1 /* cp.c -- file copying (main routines)
2 Copyright (C) 89, 90, 91, 1995-2000 Free Software Foundation.
4 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
5 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
6 the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
9 This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
10 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
11 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
12 GNU General Public License for more details.
14 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
15 along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
16 Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
18 Written by Torbjorn Granlund, David MacKenzie, and Jim Meyering. */
26 #include <sys/types.h>
32 #include "backupfile.h"
37 #include "path-concat.h"
40 #define ASSIGN_BASENAME_STRDUPA(Dest, File_name) \
44 ASSIGN_STRDUPA (tmp_abns_, (File_name)); \
45 strip_trailing_slashes (tmp_abns_); \
46 Dest = base_name (tmp_abns_); \
50 /* The official name of this program (e.g., no `g' prefix). */
51 #define PROGRAM_NAME "cp"
53 #define AUTHORS "Torbjorn Granlund, David MacKenzie, and Jim Meyering"
55 #ifndef _POSIX_VERSION
59 /* Used by do_copy, make_path_private, and re_protect
60 to keep a list of leading directories whose protections
61 need to be fixed after copying. */
66 struct dir_attr *next;
69 /* For long options that have no equivalent short option, use a
70 non-character as a pseudo short option, starting with CHAR_MAX + 1. */
73 TARGET_DIRECTORY_OPTION = CHAR_MAX + 1,
75 STRIP_TRAILING_SLASHES_OPTION,
77 UNLINK_DEST_BEFORE_OPENING
80 void strip_trailing_slashes ();
82 /* Initial number of entries in each hash table entry's table of inodes. */
83 #define INITIAL_HASH_MODULE 100
85 /* Initial number of entries in the inode hash table. */
86 #define INITIAL_ENTRY_TAB_SIZE 70
88 /* The invocation name of this program. */
91 /* If nonzero, the command "cp x/e_file e_dir" uses "e_dir/x/e_file"
92 as its destination instead of the usual "e_dir/e_file." */
93 static int flag_path = 0;
95 /* Remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE argument. */
96 static int remove_trailing_slashes;
98 static char const *const sparse_type_string[] =
100 "never", "auto", "always", 0
103 static enum Sparse_type const sparse_type[] =
105 SPARSE_NEVER, SPARSE_AUTO, SPARSE_ALWAYS
108 /* The error code to return to the system. */
109 static int exit_status = 0;
111 static struct option const long_opts[] =
113 {"archive", no_argument, NULL, 'a'},
114 {"backup", optional_argument, NULL, 'b'},
115 {"dereference", no_argument, NULL, 'L'},
116 {"force", no_argument, NULL, 'f'},
117 {"sparse", required_argument, NULL, SPARSE_OPTION},
118 {"interactive", no_argument, NULL, 'i'},
119 {"link", no_argument, NULL, 'l'},
120 {"no-dereference", no_argument, NULL, 'd'},
121 {"one-file-system", no_argument, NULL, 'x'},
122 {"parents", no_argument, NULL, PARENTS_OPTION},
123 {"path", no_argument, NULL, PARENTS_OPTION}, /* Deprecated. */
124 {"preserve", no_argument, NULL, 'p'},
125 {"recursive", no_argument, NULL, 'R'},
126 {"remove-destination", no_argument, NULL, UNLINK_DEST_BEFORE_OPENING},
127 {"strip-trailing-slash", no_argument, NULL, STRIP_TRAILING_SLASHES_OPTION},
128 {"suffix", required_argument, NULL, 'S'},
129 {"symbolic-link", no_argument, NULL, 's'},
130 {"target-directory", required_argument, NULL, TARGET_DIRECTORY_OPTION},
131 {"update", no_argument, NULL, 'u'},
132 {"verbose", no_argument, NULL, 'v'},
133 {"version-control", required_argument, NULL, 'V'}, /* Deprecated. FIXME. */
134 {GETOPT_HELP_OPTION_DECL},
135 {GETOPT_VERSION_OPTION_DECL},
143 fprintf (stderr, _("Try `%s --help' for more information.\n"),
148 Usage: %s [OPTION]... SOURCE DEST\n\
149 or: %s [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY\n\
150 or: %s [OPTION]... --target-directory=DIRECTORY SOURCE...\n\
152 program_name, program_name, program_name);
154 Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY.\n\
156 -a, --archive same as -dpR\n\
157 --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file\n\
158 -b like --backup but does not accept an argument\n\
159 -d, --no-dereference never follow symbolic links\n\
160 -f, --force if an existing destination file cannot be\n\
161 opened, remove it and try again\n\
162 -i, --interactive prompt before overwrite\n\
163 -H follow command-line symbolic links\n\
164 -l, --link link files instead of copying\n\
165 -L, --dereference always follow symbolic links\n\
