1 /* cat -- concatenate files and print on the standard output.
2 Copyright (C) 1988, 1990, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
4 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
5 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
6 the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
9 This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
10 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
11 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
12 GNU General Public License for more details.
14 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
15 along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
16 Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. */
18 /* Differences from the Unix cat:
19 * Always unbuffered, -u is ignored.
20 * 100 times faster with -v -u.
21 * 20 times faster with -v.
23 By tege@sics.se, Torbjorn Granlund, advised by rms, Richard Stallman. */
27 #include <sys/types.h>
29 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
34 #define max(h,i) ((h) > (i) ? (h) : (i))
41 static void next_line_num ();
42 static void simple_cat ();
44 /* Name under which this program was invoked. */
47 /* Name of input file. May be "-". */
50 /* Descriptor on which input file is open. */
51 static int input_desc;
53 /* Descriptor on which output file is open. Always is 1. */
54 static int output_desc;
56 /* Buffer for line numbers. */
57 static char line_buf[13] =
58 {' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', '0', '\t', '\0'};
60 /* Position in `line_buf' where printing starts. This will not change
61 unless the number of lines are more than 999999. */
62 static char *line_num_print = line_buf + 5;
64 /* Position of the first digit in `line_buf'. */
65 static char *line_num_start = line_buf + 10;
67 /* Position of the last digit in `line_buf'. */
68 static char *line_num_end = line_buf + 10;
70 /* Preserves the `cat' function's local `newlines' between invocations. */
71 static int newlines2 = 0;
73 /* Count of non-fatal error conditions. */
74 static int exit_stat = 0;
80 Usage: %s [-benstuvAET] [--number] [--number-nonblank] [--squeeze-blank]\n\
81 [--show-nonprinting] [--show-ends] [--show-tabs] [--show-all]\n\
82 [--help] [--version] [file...]\n",
94 /* Optimal size of i/o operations of output. */
97 /* Optimal size of i/o operations of input. */
100 /* Pointer to the input buffer. */
101 unsigned char *inbuf;
103 /* Pointer to the output buffer. */
104 unsigned char *outbuf;
108 /* Index in argv to processed argument. */
111 /* Device number of the output (file or whatever). */
114 /* I-node number of the output. */
117 /* Nonzero if the output file should not be the same as any input file. */
118 int check_redirection = 1;
120 /* Nonzero if we have ever read standard input. */
121 int have_read_stdin = 0;
123 struct stat stat_buf;
125 /* Variables that are set according to the specified options. */
127 int numbers_at_empty_lines = 1;
128 int squeeze_empty_lines = 0;
129 int mark_line_ends = 0;
133 /* If non-zero, call cat, otherwise call simple_cat to do the actual work. */
136 /* If non-zero, display usage information and exit. */
137 static int flag_help;
139 /* If non-zero, print the version on standard error. */
140 static int flag_version;
142 static struct option const long_options[] =
144 {"number-nonblank", no_argument, NULL, 'b'},
145 {"number", no_argument, NULL, 'n'},
146 {"squeeze-blank", no_argument, NULL, 's'},
147 {"show-nonprinting", no_argument, NULL, 'v'},
148 {"show-ends", no_argument, NULL, 'E'},
149 {"show-tabs", no_argument, NULL, 'T'},
150 {"show-all", no_argument, NULL, 'A'},
151 {"help", no_argument, &flag_help, 1},
152 {"version", no_argument, &flag_version, 1},
156 program_name = argv[0];
158 /* Parse command line options. */
160 while ((c = getopt_long (argc, argv, "benstuvAET", long_options, (int *) 0))
171 numbers_at_empty_lines = 0;
187 squeeze_empty_lines = 1;
197 /* We provide the -u feature unconditionally. */
228 fprintf (stderr, "%s\n", version_string);
235 /* Get device, i-node number, and optimal blocksize of output. */
237 if (fstat (output_desc, &stat_buf) < 0)
238 error (1, errno, "standard output");
240 outsize = ST_BLKSIZE (stat_buf);
241 /* Input file can be output file for non-regular files.
