2 * QEMU disk image utility
4 * Copyright (c) 2003-2008 Fabrice Bellard
6 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
7 * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
8 * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
9 * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
10 * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
11 * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
13 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
14 * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
16 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
17 * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
18 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
19 * THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
20 * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
21 * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
24 #include "qapi-visit.h"
25 #include "qapi/qmp-output-visitor.h"
26 #include "qapi/qmp/qerror.h"
27 #include "qapi/qmp/qjson.h"
28 #include "qemu-common.h"
29 #include "qemu/option.h"
30 #include "qemu/error-report.h"
31 #include "qemu/osdep.h"
32 #include "sysemu/sysemu.h"
33 #include "sysemu/block-backend.h"
34 #include "block/block_int.h"
35 #include "block/blockjob.h"
36 #include "block/qapi.h"
39 #define QEMU_IMG_VERSION "qemu-img version " QEMU_VERSION QEMU_PKGVERSION \
40 ", Copyright (c) 2004-2008 Fabrice Bellard\n"
42 typedef struct img_cmd_t {
44 int (*handler)(int argc, char **argv);
49 OPTION_BACKING_CHAIN = 257,
52 typedef enum OutputFormat {
57 /* Default to cache=writeback as data integrity is not important for qemu-tcg. */
58 #define BDRV_O_FLAGS BDRV_O_CACHE_WB
59 #define BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE "writeback"
61 static void format_print(void *opaque, const char *name)
66 static void QEMU_NORETURN GCC_FMT_ATTR(1, 2) error_exit(const char *fmt, ...)
70 error_printf("qemu-img: ");
73 error_vprintf(fmt, ap);
76 error_printf("\nTry 'qemu-img --help' for more information\n");
80 /* Please keep in synch with qemu-img.texi */
81 static void QEMU_NORETURN help(void)
83 const char *help_msg =
85 "usage: qemu-img command [command options]\n"
86 "QEMU disk image utility\n"
89 #define DEF(option, callback, arg_string) \
91 #include "qemu-img-cmds.h"
95 "Command parameters:\n"
96 " 'filename' is a disk image filename\n"
97 " 'fmt' is the disk image format. It is guessed automatically in most cases\n"
98 " 'cache' is the cache mode used to write the output disk image, the valid\n"
99 " options are: 'none', 'writeback' (default, except for convert), 'writethrough',\n"
100 " 'directsync' and 'unsafe' (default for convert)\n"
101 " 'src_cache' is the cache mode used to read input disk images, the valid\n"
102 " options are the same as for the 'cache' option\n"
103 " 'size' is the disk image size in bytes. Optional suffixes\n"
104 " 'k' or 'K' (kilobyte, 1024), 'M' (megabyte, 1024k), 'G' (gigabyte, 1024M),\n"
105 " 'T' (terabyte, 1024G), 'P' (petabyte, 1024T) and 'E' (exabyte, 1024P) are\n"
106 " supported. 'b' is ignored.\n"
107 " 'output_filename' is the destination disk image filename\n"
108 " 'output_fmt' is the destination format\n"
109 " 'options' is a comma separated list of format specific options in a\n"
110 " name=value format. Use -o ? for an overview of the options supported by the\n"
112 " 'snapshot_param' is param used for internal snapshot, format\n"
113 " is 'snapshot.id=[ID],snapshot.name=[NAME]', or\n"
115 " 'snapshot_id_or_name' is deprecated, use 'snapshot_param'\n"
117 " '-c' indicates that target image must be compressed (qcow format only)\n"
118 " '-u' enables unsafe rebasing. It is assumed that old and new backing file\n"
119 " match exactly. The image doesn't need a working backing file before\n"
120 " rebasing in this case (useful for renaming the backing file)\n"