166 -p, --preserve preserve file attributes if possible\n\
167 --parents append source path to DIRECTORY\n\
168 -P same as `--parents' for now; soon to change to\n\
169 `--no-dereference' to conform to POSIX\n\
170 -r copy recursively, non-directories as files\n\
171 WARNING: use -R instead when you might copy\n\
172 special files like FIFOs or /dev/zero\n\
173 --remove-destination remove each existing destination file before\n\
174 attempting to open it (contrast with --force)\n\
175 --sparse=WHEN control creation of sparse files\n\
176 -R, --recursive copy directories recursively\n\
177 --strip-trailing-slashes remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE\n\
179 -s, --symbolic-link make symbolic links instead of copying\n\
180 -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix\n\
181 --target-directory=DIRECTORY move all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY\n\
182 -u, --update copy only when the SOURCE file is newer\n\
183 than the destination file or when the\n\
184 destination file is missing\n\
185 -v, --verbose explain what is being done\n\
186 -x, --one-file-system stay on this file system\n\
187 --help display this help and exit\n\
188 --version output version information and exit\n\
190 By default, sparse SOURCE files are detected by a crude heuristic and the\n\
191 corresponding DEST file is made sparse as well. That is the behavior\n\
192 selected by --sparse=auto. Specify --sparse=always to create a sparse DEST\n\
193 file whenever the SOURCE file contains a long enough sequence of zero bytes.\n\
194 Use --sparse=never to inhibit creation of sparse files.\n\
198 The backup suffix is `~', unless set with --suffix or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX.\n\
199 The version control method may be selected via the --backup option or through\n\
200 the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable. Here are the values:\n\
202 none, off never make backups (even if --backup is given)\n\
203 numbered, t make numbered backups\n\
204 existing, nil numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise\n\
205 simple, never always make simple backups\n\
209 As a special case, cp makes a backup of SOURCE when the force and backup\n\
210 options are given and SOURCE and DEST are the same name for an existing,\n\
213 puts (_("\nReport bugs to <bug-fileutils@gnu.org>."));
218 /* Ensure that the parent directories of CONST_DST_PATH have the
219 correct protections, for the --parents option. This is done
220 after all copying has been completed, to allow permissions
221 that don't include user write/execute.
223 SRC_OFFSET is the index in CONST_DST_PATH of the beginning of the
224 source directory name.
226 ATTR_LIST is a null-terminated linked list of structures that
227 indicates the end of the filename of each intermediate directory
228 in CONST_DST_PATH that may need to have its attributes changed.
229 The command `cp --parents --preserve a/b/c d/e_dir' changes the
230 attributes of the directories d/e_dir/a and d/e_dir/a/b to match
231 the corresponding source directories regardless of whether they
232 existed before the `cp' command was given.
234 Return 0 if the parent of CONST_DST_PATH and any intermediate
235 directories specified by ATTR_LIST have the proper permissions
236 when done, otherwise 1. */
239 re_protect (const char *const_dst_path, int src_offset,
240 struct dir_attr *attr_list, const struct cp_options *x)
243 char *dst_path; /* A copy of CONST_DST_PATH we can change. */
244 char *src_path; /* The source name in `dst_path'. */
245 uid_t myeuid = geteuid ();
247 dst_path = (char *) alloca (strlen (const_dst_path) + 1);
248 strcpy (dst_path, const_dst_path);
249 src_path = dst_path + src_offset;
251 for (p = attr_list; p; p = p->next)
255 dst_path[p->slash_offset] = '\0';
257 if ((*(x->xstat)) (src_path, &src_sb))
259 error (0, errno, _("getting attributes of %s"),
264 /* Adjust the times (and if possible, ownership) for the copy.
265 chown turns off set[ug]id bits for non-root,
266 so do the chmod last. */
268 if (x->preserve_timestamps)
272 /* There's currently no interface to set file timestamps with
273 better than 1-second resolution, so discard any fractional
274 part of the source timestamp. */
276 utb.actime = src_sb.st_atime;
277 utb.modtime = src_sb.st_mtime;
279 if (utime (dst_path, &utb))
281 error (0, errno, _("preserving times for %s"), quote (dst_path));
286 if (x->preserve_owner_and_group)
288 /* If non-root uses -p, it's ok if we can't preserve ownership.
