <sys/types.h>
37 #include "long-options.h"
42 #include "strnumcmp.h"
45 /* The official name of this program (e.g., no `g' prefix). */
46 #define PROGRAM_NAME "expr"
48 #define AUTHORS "Mike Parker"
53 /* Invalid expression: e.g., its form does not conform to the
54 grammar for expressions. Our grammar is an extension of the
58 /* An internal error occurred, e.g., arithmetic overflow, storage
63 /* The kinds of value we can have. */
69 typedef enum valtype TYPE;
74 TYPE type; /* Which kind. */
76 { /* The value itself. */
81 typedef struct valinfo VALUE;
83 /* The arguments given to the program, minus the program name. */
86 /* The name this program was run with. */
89 static VALUE *eval (bool);
90 static bool nomoreargs (void);
91 static bool null (VALUE *v);
92 static void printv (VALUE *v);
97 if (status != EXIT_SUCCESS)
98 fprintf (stderr, _("Try `%s --help' for more information.\n"),
103 Usage: %s EXPRESSION\n\
106 program_name, program_name);
108 fputs (HELP_OPTION_DESCRIPTION, stdout);
109 fputs (VERSION_OPTION_DESCRIPTION, stdout);
112 Print the value of EXPRESSION to standard output. A blank line below\n\
113 separates increasing precedence groups. EXPRESSION may be:\n\
115 ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2\n\
117 ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0\n\
121 ARG1 < ARG2 ARG1 is less than ARG2\n\
122 ARG1 <= ARG2 ARG1 is less than or equal to ARG2\n\
123 ARG1 = ARG2 ARG1 is equal to ARG2\n\
124 ARG1 != ARG2 ARG1 is unequal to ARG2\n\
125 ARG1 >= ARG2 ARG1 is greater than or equal to ARG2\n\
126 ARG1 > ARG2 ARG1 is greater than ARG2\n\
130 ARG1 + ARG2 arithmetic sum of ARG1 and ARG2\n\
131 ARG1 - ARG2 arithmetic difference of ARG1 and ARG2\n\
135 ARG1 * ARG2 arithmetic product of ARG1 and ARG2\n\
136 ARG1 / ARG2 arithmetic quotient of ARG1 divided by ARG2\n\
137 ARG1 % ARG2 arithmetic remainder of ARG1 divided by ARG2\n\
141 STRING : REGEXP anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING\n\
143 match STRING REGEXP same as STRING : REGEXP\n\
144 substr STRING POS LENGTH substring of STRING, POS counted from 1\n\
145 index STRING CHARS index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0\n\
146 length STRING length of STRING\n\
149 + TOKEN interpret TOKEN as a string, even if it is a\n\
150 keyword like `match' or an operator like `/'\n\
152 ( EXPRESSION ) value of EXPRESSION\n\
156 Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells.\n\
157 Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else lexicographical.\n\
158 Pattern matches return the string matched between \\( and \\) or null; if\n\
159 \\( and \\) are not used, they return the number of characters matched or 0.\n\
163 Exit status is 0 if EXPRESSION is neither null nor 0, 1 if EXPRESSION is null\n\
164 or 0, 2 if EXPRESSION is syntactically invalid, and 3 if an error occurred.\n\
166 printf (_("\nReport bugs to <%s>.\n"), PACKAGE_BUGREPORT);
171 /* Report a syntax error and exit. */
175 error (EXPR_INVALID, 0, _("syntax error"));
178 /* Report an integer overflow for operation OP and exit. */
180 integer_overflow (char op)
182 error (EXPR_FAILURE, ERANGE, "%c", op);
186 main (int argc, char **argv)
190 initialize_main (&argc, &argv);
191 program_name = argv[0];
192 setlocale (LC_ALL, "");
193 bindtextdomain (PACKAGE, LOCALEDIR);
194 textdomain (PACKAGE);
196 initialize_exit_failure (EXPR_FAILURE);
197 atexit (close_stdout);
199 parse_long_options (argc, argv, PROGRAM_NAME, GNU_PACKAGE, VERSION,
200 usage, AUTHORS, (char const *) NULL);
201 /* The above handles --help and --version.