121 " '-h' with or without a command shows this help and lists the supported formats\n"
122 " '-p' show progress of command (only certain commands)\n"
123 " '-q' use Quiet mode - do not print any output (except errors)\n"
124 " '-S' indicates the consecutive number of bytes (defaults to 4k) that must\n"
125 " contain only zeros for qemu-img to create a sparse image during\n"
126 " conversion. If the number of bytes is 0, the source will not be scanned for\n"
127 " unallocated or zero sectors, and the destination image will always be\n"
129 " '--output' takes the format in which the output must be done (human or json)\n"
130 " '-n' skips the target volume creation (useful if the volume is created\n"
131 " prior to running qemu-img)\n"
133 "Parameters to check subcommand:\n"
134 " '-r' tries to repair any inconsistencies that are found during the check.\n"
135 " '-r leaks' repairs only cluster leaks, whereas '-r all' fixes all\n"
136 " kinds of errors, with a higher risk of choosing the wrong fix or\n"
137 " hiding corruption that has already occurred.\n"
139 "Parameters to snapshot subcommand:\n"
140 " 'snapshot' is the name of the snapshot to create, apply or delete\n"
141 " '-a' applies a snapshot (revert disk to saved state)\n"
142 " '-c' creates a snapshot\n"
143 " '-d' deletes a snapshot\n"
144 " '-l' lists all snapshots in the given image\n"
146 "Parameters to compare subcommand:\n"
147 " '-f' first image format\n"
148 " '-F' second image format\n"
149 " '-s' run in Strict mode - fail on different image size or sector allocation\n";
151 printf("%s\nSupported formats:", help_msg);
152 bdrv_iterate_format(format_print, NULL);
157 static int GCC_FMT_ATTR(2, 3) qprintf(bool quiet, const char *fmt, ...)
163 ret = vprintf(fmt, args);
170 static int print_block_option_help(const char *filename, const char *fmt)
172 BlockDriver *drv, *proto_drv;
173 QemuOptsList *create_opts = NULL;
174 Error *local_err = NULL;
176 /* Find driver and parse its options */
177 drv = bdrv_find_format(fmt);
179 error_report("Unknown file format '%s'", fmt);
183 create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, drv->create_opts);
185 proto_drv = bdrv_find_protocol(filename, true, &local_err);
187 error_report_err(local_err);
188 qemu_opts_free(create_opts);
191 create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, proto_drv->create_opts);
194 qemu_opts_print_help(create_opts);
195 qemu_opts_free(create_opts);
199 static BlockBackend *img_open(const char *id, const char *filename,
200 const char *fmt, int flags,
201 bool require_io, bool quiet)
204 BlockDriverState *bs;
206 Error *local_err = NULL;
207 QDict *options = NULL;
210 options = qdict_new();
211 qdict_put(options, "driver", qstring_from_str(fmt));
214 blk = blk_new_open(id, filename, NULL, options, flags, &local_err);
216 error_reportf_err(local_err, "Could not open '%s': ", filename);
221 if (bdrv_is_encrypted(bs) && require_io) {
222 qprintf(quiet, "Disk image '%s' is encrypted.\n", filename);
223 if (qemu_read_password(password, sizeof(password)) < 0) {
224 error_report("No password given");
227 if (bdrv_set_key(bs, password) < 0) {
228 error_report("invalid password");
238 static int add_old_style_options(const char *fmt, QemuOpts *opts,
239 const char *base_filename,
240 const char *base_fmt)
245 qemu_opt_set(opts, BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FILE, base_filename, &err);
247 error_report("Backing file not supported for file format '%s'",
254 qemu_opt_set(opts, BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FMT, base_fmt, &err);
256 error_report("Backing file format not supported for file "
265 static int img_create(int argc, char **argv)
268 uint64_t img_size = -1;
269 const char *fmt = "raw";
270 const char *base_fmt = NULL;
271 const char *filename;
272 const char *base_filename = NULL;
273 char *options = NULL;
274 Error *local_err = NULL;
278 c = getopt(argc, argv, "F:b:f:he6o:q");
