1 /* cat -- concatenate files and print on the standard output.
2 Copyright (C) 88, 90, 91, 95, 96, 1997, 1998 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
4 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
5 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
6 the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
9 This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
10 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
11 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
12 GNU General Public License for more details.
14 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
15 along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
16 Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */
18 /* Differences from the Unix cat:
19 * Always unbuffered, -u is ignored.
20 * Usually much faster than other versions of cat, the difference
21 is especially apparent when using the -v option.
23 By tege@sics.se, Torbjorn Granlund, advised by rms, Richard Stallman. */
29 #include <sys/types.h>
31 # include <sys/ioctl.h>
35 #include "safe-read.h"
37 /* Undefine, to avoid warning about redefinition on some systems. */
39 #define max(h,i) ((h) > (i) ? (h) : (i))
43 /* Name under which this program was invoked. */
46 /* Name of input file. May be "-". */
49 /* Descriptor on which input file is open. */
50 static int input_desc;
52 /* Descriptor on which output file is open. Always is 1. */
53 static int output_desc;
55 /* Buffer for line numbers. */
56 static char line_buf[13] =
57 {' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', '0', '\t', '\0'};
59 /* Position in `line_buf' where printing starts. This will not change
60 unless the number of lines is larger than 999999. */
61 static char *line_num_print = line_buf + 5;
63 /* Position of the first digit in `line_buf'. */
64 static char *line_num_start = line_buf + 10;
66 /* Position of the last digit in `line_buf'. */
67 static char *line_num_end = line_buf + 10;
69 /* Preserves the `cat' function's local `newlines' between invocations. */
70 static int newlines2 = 0;
72 /* Count of non-fatal error conditions. */
73 static int exit_status = 0;
79 fprintf (stderr, _("Try `%s --help' for more information.\n"),
84 Usage: %s [OPTION] [FILE]...\n\
88 Concatenate FILE(s), or standard input, to standard output.\n\
90 -A, --show-all equivalent to -vET\n\
91 -b, --number-nonblank number nonblank output lines\n\
92 -e equivalent to -vE\n\
93 -E, --show-ends display $ at end of each line\n\
94 -n, --number number all output lines\n\
95 -s, --squeeze-blank never more than one single blank line\n\
96 -t equivalent to -vT\n\
97 -T, --show-tabs display TAB characters as ^I\n\
99 -v, --show-nonprinting use ^ and M- notation, except for LFD and TAB\n\
100 --help display this help and exit\n\
101 --version output version information and exit\n\
103 With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.\n\
105 puts (_("\nReport bugs to <textutils-bugs@gnu.org>."));
107 exit (status == 0 ? EXIT_SUCCESS : EXIT_FAILURE);
110 /* Compute the next line number. */
115 char *endp = line_num_end;
122 while (endp >= line_num_start);
123 *--line_num_start = '1';
124 if (line_num_start < line_num_print)
128 /* Plain cat. Copies the file behind `input_desc' to the file behind
133 /* Pointer to the buffer, used by reads and writes. */
136 /* Number of characters preferably read or written by each read and write
140 /* Actual number of characters read, and therefore written. */
143 /* Loop until the end of the file. */
147 /* Read a block of input. */
149 n_read = safe_read (input_desc, buf, bufsize);
152 error (0, errno, "%s", infile);
157 /* End of this file? */
162 /* Write this block out. */
164 if (full_write (output_desc, buf, n_read) < 0)
165 error (EXIT_FAILURE, errno, _("write error"));
169 /* Cat the file behind INPUT_DESC to the file behind OUTPUT_DESC.
170 Called if any option more than -u was specified.
172 A newline character is always put at the end of the buffer, to make
173 an explicit test for buffer end unnecessary. */
177 /* Pointer to the beginning of the input buffer. */
178 unsigned char *inbuf,
180 /* Number of characters read in each read call. */
183 /* Pointer to the beginning of the output buffer. */
184 unsigned char *outbuf,
186 /* Number of characters written by each write call. */
189 /* Variables that have values according to the specified options. */
193 int numbers_at_empty_lines,
195 int squeeze_empty_lines)
197 /* Last character read from the input buffer. */
200 /* Pointer to the next character in the input buffer. */
203 /* Pointer to the first non-valid byte in the input buffer, i.e. the
204 current end of the buffer. */
207 /* Pointer to the position where the next character shall be written. */
208 unsigned char *bpout;
210 /* Number of characters read by the last read call. */
213 /* Determines how many consecutive newlines there have been in the
214 input. 0 newlines makes NEWLINES -1, 1 newline makes NEWLINES 1,
215 etc. Initially 0 to indicate that we are at the beginning of a
216 new line. The "state" of the procedure is determined by
218 int newlines = newlines2;
221 /* If nonzero, use the FIONREAD ioctl, as an optimization.
