1 /* du -- summarize disk usage
2 Copyright (C) 1988-1991, 1995-2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
4 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
5 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
6 the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
9 This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
10 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
11 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
12 GNU General Public License for more details.
14 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
15 along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
16 Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA. */
18 /* Differences from the Unix du:
19 * Doesn't simply ignore the names of regular files given as arguments
22 By tege@sics.se, Torbjorn Granlund,
23 and djm@ai.mit.edu, David MacKenzie.
24 Variable blocks added by lm@sgi.com and eggert@twinsun.com.
25 Rewritten to use nftw, then to use fts by Jim Meyering. */
30 #include <sys/types.h>
36 #include "fprintftime.h"
42 #include "readtokens0.h"
44 #include "stat-time.h"
48 extern bool fts_debug;
50 /* The official name of this program (e.g., no `g' prefix). */
51 #define PROGRAM_NAME "du"
54 "Torbjorn Granlund", "David MacKenzie, Paul Eggert", "Jim Meyering"
57 # define FTS_CROSS_CHECK(Fts) fts_cross_check (Fts)
58 # define DEBUG_OPT "d"
60 # define FTS_CROSS_CHECK(Fts)
64 /* Initial size of the hash table. */
65 #define INITIAL_TABLE_SIZE 103
67 /* Hash structure for inode and device numbers. The separate entry
68 structure makes it easier to rehash "in place". */
76 /* A set of dev/ino pairs. */
77 static Hash_table *htab;
79 /* Define a class for collecting directory information. */
83 /* Size of files in directory. */
86 /* Latest time stamp found. If tmax.tv_sec == TYPE_MINIMUM (time_t)
87 && tmax.tv_nsec < 0, no time stamp has been found. */
91 /* Initialize directory data. */
93 duinfo_init (struct duinfo *a)
96 a->tmax.tv_sec = TYPE_MINIMUM (time_t);
100 /* Set directory data. */
102 duinfo_set (struct duinfo *a, uintmax_t size, struct timespec tmax)
108 /* Accumulate directory data. */
110 duinfo_add (struct duinfo *a, struct duinfo const *b)
113 if (timespec_cmp (a->tmax, b->tmax) < 0)
117 /* A structure for per-directory level information. */
120 /* Entries in this directory. */
123 /* Total for subdirectories. */
124 struct duinfo subdir;
127 /* Name under which this program was invoked. */
130 /* If true, display counts for all files, not just directories. */
131 static bool opt_all = false;
133 /* If true, rather than using the disk usage of each file,
134 use the apparent size (a la stat.st_size). */
135 static bool apparent_size = false;
137 /* If true, count each hard link of files with multiple links. */
138 static bool opt_count_all = false;
140 /* If true, output the NUL byte instead of a newline at the end of each line. */
141 static bool opt_nul_terminate_output = false;
143 /* If true, print a grand total at the end. */
144 static bool print_grand_total = false;
146 /* If nonzero, do not add sizes of subdirectories. */
147 static bool opt_separate_dirs = false;
149 /* Show the total for each directory (and file if --all) that is at
150 most MAX_DEPTH levels down from the root of the hierarchy. The root
151 is at level 0, so `du --max-depth=0' is equivalent to `du -s'. */
152 static size_t max_depth = SIZE_MAX;
154 /* Human-readable options for output. */
155 static int human_output_opts;
157 /* If true, print most recently modified date, using the specified format. */
158 static bool opt_time = false;
160 /* Type of time to display. controlled by --time. */
164 time_mtime, /* default */
169 static enum time_type time_type = time_mtime;
171 /* User specified date / time style */
172 static char const *time_style = NULL;
174 /* Format used to display date / time. Controlled by --time-style */
175 static char const *time_format = NULL;
177 /* The units to use when printing sizes. */
178 static uintmax_t output_block_size;
180 /* File name patterns to exclude. */
181 static struct exclude *exclude;
183 /* Grand total size of all args, in bytes. Also latest modified date. */
