2 * crypt_reencrypt - crypt utility for offline reencryption
4 * Copyright (C) 2012 Milan Broz All rights reserved.
6 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
7 * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
8 * version 2 as published by the Free Software Foundation.
10 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
11 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
12 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
13 * GNU General Public License for more details.
15 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
16 * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
17 * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
20 /* The code works as follows:
21 * - create backup (detached) headers fo old and new device
22 * - mark original device unusable
23 * - maps two devices, one with old header one with new onto
24 * the _same_ underlying device
25 * - with direct-io reads old device and copy to new device in defined steps
26 * - keps simple off in file (allows restart)
27 * - there is several windows when corruption can happen
30 * dmsetup create x --table "0 $(blockdev --getsz DEV) crypt cipher_null-ecb-null - 0 DEV 0"
41 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
47 #include <libcryptsetup.h>
50 #include "cryptsetup.h"
52 static int opt_verbose = 0;
53 static int opt_debug = 0;
54 static const char *opt_cipher = NULL;
55 static const char *opt_hash = NULL;
56 static const char *opt_key_file = NULL;
57 static int opt_iteration_time = 1000;
58 static int opt_batch_mode = 0;
59 static int opt_version_mode = 0;
60 static int opt_random = 0;
61 static int opt_urandom = 0;
62 static int opt_bsize = 4;
63 static int opt_new = 0;
64 static int opt_directio = 0;
65 static int opt_write_log = 0;
66 static const char *opt_new_file = NULL;
68 static const char **action_argv;
69 sigset_t signals_open;
75 uint64_t device_offset;
76 uint64_t device_shift;
79 enum { FORWARD = 0, BACKWARD = 1 } reencrypt_direction;
81 char header_file_org[PATH_MAX];
82 char header_file_new[PATH_MAX];
83 char log_file[PATH_MAX];
85 char crypt_path_org[PATH_MAX];
86 char crypt_path_new[PATH_MAX];
94 char MAGIC[] = {'L','U','K','S', 0xba, 0xbe};
95 char NOMAGIC[] = {'L','U','K','S', 0xde, 0xad};
104 __attribute__((format(printf, 5, 6)))
105 static void clogger(struct crypt_device *cd, int level, const char *file,
106 int line, const char *format, ...)
111 va_start(argp, format);
113 if (vasprintf(&target, format, argp) > 0) {
115 crypt_log(cd, level, target);
116 } else if (opt_debug)
117 printf("# %s\n", target);
124 static void _log(int level, const char *msg, void *usrptr __attribute__((unused)))
128 case CRYPT_LOG_NORMAL:
131 case CRYPT_LOG_VERBOSE:
135 case CRYPT_LOG_ERROR:
138 case CRYPT_LOG_DEBUG:
140 printf("# %s\n", msg);
143 fprintf(stderr, "Internal error on logging class for msg: %s", msg);
148 static void _quiet_log(int level, const char *msg, void *usrptr)
150 if (!opt_verbose && (level == CRYPT_LOG_ERROR || level == CRYPT_LOG_NORMAL))
151 level = CRYPT_LOG_VERBOSE;
152 _log(level, msg, usrptr);
155 /* The difference in seconds between two times in "timeval" format. */
156 double time_diff(struct timeval start, struct timeval end)
158 return (end.tv_sec - start.tv_sec)
159 + (end.tv_usec - start.tv_usec) / 1E6;
