1 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
5 * Here's a sample kernel module showing the use of return probes to
6 * report the return value and total time taken for probed function
9 * usage: insmod kretprobe_example.ko func=<func_name>
11 * If no func_name is specified, kernel_clone is instrumented
13 * For more information on theory of operation of kretprobes, see
14 * Documentation/trace/kprobes.rst
16 * Build and insert the kernel module as done in the kprobe example.
17 * You will see the trace data in /var/log/messages and on the console
18 * whenever the probed function returns. (Some messages may be suppressed
19 * if syslogd is configured to eliminate duplicate messages.)
22 #include <linux/kernel.h>
23 #include <linux/module.h>
24 #include <linux/kprobes.h>
25 #include <linux/ktime.h>
26 #include <linux/sched.h>
28 static char func_name[KSYM_NAME_LEN] = "kernel_clone";
29 module_param_string(func, func_name, KSYM_NAME_LEN, 0644);
30 MODULE_PARM_DESC(func, "Function to kretprobe; this module will report the"
31 " function's execution time");
33 /* per-instance private data */
38 /* Here we use the entry_hanlder to timestamp function entry */
39 static int entry_handler(struct kretprobe_instance *ri, struct pt_regs *regs)
44 return 1; /* Skip kernel threads */
46 data = (struct my_data *)ri->data;
47 data->entry_stamp = ktime_get();
50 NOKPROBE_SYMBOL(entry_handler);
53 * Return-probe handler: Log the return value and duration. Duration may turn
54 * out to be zero consistently, depending upon the granularity of time
55 * accounting on the platform.
57 static int ret_handler(struct kretprobe_instance *ri, struct pt_regs *regs)
59 unsigned long retval = regs_return_value(regs);
60 struct my_data *data = (struct my_data *)ri->data;
65 delta = ktime_to_ns(ktime_sub(now, data->entry_stamp));
66 pr_info("%s returned %lu and took %lld ns to execute\n",
67 func_name, retval, (long long)delta);
70 NOKPROBE_SYMBOL(ret_handler);
72 static struct kretprobe my_kretprobe = {
73 .handler = ret_handler,
74 .entry_handler = entry_handler,
75 .data_size = sizeof(struct my_data),
76 /* Probe up to 20 instances concurrently. */
80 static int __init kretprobe_init(void)
84 my_kretprobe.kp.symbol_name = func_name;
85 ret = register_kretprobe(&my_kretprobe);
87 pr_err("register_kretprobe failed, returned %d\n", ret);
90 pr_info("Planted return probe at %s: %p\n",
91 my_kretprobe.kp.symbol_name, my_kretprobe.kp.addr);
95 static void __exit kretprobe_exit(void)
97 unregister_kretprobe(&my_kretprobe);
98 pr_info("kretprobe at %p unregistered\n", my_kretprobe.kp.addr);
100 /* nmissed > 0 suggests that maxactive was set too low. */
101 pr_info("Missed probing %d instances of %s\n",
102 my_kretprobe.nmissed, my_kretprobe.kp.symbol_name);
105 module_init(kretprobe_init)
106 module_exit(kretprobe_exit)
107 MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");