184 static struct duinfo tot_dui;
186 #define IS_DIR_TYPE(Type) \
188 || (Type) == FTS_DNR)
190 /* For long options that have no equivalent short option, use a
191 non-character as a pseudo short option, starting with CHAR_MAX + 1. */
194 APPARENT_SIZE_OPTION = CHAR_MAX + 1,
199 /* FIXME: --kilobytes is deprecated (but not -k); remove in late 2006 */
200 KILOBYTES_LONG_OPTION,
204 /* FIXME: --megabytes is deprecated (but not -m); remove in late 2006 */
205 MEGABYTES_LONG_OPTION,
211 static struct option const long_options[] =
213 {"all", no_argument, NULL, 'a'},
214 {"apparent-size", no_argument, NULL, APPARENT_SIZE_OPTION},
215 {"block-size", required_argument, NULL, 'B'},
216 {"bytes", no_argument, NULL, 'b'},
217 {"count-links", no_argument, NULL, 'l'},
218 {"dereference", no_argument, NULL, 'L'},
219 {"dereference-args", no_argument, NULL, 'D'},
220 {"exclude", required_argument, NULL, EXCLUDE_OPTION},
221 {"exclude-from", required_argument, NULL, 'X'},
222 {"files0-from", required_argument, NULL, FILES0_FROM_OPTION},
223 {"human-readable", no_argument, NULL, 'h'},
224 {"si", no_argument, NULL, HUMAN_SI_OPTION},
225 {"kilobytes", no_argument, NULL, KILOBYTES_LONG_OPTION},
226 {"max-depth", required_argument, NULL, MAX_DEPTH_OPTION},
227 {"null", no_argument, NULL, '0'},
228 {"megabytes", no_argument, NULL, MEGABYTES_LONG_OPTION},
229 {"no-dereference", no_argument, NULL, 'P'},
230 {"one-file-system", no_argument, NULL, 'x'},
231 {"separate-dirs", no_argument, NULL, 'S'},
232 {"summarize", no_argument, NULL, 's'},
233 {"total", no_argument, NULL, 'c'},
234 {"time", optional_argument, NULL, TIME_OPTION},
235 {"time-style", required_argument, NULL, TIME_STYLE_OPTION},
236 {GETOPT_HELP_OPTION_DECL},
237 {GETOPT_VERSION_OPTION_DECL},
241 static char const *const time_args[] =
243 "atime", "access", "use", "ctime", "status", NULL
245 static enum time_type const time_types[] =
247 time_atime, time_atime, time_atime, time_ctime, time_ctime
249 ARGMATCH_VERIFY (time_args, time_types);
251 /* `full-iso' uses full ISO-style dates and times. `long-iso' uses longer
252 ISO-style time stamps, though shorter than `full-iso'. `iso' uses shorter
253 ISO-style time stamps. */
256 full_iso_time_style, /* --time-style=full-iso */
257 long_iso_time_style, /* --time-style=long-iso */
258 iso_time_style /* --time-style=iso */
261 static char const *const time_style_args[] =
263 "full-iso", "long-iso", "iso", NULL
265 static enum time_style const time_style_types[] =
267 full_iso_time_style, long_iso_time_style, iso_time_style
269 ARGMATCH_VERIFY (time_style_args, time_style_types);
274 if (status != EXIT_SUCCESS)
275 fprintf (stderr, _("Try `%s --help' for more information.\n"),
280 Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]...\n\
281 or: %s [OPTION]... --files0-from=F\n\
282 "), program_name, program_name);
284 Summarize disk usage of each FILE, recursively for directories.\n\
288 Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.\n\
291 -a, --all write counts for all files, not just directories\n\
292 --apparent-size print apparent sizes, rather than disk usage; although\n\
293 the apparent size is usually smaller, it may be\n\
294 larger due to holes in (`sparse') files, internal\n\
295 fragmentation, indirect blocks, and the like\n\
298 -B, --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks\n\
299 -b, --bytes equivalent to `--apparent-size --block-size=1'\n\
300 -c, --total produce a grand total\n\
301 -D, --dereference-args dereference FILEs that are symbolic links\n\
304 --files0-from=F summarize disk usage of the NUL-terminated file\n\
305 names specified in file F\n\
306 -H like --si, but also evokes a warning; will soon\n\
307 change to be equivalent to --dereference-args (-D)\n\
308 -h, --human-readable print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G)\n\
309 --si like -h, but use powers of 1000 not 1024\n\
312 -k like --block-size=1K\n\
313 -l, --count-links count sizes many times if hard linked\n\
314 -m like --block-size=1M\n\
317 -L, --dereference dereference all symbolic links\n\
318 -P, --no-dereference don't follow any symbolic links (this is the default)\n\