162 static int alignment(int fd)
166 alignment = fpathconf(fd, _PC_REC_XFER_ALIGN);
172 static int device_magic(header_magic set_magic)
175 size_t block_size = 512;
179 devfd = open(rnc.device, O_RDWR | O_DIRECT);
181 return errno == EBUSY ? -EBUSY : -EINVAL;
183 if (posix_memalign((void *)&buf, alignment(devfd), block_size)) {
188 s = read(devfd, buf, block_size);
189 if (s < 0 || s != block_size) {
190 log_verbose(_("Cannot read device %s.\n"), rnc.device);
195 if (set_magic == MAKE_UNUSABLE && !memcmp(buf, MAGIC, MAGIC_L)) {
196 log_dbg("Marking LUKS device %s unusable.", rnc.device);
197 memcpy(buf, NOMAGIC, MAGIC_L);
200 } else if (set_magic == MAKE_USABLE && !memcmp(buf, NOMAGIC, MAGIC_L)) {
201 log_dbg("Marking LUKS device %s usable.", rnc.device);
202 memcpy(buf, MAGIC, MAGIC_L);
204 } else if (set_magic == CHECK_UNUSABLE) {
205 r = memcmp(buf, NOMAGIC, MAGIC_L) ? -EINVAL : 0;
207 rnc.device_uuid = strndup(&buf[0xa8], 40);
213 if (lseek(devfd, 0, SEEK_SET) == -1)
215 s = write(devfd, buf, block_size);
216 if (s < 0 || s != block_size) {
217 log_verbose(_("Cannot write device %s.\n"), rnc.device);
221 log_dbg("LUKS signature check failed for %s.", rnc.device);
224 memset(buf, 0, block_size);
230 static int create_empty_header(const char *new_file, uint64_t size)
235 log_dbg("Creating empty file %s of size %lu.", new_file, (unsigned long)size);
237 if (!(buf = malloc(size)))
239 memset(buf, 0, size);
241 fd = creat(new_file, S_IRUSR|S_IWUSR);
247 if (write(fd, buf, size) < size)
255 static int write_log(void)
257 static char buf[512];
260 //log_dbg("Updating LUKS reencryption log offset %" PRIu64 ".", offset);
261 memset(buf, 0, sizeof(buf));
262 snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "# LUKS reencryption log, DO NOT EDIT OR DELETE.\n"
263 "version = %d\nUUID = %s\ndirection = %d\n"
264 "offset = %" PRIu64 "\nshift = %" PRIu64 "\n# EOF\n",
265 1, rnc.device_uuid, rnc.reencrypt_direction,
266 rnc.device_offset, rnc.device_shift);
268 lseek(rnc.log_fd, 0, SEEK_SET);
269 r = write(rnc.log_fd, buf, sizeof(buf));
270 if (r < 0 || r != sizeof(buf))
276 static int parse_line_log(const char *line)
286 if (sscanf(line, "version = %d", &i) == 1) {
288 log_dbg("Log: Unexpected version = %i", i);
291 } else if (sscanf(line, "UUID = %40s", s) == 1) {
292 if (!rnc.device_uuid || strcmp(rnc.device_uuid, s)) {
293 log_dbg("Log: Unexpected UUID %s", s);
296 } else if (sscanf(line, "direction = %d", &i) == 1) {
297 log_dbg("Log: direction = %i", i);
298 rnc.reencrypt_direction = i;
299 } else if (sscanf(line, "offset = %" PRIu64, &u64) == 1) {
300 log_dbg("Log: offset = %" PRIu64, u64);
301 rnc.device_offset = u64;
302 } else if (sscanf(line, "shift = %" PRIu64, &u64) == 1) {
303 log_dbg("Log: shift = %" PRIu64, u64);
304 rnc.device_shift = u64;
311 static int parse_log(void)
313 static char buf[512];
317 s = read(rnc.log_fd, buf, sizeof(buf));
324 end = strchr(start, '\n');
327 if (parse_line_log(start)) {
328 log_err("Wrong log format.\n");
339 static int open_log(void)
344 if(stat(rnc.log_file, &st) < 0) {
345 log_dbg("Creating LUKS reencryption log file %s.", rnc.log_file);
347 // FIXME: move that somewhere else
348 rnc.reencrypt_direction = BACKWARD;
350 flags = opt_directio ? O_RDWR|O_CREAT|O_DIRECT : O_RDWR|O_CREAT;
351 rnc.log_fd = open(rnc.log_file, flags, S_IRUSR|S_IWUSR);