291 base_filename = optarg;
297 error_report("option -e is deprecated, please use \'-o "
298 "encryption\' instead!");
301 error_report("option -6 is deprecated, please use \'-o "
302 "compat6\' instead!");
305 if (!is_valid_option_list(optarg)) {
306 error_report("Invalid option list: %s", optarg);
310 options = g_strdup(optarg);
312 char *old_options = options;
313 options = g_strdup_printf("%s,%s", options, optarg);
323 /* Get the filename */
324 filename = (optind < argc) ? argv[optind] : NULL;
325 if (options && has_help_option(options)) {
327 return print_block_option_help(filename, fmt);
330 if (optind >= argc) {
331 error_exit("Expecting image file name");
335 /* Get image size, if specified */
339 sval = qemu_strtosz_suffix(argv[optind++], &end,
340 QEMU_STRTOSZ_DEFSUFFIX_B);
341 if (sval < 0 || *end) {
342 if (sval == -ERANGE) {
343 error_report("Image size must be less than 8 EiB!");
345 error_report("Invalid image size specified! You may use k, M, "
346 "G, T, P or E suffixes for ");
347 error_report("kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, terabytes, "
348 "petabytes and exabytes.");
352 img_size = (uint64_t)sval;
354 if (optind != argc) {
355 error_exit("Unexpected argument: %s", argv[optind]);
358 bdrv_img_create(filename, fmt, base_filename, base_fmt,
359 options, img_size, BDRV_O_FLAGS, &local_err, quiet);
361 error_reportf_err(local_err, "%s: ", filename);
373 static void dump_json_image_check(ImageCheck *check, bool quiet)
375 Error *local_err = NULL;
377 QmpOutputVisitor *ov = qmp_output_visitor_new();
379 visit_type_ImageCheck(qmp_output_get_visitor(ov),
380 &check, NULL, &local_err);
381 obj = qmp_output_get_qobject(ov);
382 str = qobject_to_json_pretty(obj);
384 qprintf(quiet, "%s\n", qstring_get_str(str));
386 qmp_output_visitor_cleanup(ov);
390 static void dump_human_image_check(ImageCheck *check, bool quiet)
392 if (!(check->corruptions || check->leaks || check->check_errors)) {
393 qprintf(quiet, "No errors were found on the image.\n");
395 if (check->corruptions) {
396 qprintf(quiet, "\n%" PRId64 " errors were found on the image.\n"
397 "Data may be corrupted, or further writes to the image "
404 "\n%" PRId64 " leaked clusters were found on the image.\n"
405 "This means waste of disk space, but no harm to data.\n",
409 if (check->check_errors) {
412 " internal errors have occurred during the check.\n",
413 check->check_errors);
417 if (check->total_clusters != 0 && check->allocated_clusters != 0) {
418 qprintf(quiet, "%" PRId64 "/%" PRId64 " = %0.2f%% allocated, "
419 "%0.2f%% fragmented, %0.2f%% compressed clusters\n",
420 check->allocated_clusters, check->total_clusters,
421 check->allocated_clusters * 100.0 / check->total_clusters,
422 check->fragmented_clusters * 100.0 / check->allocated_clusters,
423 check->compressed_clusters * 100.0 /
424 check->allocated_clusters);
427 if (check->image_end_offset) {
429 "Image end offset: %" PRId64 "\n", check->image_end_offset);
433 static int collect_image_check(BlockDriverState *bs,
435 const char *filename,
440 BdrvCheckResult result;
442 ret = bdrv_check(bs, &result, fix);
447 check->filename = g_strdup(filename);
448 check->format = g_strdup(bdrv_get_format_name(bs));
449 check->check_errors = result.check_errors;
450 check->corruptions = result.corruptions;
451 check->has_corruptions = result.corruptions != 0;
452 check->leaks = result.leaks;
453 check->has_leaks = result.leaks != 0;
454 check->corruptions_fixed = result.corruptions_fixed;
455 check->has_corruptions_fixed = result.corruptions != 0;
456 check->leaks_fixed = result.leaks_fixed;
457 check->has_leaks_fixed = result.leaks != 0;
458 check->image_end_offset = result.image_end_offset;
459 check->has_image_end_offset = result.image_end_offset != 0;
460 check->total_clusters = result.bfi.total_clusters;
461 check->has_total_clusters = result.bfi.total_clusters != 0;