242 fstat on pipes returns S_IFSOCK on some systems, S_IFIFO
243 on others, so the checking should not be done for those types,
244 and to allow things like cat < /dev/tty > /dev/tty, checking
245 is not done for device files either. */
247 if (S_ISREG (stat_buf.st_mode))
249 out_dev = stat_buf.st_dev;
250 out_ino = stat_buf.st_ino;
253 check_redirection = 0;
255 /* Check if any of the input files are the same as the output file. */
265 infile = argv[argind];
267 if (infile[0] == '-' && infile[1] == 0)
274 input_desc = open (infile, O_RDONLY);
277 error (0, errno, "%s", infile);
283 if (fstat (input_desc, &stat_buf) < 0)
285 error (0, errno, "%s", infile);
289 insize = ST_BLKSIZE (stat_buf);
291 /* Compare the device and i-node numbers of this input file with
292 the corresponding values of the (output file associated with)
293 stdout, and skip this input file if they coincide. Input
294 files cannot be redirected to themselves. */
296 if (check_redirection
297 && stat_buf.st_dev == out_dev && stat_buf.st_ino == out_ino)
299 error (0, 0, "%s: input file is output file", infile);
304 /* Select which version of `cat' to use. If any options (more than -u,
305 --version, or --help) were specified, use `cat', otherwise use
310 insize = max (insize, outsize);
311 inbuf = (unsigned char *) xmalloc (insize);
313 simple_cat (inbuf, insize);
317 inbuf = (unsigned char *) xmalloc (insize + 1);
319 /* Why are (OUTSIZE - 1 + INSIZE * 4 + 13) bytes allocated for
322 A test whether output needs to be written is done when the input
323 buffer empties or when a newline appears in the input. After
324 output is written, at most (OUTSIZE - 1) bytes will remain in the
325 buffer. Now INSIZE bytes of input is read. Each input character
326 may grow by a factor of 4 (by the prepending of M-^). If all
327 characters do, and no newlines appear in this block of input, we
328 will have at most (OUTSIZE - 1 + INSIZE) bytes in the buffer. If
329 the last character in the preceding block of input was a
330 newline, a line number may be written (according to the given
331 options) as the first thing in the output buffer. (Done after the
332 new input is read, but before processing of the input begins.) A
333 line number requires seldom more than 13 positions. */
335 outbuf = (unsigned char *) xmalloc (outsize - 1 + insize * 4 + 13);
337 cat (inbuf, insize, outbuf, outsize, quote,
338 output_tabs, numbers, numbers_at_empty_lines, mark_line_ends,
339 squeeze_empty_lines);
347 if (strcmp (infile, "-") && close (input_desc) < 0)
349 error (0, errno, "%s", infile);
353 while (++argind < argc);
355 if (have_read_stdin && close (0) < 0)
356 error (1, errno, "-");
358 error (1, errno, "write error");
363 /* Plain cat. Copies the file behind `input_desc' to the file behind
367 simple_cat (buf, bufsize)
368 /* Pointer to the buffer, used by reads and writes. */
371 /* Number of characters preferably read or written by each read and write
375 /* Actual number of characters read, and therefore written. */
378 /* Loop until the end of the file. */
382 /* Read a block of input. */
384 n_read = read (input_desc, buf, bufsize);
387 error (0, errno, "%s", infile);
392 /* End of this file? */
397 /* Write this block out. */
399 if (write (output_desc, buf, n_read) != n_read)
400 error (1, errno, "write error");
404 /* Cat the file behind INPUT_DESC to the file behind OUTPUT_DESC.