222 (On Ultrix, it is not supported on NFS filesystems.) */
223 int use_fionread = 1;
226 /* The inbuf pointers are initialized so that BPIN > EOB, and thereby input
227 is read immediately. */
238 /* Write if there are at least OUTSIZE bytes in OUTBUF. */
240 if (bpout - outbuf >= outsize)
242 unsigned char *wp = outbuf;
245 if (full_write (output_desc, wp, outsize) < 0)
246 error (EXIT_FAILURE, errno, _("write error"));
249 while (bpout - wp >= outsize);
251 /* Move the remaining bytes to the beginning of the
254 memmove (outbuf, wp, bpout - wp);
255 bpout = outbuf + (bpout - wp);
258 /* Is INBUF empty? */
265 /* Is there any input to read immediately?
266 If not, we are about to wait,
267 so write all buffered output before waiting. */
270 && ioctl (input_desc, FIONREAD, &n_to_read) < 0)
272 /* Ultrix returns EOPNOTSUPP on NFS;
273 HP-UX returns ENOTTY on pipes.
274 SunOS returns EINVAL and
275 More/BSD returns ENODEV on special files
277 Irix-5 returns ENOSYS on pipes. */
278 if (errno == EOPNOTSUPP || errno == ENOTTY
279 || errno == EINVAL || errno == ENODEV
287 error (0, errno, _("cannot do ioctl on `%s'"), infile);
289 newlines2 = newlines;
296 int n_write = bpout - outbuf;
298 if (full_write (output_desc, outbuf, n_write) < 0)
299 error (EXIT_FAILURE, errno, _("write error"));
303 /* Read more input into INBUF. */
305 n_read = safe_read (input_desc, inbuf, insize);
308 error (0, errno, "%s", infile);
310 newlines2 = newlines;
315 newlines2 = newlines;
319 /* Update the pointers and insert a sentinel at the buffer
328 /* It was a real (not a sentinel) newline. */
330 /* Was the last line empty?
331 (i.e. have two or more consecutive newlines been read?) */
335 /* Are multiple adjacent empty lines to be substituted by
336 single ditto (-s), and this was the second empty line? */
338 if (squeeze_empty_lines && newlines >= 2)
344 /* Are line numbers to be written at empty lines (-n)? */
346 if (numbers && numbers_at_empty_lines)
349 bpout = (unsigned char *) stpcpy ((char *) bpout,
354 /* Output a currency symbol if requested (-e). */
359 /* Output the newline. */
367 /* Are we at the beginning of a line, and line numbers are requested? */
369 if (newlines >= 0 && numbers)
372 bpout = (unsigned char *) stpcpy ((char *) bpout, line_num_print);
375 /* Here CH cannot contain a newline character. */
377 /* The loops below continue until a newline character is found,
378 which means that the buffer is empty or that a proper newline
381 /* If quoting, i.e. at least one of -v, -e, or -t specified,
382 scan for chars that need conversion. */
413 *bpout++ = ch - 128 + 64;
417 else if (ch == '\t' && output_tabs)
435 /* Not quoting, neither of -v, -e, or -t specified. */
438 if (ch == '\t' && !output_tabs)
458 main (int argc, char **argv)
460 /* Optimal size of i/o operations of output. */
463 /* Optimal size of i/o operations of input. */
466 /* Pointer to the input buffer. */
467 unsigned char *inbuf;
469 /* Pointer to the output buffer. */
470 unsigned char *outbuf;
474 /* Index in argv to processed argument. */
477 /* Device number of the output (file or whatever). */
480 /* I-node number of the output. */
483 /* Nonzero if the output file should not be the same as any input file. */
484 int check_redirection = 1;
486 /* Nonzero if we have ever read standard input. */
487 int have_read_stdin = 0;
489 struct stat stat_buf;
491 /* Variables that are set according to the specified options. */
493 int numbers_at_empty_lines = 1;
494 int squeeze_empty_lines = 0;
495 int mark_line_ends = 0;
499 /* If nonzero, call cat, otherwise call simple_cat to do the actual work. */
502 /* If nonzero, display usage information and exit. */
503 static int show_help;
505 /* If nonzero, print the version on standard output then exit. */
506 static int show_version;
508 static struct option const long_options[] =
510 {"number-nonblank", no_argument, NULL, 'b'},
511 {"number", no_argument, NULL, 'n'},