462 check->allocated_clusters = result.bfi.allocated_clusters;
463 check->has_allocated_clusters = result.bfi.allocated_clusters != 0;
464 check->fragmented_clusters = result.bfi.fragmented_clusters;
465 check->has_fragmented_clusters = result.bfi.fragmented_clusters != 0;
466 check->compressed_clusters = result.bfi.compressed_clusters;
467 check->has_compressed_clusters = result.bfi.compressed_clusters != 0;
473 * Checks an image for consistency. Exit codes:
475 * 0 - Check completed, image is good
476 * 1 - Check not completed because of internal errors
477 * 2 - Check completed, image is corrupted
478 * 3 - Check completed, image has leaked clusters, but is good otherwise
479 * 63 - Checks are not supported by the image format
481 static int img_check(int argc, char **argv)
484 OutputFormat output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
485 const char *filename, *fmt, *output, *cache;
487 BlockDriverState *bs;
489 int flags = BDRV_O_FLAGS | BDRV_O_CHECK;
495 cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
497 int option_index = 0;
498 static const struct option long_options[] = {
499 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
500 {"format", required_argument, 0, 'f'},
501 {"repair", required_argument, 0, 'r'},
502 {"output", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OUTPUT},
505 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "hf:r:T:q",
506 long_options, &option_index);
519 flags |= BDRV_O_RDWR;
521 if (!strcmp(optarg, "leaks")) {
522 fix = BDRV_FIX_LEAKS;
523 } else if (!strcmp(optarg, "all")) {
524 fix = BDRV_FIX_LEAKS | BDRV_FIX_ERRORS;
526 error_exit("Unknown option value for -r "
527 "(expecting 'leaks' or 'all'): %s", optarg);
541 if (optind != argc - 1) {
542 error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
544 filename = argv[optind++];
546 if (output && !strcmp(output, "json")) {
547 output_format = OFORMAT_JSON;
548 } else if (output && !strcmp(output, "human")) {
549 output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
551 error_report("--output must be used with human or json as argument.");
555 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_flags(cache, &flags);
557 error_report("Invalid source cache option: %s", cache);
561 blk = img_open("image", filename, fmt, flags, true, quiet);
567 check = g_new0(ImageCheck, 1);
568 ret = collect_image_check(bs, check, filename, fmt, fix);
570 if (ret == -ENOTSUP) {
571 error_report("This image format does not support checks");
576 if (check->corruptions_fixed || check->leaks_fixed) {
577 int corruptions_fixed, leaks_fixed;
579 leaks_fixed = check->leaks_fixed;
580 corruptions_fixed = check->corruptions_fixed;
582 if (output_format == OFORMAT_HUMAN) {
584 "The following inconsistencies were found and repaired:\n\n"
585 " %" PRId64 " leaked clusters\n"
586 " %" PRId64 " corruptions\n\n"
587 "Double checking the fixed image now...\n",
589 check->corruptions_fixed);
592 ret = collect_image_check(bs, check, filename, fmt, 0);
594 check->leaks_fixed = leaks_fixed;
595 check->corruptions_fixed = corruptions_fixed;
599 switch (output_format) {
601 dump_human_image_check(check, quiet);
604 dump_json_image_check(check, quiet);
609 if (ret || check->check_errors) {
611 error_report("Check failed: %s", strerror(-ret));
613 error_report("Check failed");
619 if (check->corruptions) {
621 } else if (check->leaks) {
628 qapi_free_ImageCheck(check);
633 typedef struct CommonBlockJobCBInfo {
634 BlockDriverState *bs;
636 } CommonBlockJobCBInfo;
638 static void common_block_job_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
640 CommonBlockJobCBInfo *cbi = opaque;
643 error_setg_errno(cbi->errp, -ret, "Block job failed");
647 static void run_block_job(BlockJob *job, Error **errp)
649 AioContext *aio_context = bdrv_get_aio_context(job->bs);
652 aio_poll(aio_context, true);
653 qemu_progress_print(job->len ?