289 But root probably wants to know, e.g. if NFS disallows it,
290 or if the target system doesn't support file ownership. */
291 if (chown (dst_path, src_sb.st_uid, src_sb.st_gid)
292 && ((errno != EPERM && errno != EINVAL) || myeuid == 0))
294 error (0, errno, _("preserving ownership for %s"),
300 if (x->preserve_chmod_bits || p->is_new_dir)
302 if (chmod (dst_path, src_sb.st_mode & x->umask_kill))
304 error (0, errno, _("preserving permissions for %s"),
310 dst_path[p->slash_offset] = '/';
315 /* Ensure that the parent directory of CONST_DIRPATH exists, for
316 the --parents option.
318 SRC_OFFSET is the index in CONST_DIRPATH (which is a destination
319 path) of the beginning of the source directory name.
320 Create any leading directories that don't already exist,
321 giving them permissions MODE.
322 If VERBOSE_FMT_STRING is nonzero, use it as a printf format
323 string for printing a message after successfully making a directory.
324 The format should take two string arguments: the names of the
325 source and destination directories.
326 Creates a linked list of attributes of intermediate directories,
327 *ATTR_LIST, for re_protect to use after calling copy.
328 Sets *NEW_DST to 1 if this function creates parent of CONST_DIRPATH.
330 Return 0 if parent of CONST_DIRPATH exists as a directory with the proper
331 permissions when done, otherwise 1. */
333 /* FIXME: find a way to synch this function with the one in lib/makepath.c. */
336 make_path_private (const char *const_dirpath, int src_offset, int mode,
337 const char *verbose_fmt_string, struct dir_attr **attr_list,
338 int *new_dst, int (*xstat)())
341 char *dirpath; /* A copy of CONST_DIRPATH we can change. */
342 char *src; /* Source name in `dirpath'. */
343 char *tmp_dst_dirname; /* Leading path of `dirpath', malloc. */
344 char *dst_dirname; /* Leading path of `dirpath', alloca. */
346 dirpath = (char *) alloca (strlen (const_dirpath) + 1);
347 strcpy (dirpath, const_dirpath);
349 src = dirpath + src_offset;
351 tmp_dst_dirname = dir_name (dirpath);
352 dst_dirname = (char *) alloca (strlen (tmp_dst_dirname) + 1);
353 strcpy (dst_dirname, tmp_dst_dirname);
354 free (tmp_dst_dirname);
358 if ((*xstat) (dst_dirname, &stats))
360 /* Parent of CONST_DIRNAME does not exist.
361 Make all missing intermediate directories. */
365 while (*slash == '/')
367 while ((slash = strchr (slash, '/')))
369 /* Add this directory to the list of directories whose modes need
371 struct dir_attr *new =
372 (struct dir_attr *) xmalloc (sizeof (struct dir_attr));
373 new->slash_offset = slash - dirpath;
374 new->next = *attr_list;
378 if ((*xstat) (dirpath, &stats))
380 /* This element of the path does not exist. We must set
381 *new_dst and new->is_new_dir inside this loop because,
382 for example, in the command `cp --parents ../a/../b/c e_dir',
383 make_path_private creates only e_dir/../a if ./b already
387 if (mkdir (dirpath, mode))
389 error (0, errno, _("cannot make directory %s"),
395 if (verbose_fmt_string != NULL)
396 printf (verbose_fmt_string, src, dirpath);
399 else if (!S_ISDIR (stats.st_mode))
401 error (0, 0, _("%s exists but is not a directory"),
412 /* Avoid unnecessary calls to `stat' when given
413 pathnames containing multiple adjacent slashes. */
414 while (*slash == '/')
419 /* We get here if the parent of `dirpath' already exists. */
421 else if (!S_ISDIR (stats.st_mode))
423 error (0, 0, _("%s exists but is not a directory"), quote (dst_dirname));
433 /* Scan the arguments, and copy each by calling copy.