352 if (rnc.log_fd == -1)
357 log_dbg("Log file %s exists, restarting.", rnc.log_file);
358 flags = opt_directio ? O_RDWR|O_DIRECT : O_RDWR;
359 rnc.log_fd = open(rnc.log_file, O_RDWR|O_DIRECT);
360 if (rnc.log_fd == -1)
365 /* Be sure it is correct format */
369 static void close_log(void)
371 log_dbg("Closing LUKS reencryption log file %s.", rnc.log_file);
372 if (rnc.log_fd != -1)
376 static int activate_luks_headers(void)
378 struct crypt_device *cd = NULL, *cd_new = NULL;
381 log_dbg("Activating LUKS devices from headers.");
383 if ((r = crypt_init(&cd, rnc.header_file_org)) ||
384 (r = crypt_load(cd, CRYPT_LUKS1, NULL)) ||
385 (r = crypt_set_data_device(cd, rnc.device)))
388 if ((r = crypt_activate_by_passphrase(cd, rnc.header_file_org,
389 CRYPT_ANY_SLOT, rnc.password, rnc.passwordLen,
390 CRYPT_ACTIVATE_READONLY|CRYPT_ACTIVATE_PRIVATE)) < 0)
393 if ((r = crypt_init(&cd_new, rnc.header_file_new)) ||
394 (r = crypt_load(cd_new, CRYPT_LUKS1, NULL)) ||
395 (r = crypt_set_data_device(cd_new, rnc.device)))
398 if ((r = crypt_activate_by_passphrase(cd_new, rnc.header_file_new,
399 CRYPT_ANY_SLOT, rnc.password, rnc.passwordLen,
400 CRYPT_ACTIVATE_SHARED|CRYPT_ACTIVATE_PRIVATE)) < 0)
408 static int backup_luks_headers(void)
410 struct crypt_device *cd = NULL, *cd_new = NULL;
411 struct crypt_params_luks1 params = {0};
412 char cipher [MAX_CIPHER_LEN], cipher_mode[MAX_CIPHER_LEN];
415 log_dbg("Creating LUKS header backup for device %s.", rnc.device);
416 if ((r = crypt_init(&cd, rnc.device)) ||
417 (r = crypt_load(cd, CRYPT_LUKS1, NULL)))
420 crypt_set_confirm_callback(cd, NULL, NULL);
421 if ((r = crypt_header_backup(cd, CRYPT_LUKS1, rnc.header_file_org)))
424 if ((r = create_empty_header(rnc.header_file_new,
425 crypt_get_data_offset(cd) * 512)))
428 params.hash = opt_hash ?: DEFAULT_LUKS1_HASH;
429 params.data_alignment = crypt_get_data_offset(cd);
430 params.data_device = rnc.device;
432 if ((r = crypt_init(&cd_new, rnc.header_file_new)))
436 crypt_set_rng_type(cd_new, CRYPT_RNG_RANDOM);
437 else if (opt_urandom)
438 crypt_set_rng_type(cd_new, CRYPT_RNG_URANDOM);
440 if (opt_iteration_time)
441 crypt_set_iteration_time(cd_new, opt_iteration_time);
444 r = crypt_parse_name_and_mode(opt_cipher, cipher, NULL, cipher_mode);
446 log_err(_("No known cipher specification pattern detected.\n"));
451 if ((r = crypt_format(cd_new, CRYPT_LUKS1,
452 opt_cipher ? cipher : crypt_get_cipher(cd),
453 opt_cipher ? cipher_mode : crypt_get_cipher_mode(cd),
455 NULL, crypt_get_volume_key_size(cd), ¶ms)))
458 if ((r = crypt_keyslot_add_by_volume_key(cd_new, rnc.keyslot,
459 NULL, 0, rnc.password, rnc.passwordLen)) < 0)
468 static void remove_headers(void)
470 struct crypt_device *cd = NULL;
472 if (crypt_init(&cd, NULL))
474 crypt_set_log_callback(cd, _quiet_log, NULL);
475 (void)crypt_deactivate(cd, rnc.header_file_org);
476 (void)crypt_deactivate(cd, rnc.header_file_new);
480 static int restore_luks_header(const char *backup)
482 struct crypt_device *cd = NULL;
485 r = crypt_init(&cd, rnc.device);
488 crypt_set_confirm_callback(cd, NULL, NULL);
489 r = crypt_header_restore(cd, CRYPT_LUKS1, backup);
496 static int copy_data_forward(int fd_old, int fd_new, size_t block_size, void *buf, uint64_t *bytes)
502 log_err("Reencrypting [");
504 while (rnc.device_offset < rnc.device_size) {