654 ((float)job->offset / job->len * 100.f) : 0.0f, 0);
655 } while (!job->ready);
657 block_job_complete_sync(job, errp);
659 /* A block job may finish instantaneously without publishing any progress,
660 * so just signal completion here */
661 qemu_progress_print(100.f, 0);
664 static int img_commit(int argc, char **argv)
667 const char *filename, *fmt, *cache, *base;
669 BlockDriverState *bs, *base_bs;
670 bool progress = false, quiet = false, drop = false;
671 Error *local_err = NULL;
672 CommonBlockJobCBInfo cbi;
675 cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
678 c = getopt(argc, argv, "f:ht:b:dpq");
710 /* Progress is not shown in Quiet mode */
715 if (optind != argc - 1) {
716 error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
718 filename = argv[optind++];
720 flags = BDRV_O_RDWR | BDRV_O_UNMAP;
721 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_flags(cache, &flags);
723 error_report("Invalid cache option: %s", cache);
727 blk = img_open("image", filename, fmt, flags, true, quiet);
733 qemu_progress_init(progress, 1.f);
734 qemu_progress_print(0.f, 100);
737 base_bs = bdrv_find_backing_image(bs, base);
739 error_setg(&local_err, QERR_BASE_NOT_FOUND, base);
743 /* This is different from QMP, which by default uses the deepest file in
744 * the backing chain (i.e., the very base); however, the traditional
745 * behavior of qemu-img commit is using the immediate backing file. */
746 base_bs = backing_bs(bs);
748 error_setg(&local_err, "Image does not have a backing file");
753 cbi = (CommonBlockJobCBInfo){
758 commit_active_start(bs, base_bs, 0, BLOCKDEV_ON_ERROR_REPORT,
759 common_block_job_cb, &cbi, &local_err);
764 /* When the block job completes, the BlockBackend reference will point to
765 * the old backing file. In order to avoid that the top image is already
766 * deleted, so we can still empty it afterwards, increment the reference
767 * counter here preemptively. */
772 run_block_job(bs->job, &local_err);
777 if (!drop && bs->drv->bdrv_make_empty) {
778 ret = bs->drv->bdrv_make_empty(bs);
780 error_setg_errno(&local_err, -ret, "Could not empty %s",
797 error_report_err(local_err);
801 qprintf(quiet, "Image committed.\n");
806 * Returns true iff the first sector pointed to by 'buf' contains at least
809 * 'pnum' is set to the number of sectors (including and immediately following
810 * the first one) that are known to be in the same allocated/unallocated state.
812 static int is_allocated_sectors(const uint8_t *buf, int n, int *pnum)
821 is_zero = buffer_is_zero(buf, 512);
822 for(i = 1; i < n; i++) {
824 if (is_zero != buffer_is_zero(buf, 512)) {
833 * Like is_allocated_sectors, but if the buffer starts with a used sector,
834 * up to 'min' consecutive sectors containing zeros are ignored. This avoids
835 * breaking up write requests for only small sparse areas.
837 static int is_allocated_sectors_min(const uint8_t *buf, int n, int *pnum,
841 int num_checked, num_used;
847 ret = is_allocated_sectors(buf, n, pnum);
853 buf += BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE * *pnum;
855 num_checked = num_used;
858 ret = is_allocated_sectors(buf, n, pnum);
860 buf += BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE * *pnum;
862 num_checked += *pnum;
864 num_used = num_checked;
865 } else if (*pnum >= min) {
875 * Compares two buffers sector by sector. Returns 0 if the first sector of both
876 * buffers matches, non-zero otherwise.
878 * pnum is set to the number of sectors (including and immediately following
879 * the first one) that are known to have the same comparison result
881 static int compare_sectors(const uint8_t *buf1, const uint8_t *buf2, int n,
892 res = !!memcmp(buf1, buf2, 512);
893 for(i = 1; i < n; i++) {
897 if (!!memcmp(buf1, buf2, 512) != res) {
906 #define IO_BUF_SIZE (2 * 1024 * 1024)
908 static int64_t sectors_to_bytes(int64_t sectors)
910 return sectors << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS;
913 static int64_t sectors_to_process(int64_t total, int64_t from)
915 return MIN(total - from, IO_BUF_SIZE >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS);
919 * Check if passed sectors are empty (not allocated or contain only 0 bytes)
921 * Returns 0 in case sectors are filled with 0, 1 if sectors contain non-zero
922 * data and negative value on error.