512 {"squeeze-blank", no_argument, NULL, 's'},
513 {"show-nonprinting", no_argument, NULL, 'v'},
514 {"show-ends", no_argument, NULL, 'E'},
515 {"show-tabs", no_argument, NULL, 'T'},
516 {"show-all", no_argument, NULL, 'A'},
517 {"help", no_argument, &show_help, 1},
518 {"version", no_argument, &show_version, 1},
522 program_name = argv[0];
523 setlocale (LC_ALL, "");
524 bindtextdomain (PACKAGE, LOCALEDIR);
525 textdomain (PACKAGE);
527 /* Parse command line options. */
529 while ((c = getopt_long (argc, argv, "benstuvAET", long_options, NULL)) != -1)
539 numbers_at_empty_lines = 0;
555 squeeze_empty_lines = 1;
565 /* We provide the -u feature unconditionally. */
591 usage (EXIT_FAILURE);
597 printf ("cat (%s) %s\n", GNU_PACKAGE, VERSION);
606 /* Get device, i-node number, and optimal blocksize of output. */
608 if (fstat (output_desc, &stat_buf) < 0)
609 error (EXIT_FAILURE, errno, _("standard output"));
611 outsize = ST_BLKSIZE (stat_buf);
612 /* Input file can be output file for non-regular files.
613 fstat on pipes returns S_IFSOCK on some systems, S_IFIFO
614 on others, so the checking should not be done for those types,
615 and to allow things like cat < /dev/tty > /dev/tty, checking
616 is not done for device files either. */
618 if (S_ISREG (stat_buf.st_mode))
620 out_dev = stat_buf.st_dev;
621 out_ino = stat_buf.st_ino;
625 check_redirection = 0;
626 #ifdef lint /* Suppress `used before initialized' warning. */
632 /* Check if any of the input files are the same as the output file. */
642 infile = argv[argind];
644 if (infile[0] == '-' && infile[1] == 0)
651 input_desc = open (infile, O_RDONLY);
654 error (0, errno, "%s", infile);
660 if (fstat (input_desc, &stat_buf) < 0)
662 error (0, errno, "%s", infile);
666 insize = ST_BLKSIZE (stat_buf);
668 /* Compare the device and i-node numbers of this input file with
669 the corresponding values of the (output file associated with)
670 stdout, and skip this input file if they coincide. Input
671 files cannot be redirected to themselves. */
673 if (check_redirection
674 && stat_buf.st_dev == out_dev && stat_buf.st_ino == out_ino
675 && (input_desc != STDIN_FILENO || output_desc != STDOUT_FILENO))
677 error (0, 0, _("%s: input file is output file"), infile);
682 /* Select which version of `cat' to use. If any options (more than -u,
683 --version, or --help) were specified, use `cat', otherwise use
688 insize = max (insize, outsize);
689 inbuf = (unsigned char *) xmalloc (insize);
691 simple_cat (inbuf, insize);
695 inbuf = (unsigned char *) xmalloc (insize + 1);
697 /* Why are (OUTSIZE - 1 + INSIZE * 4 + 13) bytes allocated for
700 A test whether output needs to be written is done when the input
701 buffer empties or when a newline appears in the input. After
702 output is written, at most (OUTSIZE - 1) bytes will remain in the
703 buffer. Now INSIZE bytes of input is read. Each input character
704 may grow by a factor of 4 (by the prepending of M-^). If all
705 characters do, and no newlines appear in this block of input, we
706 will have at most (OUTSIZE - 1 + INSIZE) bytes in the buffer. If
707 the last character in the preceding block of input was a
708 newline, a line number may be written (according to the given
709 options) as the first thing in the output buffer. (Done after the
710 new input is read, but before processing of the input begins.) A
711 line number requires seldom more than 13 positions. */
713 outbuf = (unsigned char *) xmalloc (outsize - 1 + insize * 4 + 13);
715 cat (inbuf, insize, outbuf, outsize, quote,
716 output_tabs, numbers, numbers_at_empty_lines, mark_line_ends,
717 squeeze_empty_lines);
725 if (!STREQ (infile, "-") && close (input_desc) < 0)
727 error (0, errno, "%s", infile);
731 while (++argind < argc);
733 if (have_read_stdin && close (0) < 0)
734 error (EXIT_FAILURE, errno, "-");
736 error (EXIT_FAILURE, errno, _("write error"));
738 exit (exit_status == 0 ? EXIT_SUCCESS : EXIT_FAILURE);