434 Return 0 if successful, 1 if any errors occur. */
437 do_copy (int n_files, char **file, const char *target_directory,
438 const struct cp_options *x)
448 error (0, 0, _("missing file arguments"));
451 if (n_files == 1 && !target_directory)
453 error (0, 0, _("missing destination file"));
457 if (target_directory)
458 dest = target_directory;
461 dest = file[n_files - 1];
465 if (lstat (dest, &sb))
469 error (0, errno, _("accessing %s"), quote (dest));
479 /* If `dest' is not a symlink to a nonexistent file, use
480 the results of stat instead of lstat, so we can copy files
481 into symlinks to directories. */
482 if (stat (dest, &sbx) == 0)
485 dest_is_dir = S_ISDIR (sb.st_mode);
490 if (target_directory)
492 error (0, 0, _("specified target, %s is not a directory"),
500 _("copying multiple files, but last argument %s is not a directory"),
508 /* cp file1...filen edir
509 Copy the files `file1' through `filen'
510 to the existing directory `edir'. */
513 for (i = 0; i < n_files; i++)
516 int parent_exists = 1; /* True if dir_name (dst_path) exists. */
517 struct dir_attr *attr_list;
518 char *arg_in_concat = NULL;
521 /* Trailing slashes are meaningful (i.e., maybe worth preserving)
522 only in the source file names. */
523 if (remove_trailing_slashes)
524 strip_trailing_slashes (arg);
528 char *arg_no_trailing_slash;
530 /* Use `arg' without trailing slashes in constructing destination
531 file names. Otherwise, we can end up trying to create a
532 directory via `mkdir ("dst/foo/"...', which is not portable.
533 It fails, due to the trailing slash, on at least
534 NetBSD 1.[34] systems. */
535 ASSIGN_STRDUPA (arg_no_trailing_slash, arg);
536 strip_trailing_slashes (arg_no_trailing_slash);
538 /* Append all of `arg' (minus any trailing slash) to `dest'. */
539 dst_path = path_concat (dest, arg_no_trailing_slash,
541 if (dst_path == NULL)
544 /* For --parents, we have to make sure that the directory
545 dir_name (dst_path) exists. We may have to create a few
546 leading directories. */
547 parent_exists = !make_path_private (dst_path,
548 arg_in_concat - dst_path,
551 ? "%s -> %s\n" : NULL),
552 &attr_list, &new_dst,
558 /* Append the last component of `arg' to `dest'. */
560 ASSIGN_BASENAME_STRDUPA (arg_base, arg);
561 /* For `cp -R source/.. dest', don't copy into `dest/..'. */
562 dst_path = (STREQ (arg_base, "..")
564 : path_concat (dest, arg_base, NULL));
569 /* make_path_private failed, so don't even attempt the copy. */
575 ret |= copy (arg, dst_path, new_dst, x, ©_into_self, NULL);
580 ret |= re_protect (dst_path, arg_in_concat - dst_path,
589 else /* if (n_files == 1) */
594 struct stat source_stats;
599 _("when preserving paths, the destination must be a directory"));
605 /* When the force and backup options have been specified and
606 the source and destination are the same name for an existing
607 regular file, convert the user's command, e.g.,
608 `cp --force --backup foo foo' to `cp --force foo fooSUFFIX'
609 where SUFFIX is determined by any version control options used. */
611 if (x->unlink_dest_after_failed_open
612 && x->backup_type != none
613 && STREQ (source, dest)
614 && !new_dst && S_ISREG (sb.st_mode))
616 static struct cp_options x_tmp;
618 new_dest = find_backup_file_name (dest, x->backup_type);
619 /* Set x->backup_type to `none' so that the normal backup
620 mechanism is not used when performing the actual copy.
621 backup_type must be set to `none' only *after* the above
622 call to find_backup_file_name -- that function uses
623 backup_type to determine the suffix it applies. */
625 x_tmp.backup_type = none;
628 if (new_dest == NULL)
632 /* When the destination is specified with a trailing slash and the
633 source exists but is not a directory, convert the user's command
634 `cp source dest/' to `cp source dest/basename(source)'. Doing
635 this ensures that the command `cp non-directory file/' will now
636 fail rather than performing the copy. COPY diagnoses the case of
637 `cp directory non-directory'. */
639 else if (dest[strlen (dest) - 1] == '/'
640 && lstat (source, &source_stats) == 0
641 && !S_ISDIR (source_stats.st_mode))
645 ASSIGN_BASENAME_STRDUPA (source_base, source);
646 new_dest = (char *) alloca (strlen (dest)
647 + strlen (source_base) + 1);
648 stpcpy (stpcpy (new_dest, dest), source_base);