505 s1 = read(fd_old, buf, block_size);
506 if (s1 < 0 || (s1 != block_size && (rnc.device_offset + s1) != rnc.device_size)) {
507 log_err("Read error, expecting %d, got %d.\n", (int)block_size, (int)s1);
510 s2 = write(fd_new, buf, s1);
512 log_err("Write error, expecting %d, got %d.\n", (int)block_size, (int)s2);
515 rnc.device_offset += s1;
516 if (opt_write_log && write_log() < 0) {
517 log_err("Log write error, some data are perhaps lost.\n");
521 *bytes += (uint64_t)s2;
522 if (rnc.device_offset > (j * (rnc.device_size / 10))) {
527 log_err("] Done.\n");
532 static int copy_data_backward(int fd_old, int fd_new, size_t block_size, void *buf, uint64_t *bytes)
534 ssize_t s1, s2, working_offset, working_block;
538 log_err("Reencrypting [");
541 while (rnc.device_offset) {
542 if (rnc.device_offset < block_size) {
544 working_block = rnc.device_offset;
546 working_offset = rnc.device_offset - block_size;
547 working_block = block_size;
550 if (lseek(fd_old, working_offset, SEEK_SET) < 0 ||
551 lseek(fd_new, working_offset, SEEK_SET) < 0)
553 //log_err("off: %06d, size %06d\n", working_offset, block_size);
555 s1 = read(fd_old, buf, working_block);
556 if (s1 < 0 || (s1 != working_block)) {
557 log_err("Read error, expecting %d, got %d.\n", (int)block_size, (int)s1);
560 s2 = write(fd_new, buf, working_block);
562 log_err("Write error, expecting %d, got %d.\n", (int)block_size, (int)s2);
565 rnc.device_offset -= s1;
566 if (opt_write_log && write_log() < 0) {
567 log_err("Log write error, some data are perhaps lost.\n");
571 *bytes += (uint64_t)s2;
572 if (rnc.device_offset < (j * (rnc.device_size / 10))) {
577 log_err("] Done.\n");
582 static int copy_data(void)
584 size_t block_size = opt_bsize * 1024 * 1024;
585 int fd_old = -1, fd_new = -1;
588 struct timeval start_time, end_time;
592 fd_old = open(rnc.crypt_path_org, O_RDONLY | (opt_directio ? O_DIRECT : 0));
596 fd_new = open(rnc.crypt_path_new, O_WRONLY | (opt_directio ? O_DIRECT : 0));
600 if (lseek(fd_old, rnc.device_offset, SEEK_SET) == -1)
603 if (lseek(fd_new, rnc.device_offset, SEEK_SET) == -1)
607 if (ioctl(fd_old, BLKGETSIZE64, &rnc.device_size) < 0)
610 if (posix_memalign((void *)&buf, alignment(fd_new), block_size)) {
615 // FIXME: all this should be in init
616 if (!rnc.in_progress && rnc.reencrypt_direction == BACKWARD)
617 rnc.device_offset = rnc.device_size;
619 gettimeofday(&start_time, NULL);
621 if (rnc.reencrypt_direction == FORWARD)
622 r = copy_data_forward(fd_old, fd_new, block_size, buf, &bytes);
624 r = copy_data_backward(fd_old, fd_new, block_size, buf, &bytes);
626 gettimeofday(&end_time, NULL);
629 log_err("ERROR during reencryption.\n");
632 log_err("Log write error, ignored.\n");
634 tdiff = time_diff(start_time, end_time);
635 log_err("Time elapsed %.2f seconds, %" PRIu64 " MB written, speed %.2f MB/s\n",
636 tdiff, bytes / 1024 / 1024, (double)(bytes / 1024 / 1024) / tdiff);
646 static int initialize_uuid(void)
648 struct crypt_device *cd = NULL;
651 /* Try to load LUKS from device */
652 if ((r = crypt_init(&cd, rnc.device)))
654 crypt_set_log_callback(cd, _quiet_log, NULL);
655 r = crypt_load(cd, CRYPT_LUKS1, NULL);
657 rnc.device_uuid = strdup(crypt_get_uuid(cd));
659 /* Reencryption already in progress - magic header? */
660 r = device_magic(CHECK_UNUSABLE);