405 Called if any option more than -u was specified.
407 A newline character is always put at the end of the buffer, to make
408 an explicit test for buffer end unnecessary. */
411 cat (inbuf, insize, outbuf, outsize, quote,
412 output_tabs, numbers, numbers_at_empty_lines,
413 mark_line_ends, squeeze_empty_lines)
415 /* Pointer to the beginning of the input buffer. */
416 unsigned char *inbuf;
418 /* Number of characters read in each read call. */
421 /* Pointer to the beginning of the output buffer. */
422 unsigned char *outbuf;
424 /* Number of characters written by each write call. */
427 /* Variables that have values according to the specified options. */
431 int numbers_at_empty_lines;
433 int squeeze_empty_lines;
435 /* Last character read from the input buffer. */
438 /* Pointer to the next character in the input buffer. */
441 /* Pointer to the first non-valid byte in the input buffer, i.e. the
442 current end of the buffer. */
445 /* Pointer to the position where the next character shall be written. */
446 unsigned char *bpout;
448 /* Number of characters read by the last read call. */
451 /* Determines how many consecutive newlines there have been in the
452 input. 0 newlines makes NEWLINES -1, 1 newline makes NEWLINES 1,
453 etc. Initially 0 to indicate that we are at the beginning of a
454 new line. The "state" of the procedure is determined by
456 int newlines = newlines2;
459 /* If nonzero, use the FIONREAD ioctl, as an optimization.
460 (On Ultrix, it is not supported on NFS filesystems.) */
461 int use_fionread = 1;
464 /* The inbuf pointers are initialized so that BPIN > EOB, and thereby input
465 is read immediately. */
476 /* Write if there are at least OUTSIZE bytes in OUTBUF. */
478 if (bpout - outbuf >= outsize)
480 unsigned char *wp = outbuf;
483 if (write (output_desc, wp, outsize) != outsize)
484 error (1, errno, "write error");
487 while (bpout - wp >= outsize);
489 /* Move the remaining bytes to the beginning of the
492 bcopy (wp, outbuf, bpout - wp);
493 bpout = outbuf + (bpout - wp);
496 /* Is INBUF empty? */
503 /* Is there any input to read immediately?
504 If not, we are about to wait,
505 so write all buffered output before waiting. */
508 && ioctl (input_desc, FIONREAD, &n_to_read) < 0)
510 /* Ultrix returns EOPNOTSUPP on NFS;
511 HP-UX returns ENOTTY on pipes. */
512 if (errno == EOPNOTSUPP || errno == ENOTTY)
516 error (0, errno, "cannot do ioctl on `%s'", infile);
518 newlines2 = newlines;
525 int n_write = bpout - outbuf;
527 if (write (output_desc, outbuf, n_write) != n_write)
528 error (1, errno, "write error");
532 /* Read more input into INBUF. */
534 n_read = read (input_desc, inbuf, insize);
537 error (0, errno, "%s", infile);
539 newlines2 = newlines;
544 newlines2 = newlines;
548 /* Update the pointers and insert a sentinel at the buffer
557 /* It was a real (not a sentinel) newline. */
559 /* Was the last line empty?
560 (i.e. have two or more consecutive newlines been read?) */
564 /* Are multiple adjacent empty lines to be substituted by
565 single ditto (-s), and this was the second empty line? */
567 if (squeeze_empty_lines && newlines >= 2)
573 /* Are line numbers to be written at empty lines (-n)? */
575 if (numbers && numbers_at_empty_lines)
578 bpout = (unsigned char *) stpcpy (bpout, line_num_print);
582 /* Output a currency symbol if requested (-e). */
587 /* Output the newline. */
595 /* Are we at the beginning of a line, and line numbers are requested? */
597 if (newlines >= 0 && numbers)
600 bpout = (unsigned char *) stpcpy (bpout, line_num_print);
603 /* Here CH cannot contain a newline character. */
605 /* The loops below continue until a newline character is found,
606 which means that the buffer is empty or that a proper newline
609 /* If quoting, i.e. at least one of -v, -e, or -t specified,
610 scan for chars that need conversion. */
633 *bpout++ = ch - 128 + 64;
636 else if (ch == '\t' && output_tabs)
650 /* Not quoting, neither of -v, -e, or -t specified. */
653 if (ch == '\t' && !output_tabs)
669 /* Compute the next line number. */
674 char *endp = line_num_end;
681 while (endp >= line_num_start);
682 *--line_num_start = '1';
683 if (line_num_start < line_num_print)