319 -0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline\n\
320 -S, --separate-dirs do not include size of subdirectories\n\
321 -s, --summarize display only a total for each argument\n\
324 -x, --one-file-system skip directories on different file systems\n\
325 -X FILE, --exclude-from=FILE Exclude files that match any pattern in FILE.\n\
326 --exclude=PATTERN Exclude files that match PATTERN.\n\
327 --max-depth=N print the total for a directory (or file, with --all)\n\
328 only if it is N or fewer levels below the command\n\
329 line argument; --max-depth=0 is the same as\n\
333 --time show time of the last modification of any file in the\n\
334 directory, or any of its subdirectories\n\
335 --time=WORD show time as WORD instead of modification time:\n\
336 atime, access, use, ctime or status\n\
337 --time-style=STYLE show times using style STYLE:\n\
338 full-iso, long-iso, iso, +FORMAT\n\
339 FORMAT is interpreted like `date'\n\
341 fputs (HELP_OPTION_DESCRIPTION, stdout);
342 fputs (VERSION_OPTION_DESCRIPTION, stdout);
344 SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of following:\n\
345 kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y.\n\
347 emit_bug_reporting_address ();
353 entry_hash (void const *x, size_t table_size)
355 struct entry const *p = x;
357 /* Ignoring the device number here should be fine. */
358 /* The cast to uintmax_t prevents negative remainders
359 if st_ino is negative. */
360 return (uintmax_t) p->st_ino % table_size;
363 /* Compare two dev/ino pairs. Return true if they are the same. */
365 entry_compare (void const *x, void const *y)
367 struct entry const *a = x;
368 struct entry const *b = y;
369 return SAME_INODE (*a, *b) ? true : false;
372 /* Try to insert the INO/DEV pair into the global table, HTAB.
373 Return true if the pair is successfully inserted,
374 false if the pair is already in the table. */
376 hash_ins (ino_t ino, dev_t dev)
379 struct entry *ent_from_table;
381 ent = xmalloc (sizeof *ent);
385 ent_from_table = hash_insert (htab, ent);
386 if (ent_from_table == NULL)
388 /* Insertion failed due to lack of memory. */
392 if (ent_from_table == ent)
394 /* Insertion succeeded. */
398 /* That pair is already in the table, so ENT was not inserted. Free it. */
404 /* Initialize the hash table. */
408 htab = hash_initialize (INITIAL_TABLE_SIZE, NULL,
409 entry_hash, entry_compare, free);
414 /* FIXME: this code is nearly identical to code in date.c */
415 /* Display the date and time in WHEN according to the format specified
419 show_date (const char *format, struct timespec when)
421 struct tm *tm = localtime (&when.tv_sec);
424 char buf[INT_BUFSIZE_BOUND (intmax_t)];
425 error (0, 0, _("time %s is out of range"),
426 (TYPE_SIGNED (time_t)
427 ? imaxtostr (when.tv_sec, buf)
428 : umaxtostr (when.tv_sec, buf)));
433 fprintftime (stdout, format, tm, 0, when.tv_nsec);
436 /* Print N_BYTES. Convert it to a readable value before printing. */
439 print_only_size (uintmax_t n_bytes)
441 char buf[LONGEST_HUMAN_READABLE + 1];
442 fputs (human_readable (n_bytes, buf, human_output_opts,
443 1, output_block_size), stdout);
446 /* Print size (and optionally time) indicated by *PDUI, followed by STRING. */
449 print_size (const struct duinfo *pdui, const char *string)
451 print_only_size (pdui->size);
455 show_date (time_format, pdui->tmax);
457 printf ("\t%s%c", string, opt_nul_terminate_output ? '\0' : '\n');
461 /* This function is called once for every file system object that fts
462 encounters. fts does a depth-first traversal. This function knows
463 that and accumulates per-directory totals based on changes in
464 the depth of the current entry. It returns true on success. */
467 process_file (FTS *fts, FTSENT *ent)
471 struct duinfo dui_to_print;
473 static size_t prev_level;
474 static size_t n_alloc;
475 /* First element of the structure contains:
476 The sum of the st_size values of all entries in the single directory
477 at the corresponding level. Although this does include the st_size
478 corresponding to each subdirectory, it does not include the size of
479 any file in a subdirectory. Also corresponding last modified date.