202 Since there is no other invocation of getopt, handle `--' here. */
203 if (argc > 1 && STREQ (argv[1], "--"))
211 error (0, 0, _("missing operand"));
212 usage (EXPR_INVALID);
225 /* Return a VALUE for I. */
228 int_value (intmax_t i)
230 VALUE *v = xmalloc (sizeof *v);
236 /* Return a VALUE for S. */
241 VALUE *v = xmalloc (sizeof *v);
243 v->u.s = xstrdup (s);
247 /* Free VALUE V, including structure components. */
252 if (v->type == string)
263 char buf[INT_BUFSIZE_BOUND (intmax_t)];
268 p = imaxtostr (v->u.i, buf);
280 /* Return true if V is a null-string or zero-number. */
291 char const *cp = v->u.s;
311 /* Return true if CP takes the form of an integer. */
314 looks_like_integer (char const *cp)
326 /* Coerce V to a string value (can't fail). */
331 char buf[INT_BUFSIZE_BOUND (intmax_t)];
336 v->u.s = xstrdup (imaxtostr (v->u.i, buf));
346 /* Coerce V to an integer value. Return true on success, false on failure. */
359 if (! looks_like_integer (v->u.s))
361 if (xstrtoimax (v->u.s, NULL, 10, &value, NULL) != LONGINT_OK)
362 error (EXPR_FAILURE, ERANGE, "%s", v->u.s);
373 /* Return true and advance if the next token matches STR exactly.
374 STR must not be NULL. */
377 nextarg (char const *str)
383 bool r = STREQ (*args, str);
389 /* Return true if there no more tokens. */
398 /* Print evaluation trace and args remaining. */
407 for (a = args; *a; a++)
413 /* Do the : operator.
414 SV is the VALUE for the lhs (the string),
415 PV is the VALUE for the rhs (the pattern). */
418 docolon (VALUE *sv, VALUE *pv)
420 VALUE *v IF_LINT (= NULL);
422 struct re_pattern_buffer re_buffer;
423 char fastmap[UCHAR_MAX + 1];
424 struct re_registers re_regs;
430 re_buffer.buffer = NULL;
431 re_buffer.allocated = 0;
432 re_buffer.fastmap = fastmap;
433 re_buffer.translate = NULL;
435 RE_SYNTAX_POSIX_BASIC & ~RE_CONTEXT_INVALID_DUP & ~RE_NO_EMPTY_RANGES;
436 errmsg = re_compile_pattern (pv->u.s, strlen (pv->u.s), &re_buffer);
438 error (EXPR_INVALID, 0, "%s", errmsg);
439 re_buffer.newline_anchor = 0;
441 matchlen = re_match (&re_buffer, sv->u.s, strlen (sv->u.s), 0, &re_regs);
444 /* Were \(...\) used? */
445 if (re_buffer.re_nsub > 0)
447 sv->u.s[re_regs.end[1]] = '\0';
448 v = str_value (sv->u.s + re_regs.start[1]);
451 v = int_value (matchlen);
453 else if (matchlen == -1)
455 /* Match failed -- return the right kind of null. */
456 if (re_buffer.re_nsub > 0)
463 (matchlen == -2 ? errno : EOVERFLOW),
464 _("error in regular expression matcher"));
466 free (re_buffer.buffer);
470 /* Handle bare operands and ( expr ) syntax. */
473 eval7 (bool evaluate)
494 return str_value (*args++);
497 /* Handle match, substr, index, and length keywords, and quoting "+". */
500 eval6 (bool evaluate)
515 return str_value (*args++);
517 else if (nextarg ("length"))
519 r = eval6 (evaluate);
521 v = int_value (strlen (r->u.s));
525 else if (nextarg ("match"))
527 l = eval6 (evaluate);
528 r = eval6 (evaluate);
539 else if (nextarg ("index"))
541 l = eval6 (evaluate);
542 r = eval6 (evaluate);
545 v = int_value (strcspn (l->u.s, r->u.s) + 1);
546 if (v->u.i == strlen (l->u.s) + 1)
552 else if (nextarg ("substr"))
554 l = eval6 (evaluate);
555 i1 = eval6 (evaluate);
556 i2 = eval6 (evaluate);
558 if (!toarith (i1) || !toarith (i2)
559 || strlen (l->u.s) < i1->u.i
560 || i1->u.i <= 0 || i2->u.i <= 0)
564 v = xmalloc (sizeof *v);
566 v->u.s = strncpy (xmalloc (i2->u.i + 1),
567 l->u.s + i1->u.i - 1, i2->u.i);
576 return eval7 (evaluate);
579 /* Handle : operator (pattern matching).