666 static int initialize_passphrase(const char *device)
668 struct crypt_device *cd = NULL;
671 if ((r = crypt_init(&cd, device)) ||
672 (r = crypt_load(cd, CRYPT_LUKS1, NULL)) ||
673 (r = crypt_set_data_device(cd, rnc.device)))
676 if ((r = crypt_get_key(_("Enter LUKS passphrase: "),
677 &rnc.password, &rnc.passwordLen,
682 if ((r = crypt_activate_by_passphrase(cd, NULL,
683 CRYPT_ANY_SLOT, rnc.password, rnc.passwordLen, 0) < 0))
695 static int initialize_context(const char *device)
697 log_dbg("Initialising reencryption context.");
701 if (!(rnc.device = strndup(device, PATH_MAX)))
704 if (opt_new_file && !create_uuid()) {
705 log_err("Cannot create fake header.\n");
709 if (initialize_uuid()) {
710 log_err("No header found on device.\n");
714 /* Prepare device names */
715 if (snprintf(rnc.log_file, PATH_MAX,
716 "LUKS-%s.log", rnc.device_uuid) < 0)
718 if (snprintf(rnc.header_file_org, PATH_MAX,
719 "LUKS-%s.org", rnc.device_uuid) < 0)
721 if (snprintf(rnc.header_file_new, PATH_MAX,
722 "LUKS-%s.new", rnc.device_uuid) < 0)
725 /* Paths to encrypted devices */
726 if (snprintf(rnc.crypt_path_org, PATH_MAX,
727 "%s/%s", crypt_get_dir(), rnc.header_file_org) < 0)
729 if (snprintf(rnc.crypt_path_new, PATH_MAX,
730 "%s/%s", crypt_get_dir(), rnc.header_file_new) < 0)
736 // FIXME: add some routine to handle it
737 sigemptyset(&signals_open);
738 sigaddset(&signals_open, SIGINT);
739 sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &signals_open, NULL);
744 static void destroy_context(void)
746 log_dbg("Destroying reencryption context.");
751 if ((rnc.reencrypt_direction == FORWARD &&
752 rnc.device_offset == rnc.device_size) ||
753 rnc.device_offset == 0) {
754 unlink(rnc.log_file);
755 unlink(rnc.header_file_org);
756 unlink(rnc.header_file_new);
759 crypt_safe_free(rnc.password);
762 free(rnc.device_uuid);
764 sigprocmask(SIG_UNBLOCK, &signals_open, NULL);
767 int run_reencrypt(const char *device)
771 if (initialize_context(device))
774 log_dbg("Running reencryption.");
776 if (!rnc.in_progress) {
777 if ((r = initialize_passphrase(rnc.device)) ||
778 (r = backup_luks_headers()) ||
779 (r = device_magic(MAKE_UNUSABLE)))
782 if ((r = initialize_passphrase(rnc.header_file_org)))
786 if ((r = activate_luks_headers()))
789 if ((r = copy_data()))
792 r = restore_luks_header(rnc.header_file_new);
798 static __attribute__ ((noreturn)) void usage(poptContext popt_context,
799 int exitcode, const char *error,
802 poptPrintUsage(popt_context, stderr, 0);
804 log_err("%s: %s\n", more, error);
805 poptFreeContext(popt_context);
809 static void help(poptContext popt_context,
810 enum poptCallbackReason reason __attribute__((unused)),
811 struct poptOption *key,
812 const char *arg __attribute__((unused)),
813 void *data __attribute__((unused)))
815 usage(popt_context, EXIT_SUCCESS, NULL, NULL);
818 static void _dbg_version_and_cmd(int argc, const char **argv)
822 log_std("# %s %s processing \"", PACKAGE_NAME, PACKAGE_VERSION);
823 for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
826 log_std("%s", argv[i]);
831 int main(int argc, const char **argv)
833 static struct poptOption popt_help_options[] = {
834 { NULL, '\0', POPT_ARG_CALLBACK, help, 0, NULL, NULL },
835 { "help", '?', POPT_ARG_NONE, NULL, 0, N_("Show this help message"), NULL },
836 { "usage", '\0', POPT_ARG_NONE, NULL, 0, N_("Display brief usage"), NULL },