480 Second element of the structure contains:
481 The sum of the sizes of all entries in the hierarchy at or below the
482 directory at the specified level. */
483 static struct dulevel *dulvl;
486 const char *file = ent->fts_path;
487 const struct stat *sb = ent->fts_statp;
490 /* If necessary, set FTS_SKIP before returning. */
491 skip = excluded_file_name (exclude, ent->fts_path);
493 fts_set (fts, ent, FTS_SKIP);
495 switch (ent->fts_info)
498 error (0, ent->fts_errno, _("cannot access %s"), quote (file));
502 /* if (S_ISDIR (ent->fts_statp->st_mode) && FIXME */
503 error (0, ent->fts_errno, _("%s"), quote (file));
507 /* Don't return just yet, since although the directory is not readable,
508 we were able to stat it, so we do have a size. */
509 error (0, ent->fts_errno, _("cannot read directory %s"), quote (file));
518 /* If this is the first (pre-order) encounter with a directory,
519 or if it's the second encounter for a skipped directory, then
520 return right away. */
521 if (ent->fts_info == FTS_D || skip)
524 /* If the file is being excluded or if it has already been counted
525 via a hard link, then don't let it contribute to the sums. */
528 && ! S_ISDIR (sb->st_mode)
530 && ! hash_ins (sb->st_ino, sb->st_dev)))
532 /* Note that we must not simply return here.
533 We still have to update prev_level and maybe propagate
534 some sums up the hierarchy. */
543 : (uintmax_t) ST_NBLOCKS (*sb) * ST_NBLOCKSIZE),
544 (time_type == time_mtime ? get_stat_mtime (sb)
545 : time_type == time_atime ? get_stat_atime (sb)
546 : get_stat_ctime (sb)));
549 level = ent->fts_level;
554 n_alloc = level + 10;
555 dulvl = xcalloc (n_alloc, sizeof *dulvl);
559 if (level == prev_level)
561 /* This is usually the most common case. Do nothing. */
563 else if (level > prev_level)
565 /* Descending the hierarchy.
566 Clear the accumulators for *all* levels between prev_level
567 and the current one. The depth may change dramatically,
568 e.g., from 1 to 10. */
571 if (n_alloc <= level)
573 dulvl = xnrealloc (dulvl, level, 2 * sizeof *dulvl);
577 for (i = prev_level + 1; i <= level; i++)
579 duinfo_init (&dulvl[i].ent);
580 duinfo_init (&dulvl[i].subdir);
583 else /* level < prev_level */
585 /* Ascending the hierarchy.
586 Process a directory only after all entries in that
587 directory have been processed. When the depth decreases,
588 propagate sums from the children (prev_level) to the parent.
589 Here, the current level is always one smaller than the
591 assert (level == prev_level - 1);
592 duinfo_add (&dui_to_print, &dulvl[prev_level].ent);
593 if (!opt_separate_dirs)
594 duinfo_add (&dui_to_print, &dulvl[prev_level].subdir);
595 duinfo_add (&dulvl[level].subdir, &dulvl[prev_level].ent);
596 duinfo_add (&dulvl[level].subdir, &dulvl[prev_level].subdir);
602 /* Let the size of a directory entry contribute to the total for the
603 containing directory, unless --separate-dirs (-S) is specified. */
604 if ( ! (opt_separate_dirs && IS_DIR_TYPE (ent->fts_info)))
605 duinfo_add (&dulvl[level].ent, &dui);
607 /* Even if this directory is unreadable or we can't chdir into it,
608 do let its size contribute to the total, ... */
609 duinfo_add (&tot_dui, &dui);
611 /* ... but don't print out a total for it, since without the size(s)
612 of any potential entries, it could be very misleading. */
613 if (ent->fts_info == FTS_DNR)
616 /* If we're not counting an entry, e.g., because it's a hard link
617 to a file we've already counted (and --count-links), then don't
618 print a line for it. */
622 if ((IS_DIR_TYPE (ent->fts_info) && level <= max_depth)
623 || ((opt_all && level <= max_depth) || level == 0))
624 print_size (&dui_to_print, file);
629 /* Recursively print the sizes of the directories (and, if selected, files)
630 named in FILES, the last entry of which is NULL.