580 Calls docolon to do the real work. */
583 eval5 (bool evaluate)
592 l = eval6 (evaluate);
597 r = eval6 (evaluate);
611 /* Handle *, /, % operators. */
614 eval4 (bool evaluate)
618 enum { multiply, divide, mod } fxn;
624 l = eval5 (evaluate);
629 else if (nextarg ("/"))
631 else if (nextarg ("%"))
635 r = eval5 (evaluate);
638 if (!toarith (l) || !toarith (r))
639 error (EXPR_INVALID, 0, _("non-numeric argument"));
642 val = l->u.i * r->u.i;
643 if (! (l->u.i == 0 || r->u.i == 0
644 || ((val < 0) == ((l->u.i < 0) ^ (r->u.i < 0))
645 && val / l->u.i == r->u.i)))
646 integer_overflow ('*');
651 error (EXPR_INVALID, 0, _("division by zero"));
652 if (l->u.i < - INTMAX_MAX && r->u.i == -1)
654 /* Some x86-style hosts raise an exception for
655 INT_MIN / -1 and INT_MIN % -1, so handle these
656 problematic cases specially. */
658 integer_overflow ('/');
662 val = fxn == divide ? l->u.i / r->u.i : l->u.i % r->u.i;
671 /* Handle +, - operators. */
674 eval3 (bool evaluate)
678 enum { plus, minus } fxn;
684 l = eval4 (evaluate);
689 else if (nextarg ("-"))
693 r = eval4 (evaluate);
696 if (!toarith (l) || !toarith (r))
697 error (EXPR_INVALID, 0, _("non-numeric argument"));
700 val = l->u.i + r->u.i;
701 if ((val < l->u.i) != (r->u.i < 0))
702 integer_overflow ('+');
706 val = l->u.i - r->u.i;
707 if ((l->u.i < val) != (r->u.i < 0))
708 integer_overflow ('-');
717 /* Handle comparisons. */
720 eval2 (bool evaluate)
727 l = eval3 (evaluate);
733 less_than, less_equal, equal, not_equal, greater_equal, greater_than
739 else if (nextarg ("<="))
741 else if (nextarg ("=") || nextarg ("=="))
743 else if (nextarg ("!="))
745 else if (nextarg (">="))
747 else if (nextarg (">"))
751 r = eval3 (evaluate);
759 if (looks_like_integer (l->u.s) && looks_like_integer (r->u.s))
760 cmp = strintcmp (l->u.s, r->u.s);
764 cmp = strcoll (l->u.s, r->u.s);
768 error (0, errno, _("string comparison failed"));
769 error (0, 0, _("Set LC_ALL='C' to work around the problem."));
770 error (EXPR_INVALID, 0,
771 _("The strings compared were %s and %s."),
772 quotearg_n_style (0, locale_quoting_style, l->u.s),
773 quotearg_n_style (1, locale_quoting_style, r->u.s));
779 case less_than: val = (cmp < 0); break;
780 case less_equal: val = (cmp <= 0); break;
781 case equal: val = (cmp == 0); break;
782 case not_equal: val = (cmp != 0); break;
783 case greater_equal: val = (cmp >= 0); break;
784 case greater_than: val = (cmp > 0); break;
798 eval1 (bool evaluate)
806 l = eval2 (evaluate);
811 r = eval2 (evaluate & ~ null (l));
812 if (null (l) || null (r))
837 l = eval1 (evaluate);
842 r = eval1 (evaluate & null (l));