839 static struct poptOption popt_options[] = {
840 { NULL, '\0', POPT_ARG_INCLUDE_TABLE, popt_help_options, 0, N_("Help options:"), NULL },
841 { "version", '\0', POPT_ARG_NONE, &opt_version_mode, 0, N_("Print package version"), NULL },
842 { "verbose", 'v', POPT_ARG_NONE, &opt_verbose, 0, N_("Shows more detailed error messages"), NULL },
843 { "debug", '\0', POPT_ARG_NONE, &opt_debug, 0, N_("Show debug messages"), NULL },
844 { "block-size", 'B', POPT_ARG_INT, &opt_bsize, 0, N_("Reencryption block size"), N_("MB") },
845 { "new-header", 'N', POPT_ARG_INT, &opt_new, 0, N_("Create new header, need size on the end of device"), N_("MB") },
846 { "new-crypt", 'f', POPT_ARG_STRING, &opt_new_file, 0, N_("Log suffix for new reencryption file."), NULL },
847 { "cipher", 'c', POPT_ARG_STRING, &opt_cipher, 0, N_("The cipher used to encrypt the disk (see /proc/crypto)"), NULL },
848 { "hash", 'h', POPT_ARG_STRING, &opt_hash, 0, N_("The hash used to create the encryption key from the passphrase"), NULL },
849 { "key-file", 'd', POPT_ARG_STRING, &opt_key_file, 0, N_("Read the key from a file."), NULL },
850 { "iter-time", 'i', POPT_ARG_INT, &opt_iteration_time, 0, N_("PBKDF2 iteration time for LUKS (in ms)"), N_("msecs") },
851 { "batch-mode", 'q', POPT_ARG_NONE, &opt_batch_mode, 0, N_("Do not ask for confirmation"), NULL },
852 { "use-random", '\0', POPT_ARG_NONE, &opt_random, 0, N_("Use /dev/random for generating volume key."), NULL },
853 { "use-urandom", '\0', POPT_ARG_NONE, &opt_urandom, 0, N_("Use /dev/urandom for generating volume key."), NULL },
854 { "use-directio", '\0', POPT_ARG_NONE, &opt_directio, 0, N_("Use direct-io when accesing devices."), NULL },
855 { "write-log", '\0', POPT_ARG_NONE, &opt_write_log, 0, N_("Update log file after every block."), NULL },
858 poptContext popt_context;
861 crypt_set_log_callback(NULL, _log, NULL);
862 log_err("WARNING: this is experimental code, it can completely break your data.\n");
864 setlocale(LC_ALL, "");
865 bindtextdomain(PACKAGE, LOCALEDIR);
868 popt_context = poptGetContext(PACKAGE, argc, argv, popt_options, 0);
869 poptSetOtherOptionHelp(popt_context,
870 N_("[OPTION...] <device>]"));
872 while((r = poptGetNextOpt(popt_context)) > 0) {
878 usage(popt_context, EXIT_FAILURE, poptStrerror(r),
879 poptBadOption(popt_context, POPT_BADOPTION_NOALIAS));
880 if (opt_version_mode) {
881 log_std("%s %s\n", PACKAGE_NAME, PACKAGE_VERSION);
882 poptFreeContext(popt_context);
886 action_argv = poptGetArgs(popt_context);
888 usage(popt_context, EXIT_FAILURE, _("Argument required."),
889 poptGetInvocationName(popt_context));
891 if (opt_random && opt_urandom)
892 usage(popt_context, EXIT_FAILURE, _("Only one of --use-[u]random options is allowed."),
893 poptGetInvocationName(popt_context));
895 if (opt_new && !opt_new_file)
896 usage(popt_context, EXIT_FAILURE, _("You have to use -f with -N."),
897 poptGetInvocationName(popt_context));
901 crypt_set_debug_level(-1);
902 _dbg_version_and_cmd(argc, argv);
905 r = run_reencrypt(action_argv[0]);
907 poptFreeContext(popt_context);
909 /* Translate exit code to simple codes */
911 case 0: r = EXIT_SUCCESS; break;
913 case -EBUSY: r = 5; break;
915 case -ENODEV: r = 4; break;
916 case -ENOMEM: r = 3; break;
917 case -EPERM: r = 2; break;
921 default: r = EXIT_FAILURE;