631 BIT_FLAGS controls how fts works.
632 Return true if successful. */
635 du_files (char **files, int bit_flags)
641 FTS *fts = xfts_open (files, bit_flags, NULL);
647 ent = fts_read (fts);
652 /* FIXME: try to give a better message */
653 error (0, errno, _("fts_read failed"));
658 FTS_CROSS_CHECK (fts);
660 ok &= process_file (fts, ent);
663 /* Ignore failure, since the only way it can do so is in failing to
664 return to the original directory, and since we're about to exit,
665 that doesn't matter. */
669 if (print_grand_total)
670 print_size (&tot_dui, _("total"));
676 main (int argc, char **argv)
680 bool max_depth_specified = false;
683 char *files_from = NULL;
686 /* Bit flags that control how fts works. */
687 int bit_flags = FTS_TIGHT_CYCLE_CHECK;
689 /* Select one of the three FTS_ options that control if/when
690 to follow a symlink. */
691 int symlink_deref_bits = FTS_PHYSICAL;
693 /* If true, display only a total for each argument. */
694 bool opt_summarize_only = false;
699 initialize_main (&argc, &argv);
700 program_name = argv[0];
701 setlocale (LC_ALL, "");
702 bindtextdomain (PACKAGE, LOCALEDIR);
703 textdomain (PACKAGE);
705 atexit (close_stdout);
707 exclude = new_exclude ();
709 human_output_opts = human_options (getenv ("DU_BLOCK_SIZE"), false,
712 while ((c = getopt_long (argc, argv, DEBUG_OPT "0abchHklmsxB:DLPSX:",
713 long_options, NULL)) != -1)
724 opt_nul_terminate_output = true;
731 case APPARENT_SIZE_OPTION:
732 apparent_size = true;
736 apparent_size = true;
737 human_output_opts = 0;
738 output_block_size = 1;
742 print_grand_total = true;
746 human_output_opts = human_autoscale | human_SI | human_base_1024;
747 output_block_size = 1;
750 case 'H': /* FIXME: remove warning and move this "case 'H'" to
751 precede --dereference-args in late 2006. */
752 error (0, 0, _("WARNING: use --si, not -H; the meaning of the -H\
753 option will soon\nchange to be the same as that of --dereference-args (-D)"));
755 case HUMAN_SI_OPTION:
756 human_output_opts = human_autoscale | human_SI;
757 output_block_size = 1;
760 case KILOBYTES_LONG_OPTION:
762 _("the --kilobytes option is deprecated; use -k instead"));
765 human_output_opts = 0;
766 output_block_size = 1024;
769 case MAX_DEPTH_OPTION: /* --max-depth=N */
771 unsigned long int tmp_ulong;
772 if (xstrtoul (optarg, NULL, 0, &tmp_ulong, NULL) == LONGINT_OK
773 && tmp_ulong <= SIZE_MAX)
775 max_depth_specified = true;
776 max_depth = tmp_ulong;
780 error (0, 0, _("invalid maximum depth %s"),
787 case MEGABYTES_LONG_OPTION:
789 _("the --megabytes option is deprecated; use -m instead"));
792 human_output_opts = 0;
793 output_block_size = 1024 * 1024;
797 opt_count_all = true;
801 opt_summarize_only = true;
805 bit_flags |= FTS_XDEV;
809 human_output_opts = human_options (optarg, true, &output_block_size);
812 case 'D': /* This will eventually be 'H' (-H), too. */
813 symlink_deref_bits = FTS_COMFOLLOW | FTS_PHYSICAL;
816 case 'L': /* --dereference */
817 symlink_deref_bits = FTS_LOGICAL;
820 case 'P': /* --no-dereference */
821 symlink_deref_bits = FTS_PHYSICAL;
825 opt_separate_dirs = true;
829 if (add_exclude_file (add_exclude, exclude, optarg,
830 EXCLUDE_WILDCARDS, '\n'))
832 error (0, errno, "%s", quotearg_colon (optarg));
837 case FILES0_FROM_OPTION:
842 add_exclude (exclude, optarg, EXCLUDE_WILDCARDS);
849 ? XARGMATCH ("--time", optarg, time_args, time_types)
853 case TIME_STYLE_OPTION:
857 case_GETOPT_HELP_CHAR;
859 case_GETOPT_VERSION_CHAR (PROGRAM_NAME, AUTHORS);
867 usage (EXIT_FAILURE);
869 if (opt_all & opt_summarize_only)
871 error (0, 0, _("cannot both summarize and show all entries"));
872 usage (EXIT_FAILURE);
875 if (opt_summarize_only && max_depth_specified && max_depth == 0)
878 _("warning: summarizing is the same as using --max-depth=0"));
881 if (opt_summarize_only && max_depth_specified && max_depth != 0)
883 unsigned long int d = max_depth;
884 error (0, 0, _("warning: summarizing conflicts with --max-depth=%lu"), d);
885 usage (EXIT_FAILURE);
888 if (opt_summarize_only)
891 /* Process time style if printing last times. */
896 time_style = getenv ("TIME_STYLE");
898 /* Ignore TIMESTYLE="locale", for compatibility with ls. */
899 if (! time_style || STREQ (time_style, "locale"))
900 time_style = "long-iso";
901 else if (*time_style == '+')
903 /* Ignore anything after a newline, for compatibility
905 char *p = strchr (time_style, '\n');
911 /* Ignore "posix-" prefix, for compatibility with ls. */
912 static char const posix_prefix[] = "posix-";
913 while (strncmp (time_style, posix_prefix, sizeof posix_prefix - 1)
915 time_style += sizeof posix_prefix - 1;
919 if (*time_style == '+')
920 time_format = time_style + 1;
923 switch (XARGMATCH ("time style", time_style,
924 time_style_args, time_style_types))
926 case full_iso_time_style:
927 time_format = "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%N %z";
930 case long_iso_time_style:
931 time_format = "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M";
935 time_format = "%Y-%m-%d";
943 /* When using --files0-from=F, you may not specify any files
944 on the command-line. */
947 error (0, 0, _("extra operand %s"), quote (argv[optind]));
948 fprintf (stderr, "%s\n",
949 _("File operands cannot be combined with --files0-from."));
950 usage (EXIT_FAILURE);
953 if (! (STREQ (files_from, "-") || freopen (files_from, "r", stdin)))
954 error (EXIT_FAILURE, errno, _("cannot open %s for reading"),
957 readtokens0_init (&tok);
959 if (! readtokens0 (stdin, &tok) || fclose (stdin) != 0)
960 error (EXIT_FAILURE, 0, _("cannot read file names from %s"),
967 files = (optind < argc ? argv + optind : cwd_only);
970 /* Initialize the hash structure for inode numbers. */
973 /* Report and filter out any empty file names before invoking fts.
974 This works around a glitch in fts, which fails immediately
975 (without looking at the other file names) when given an empty
995 /* Using the standard `filename:line-number:' prefix here is
996 not totally appropriate, since NUL is the separator, not NL,
997 but it might be better than nothing. */
998 unsigned long int file_number = j + 1;
999 error (0, 0, "%s:%lu: %s", quotearg_colon (files_from),
1000 file_number, _("invalid zero-length file name"));
1003 error (0, 0, "%s", _("invalid zero-length file name"));
1010 bit_flags |= symlink_deref_bits;
1011 ok &= du_files (files, bit_flags);
1013 /* This isn't really necessary, but it does ensure we
1014 exercise this function. */
1016 readtokens0_free (&tok);
1020 exit (ok ? EXIT_SUCCESS : EXIT_FAILURE);