652 new_dest = (char *) dest;
655 return copy (source, new_dest, new_dst, x, &unused, NULL);
662 cp_option_init (struct cp_options *x)
664 x->copy_as_regular = 1;
665 x->dereference = DEREF_UNDEFINED;
666 x->unlink_dest_before_opening = 0;
667 x->unlink_dest_after_failed_open = 0;
668 x->failed_unlink_is_fatal = 1;
671 x->myeuid = geteuid ();
673 x->one_file_system = 0;
675 x->preserve_owner_and_group = 0;
676 x->preserve_chmod_bits = 0;
677 x->preserve_timestamps = 0;
679 x->require_preserve = 0;
681 x->sparse_mode = SPARSE_AUTO;
682 x->symbolic_link = 0;
686 /* Find out the current file creation mask, to knock the right bits
687 when using chmod. The creation mask is set to be liberal, so
688 that created directories can be written, even if it would not
689 have been allowed with the mask this process was started with. */
690 x->umask_kill = ~ umask (0);
697 main (int argc, char **argv)
700 int make_backups = 0;
701 char *backup_suffix_string;
702 char *version_control_string = NULL;
704 char *target_directory = NULL;
705 int used_P_option = 0;
707 program_name = argv[0];
708 setlocale (LC_ALL, "");
709 bindtextdomain (PACKAGE, LOCALEDIR);
710 textdomain (PACKAGE);
712 atexit (close_stdout);
716 /* FIXME: consider not calling getenv for SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX unless
717 we'll actually use backup_suffix_string. */
718 backup_suffix_string = getenv ("SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX");
720 while ((c = getopt_long (argc, argv, "abdfHilLprsuvxPRS:V:", long_opts, NULL))
729 x.sparse_mode = XARGMATCH ("--sparse", optarg,
730 sparse_type_string, sparse_type);
733 case 'a': /* Like -dpR. */
734 x.dereference = DEREF_NEVER;
735 x.preserve_owner_and_group = 1;
736 x.preserve_chmod_bits = 1;
737 x.preserve_timestamps = 1;
738 x.require_preserve = 1;
740 x.copy_as_regular = 0;
743 case 'V': /* FIXME: this is deprecated. Remove it in 2001. */
745 _("warning: --version-control (-V) is obsolete; support for\
746 it\nwill be removed in some future release. Use --backup=%s instead."
753 version_control_string = optarg;
757 x.dereference = DEREF_NEVER;
761 x.unlink_dest_after_failed_open = 1;
765 x.dereference = DEREF_COMMAND_LINE_ARGUMENTS;
777 x.dereference = DEREF_ALWAYS;
781 x.preserve_owner_and_group = 1;
782 x.preserve_chmod_bits = 1;
783 x.preserve_timestamps = 1;
784 x.require_preserve = 1;
796 x.copy_as_regular = 1;
801 x.copy_as_regular = 0;
804 case UNLINK_DEST_BEFORE_OPENING:
805 x.unlink_dest_before_opening = 1;
808 case STRIP_TRAILING_SLASHES_OPTION:
809 remove_trailing_slashes = 1;
816 error (1, 0, _("symbolic links are not supported on this system"));
820 case TARGET_DIRECTORY_OPTION:
821 target_directory = optarg;
833 x.one_file_system = 1;
838 backup_suffix_string = optarg;
841 case_GETOPT_HELP_CHAR;
843 case_GETOPT_VERSION_CHAR (PROGRAM_NAME, AUTHORS);
850 if (x.hard_link && x.symbolic_link)
852 error (0, 0, _("cannot make both hard and symbolic links"));
860 Warning: the meaning of `-P' will change in the future to conform to POSIX.\n\
861 Use `--parents' for the old meaning, and `--no-dereference' for the new one."));
864 if (backup_suffix_string)
865 simple_backup_suffix = xstrdup (backup_suffix_string);
867 x.backup_type = (make_backups
868 ? xget_version (_("backup type"),
869 version_control_string)
872 if (x.preserve_chmod_bits == 1)
873 x.umask_kill = ~ (mode_t) 0;
875 if (x.dereference == DEREF_UNDEFINED)
878 /* This is compatible with FreeBSD. */
879 x.dereference = DEREF_NEVER;
881 x.dereference = DEREF_ALWAYS;
884 /* The key difference between -d (--no-dereference) and not is the version
885 of `stat' to call. */
887 if (x.dereference == DEREF_NEVER)
891 /* For DEREF_COMMAND_LINE_ARGUMENTS, x.xstat must be stat for
892 each command line argument, but must later be `lstat' for
893 any symlinks that are found via recursive traversal. */
897 /* If --force (-f) was specified and we're in link-creation mode,
898 first remove any existing destination file. */
899 if (x.unlink_dest_after_failed_open && (x.hard_link || x.symbolic_link))
900 x.unlink_dest_before_opening = 1;
902 /* Allocate space for remembering copied and created files. */
904 hash_init (INITIAL_HASH_MODULE, INITIAL_ENTRY_TAB_SIZE);
906 exit_status |= do_copy (argc - optind, argv + optind, target_directory, &x);