924 * @param blk: BlockBackend for the image
925 * @param sect_num: Number of first sector to check
926 * @param sect_count: Number of sectors to check
927 * @param filename: Name of disk file we are checking (logging purpose)
928 * @param buffer: Allocated buffer for storing read data
929 * @param quiet: Flag for quiet mode
931 static int check_empty_sectors(BlockBackend *blk, int64_t sect_num,
932 int sect_count, const char *filename,
933 uint8_t *buffer, bool quiet)
936 ret = blk_read(blk, sect_num, buffer, sect_count);
938 error_report("Error while reading offset %" PRId64 " of %s: %s",
939 sectors_to_bytes(sect_num), filename, strerror(-ret));
942 ret = is_allocated_sectors(buffer, sect_count, &pnum);
943 if (ret || pnum != sect_count) {
944 qprintf(quiet, "Content mismatch at offset %" PRId64 "!\n",
945 sectors_to_bytes(ret ? sect_num : sect_num + pnum));
953 * Compares two images. Exit codes:
955 * 0 - Images are identical
957 * >1 - Error occurred
959 static int img_compare(int argc, char **argv)
961 const char *fmt1 = NULL, *fmt2 = NULL, *cache, *filename1, *filename2;
962 BlockBackend *blk1, *blk2;
963 BlockDriverState *bs1, *bs2;
964 int64_t total_sectors1, total_sectors2;
965 uint8_t *buf1 = NULL, *buf2 = NULL;
967 int allocated1, allocated2;
968 int ret = 0; /* return value - 0 Ident, 1 Different, >1 Error */
969 bool progress = false, quiet = false, strict = false;
971 int64_t total_sectors;
972 int64_t sector_num = 0;
975 uint64_t progress_base;
977 cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
979 c = getopt(argc, argv, "hf:F:T:pqs");
1009 /* Progress is not shown in Quiet mode */
1015 if (optind != argc - 2) {
1016 error_exit("Expecting two image file names");
1018 filename1 = argv[optind++];
1019 filename2 = argv[optind++];
1021 /* Initialize before goto out */
1022 qemu_progress_init(progress, 2.0);
1024 flags = BDRV_O_FLAGS;
1025 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_flags(cache, &flags);
1027 error_report("Invalid source cache option: %s", cache);
1032 blk1 = img_open("image_1", filename1, fmt1, flags, true, quiet);
1039 blk2 = img_open("image_2", filename2, fmt2, flags, true, quiet);
1046 buf1 = blk_blockalign(blk1, IO_BUF_SIZE);
1047 buf2 = blk_blockalign(blk2, IO_BUF_SIZE);
1048 total_sectors1 = blk_nb_sectors(blk1);
1049 if (total_sectors1 < 0) {
1050 error_report("Can't get size of %s: %s",
1051 filename1, strerror(-total_sectors1));
1055 total_sectors2 = blk_nb_sectors(blk2);
1056 if (total_sectors2 < 0) {
1057 error_report("Can't get size of %s: %s",
1058 filename2, strerror(-total_sectors2));
1062 total_sectors = MIN(total_sectors1, total_sectors2);
1063 progress_base = MAX(total_sectors1, total_sectors2);
1065 qemu_progress_print(0, 100);
1067 if (strict && total_sectors1 != total_sectors2) {
1069 qprintf(quiet, "Strict mode: Image size mismatch!\n");
1074 nb_sectors = sectors_to_process(total_sectors, sector_num);
1075 if (nb_sectors <= 0) {
1078 allocated1 = bdrv_is_allocated_above(bs1, NULL, sector_num, nb_sectors,
1080 if (allocated1 < 0) {
1082 error_report("Sector allocation test failed for %s", filename1);
1086 allocated2 = bdrv_is_allocated_above(bs2, NULL, sector_num, nb_sectors,
1088 if (allocated2 < 0) {
1090 error_report("Sector allocation test failed for %s", filename2);
1093 nb_sectors = MIN(pnum1, pnum2);
1095 if (allocated1 == allocated2) {
1097 ret = blk_read(blk1, sector_num, buf1, nb_sectors);
1099 error_report("Error while reading offset %" PRId64 " of %s:"
1100 " %s", sectors_to_bytes(sector_num), filename1,
1105 ret = blk_read(blk2, sector_num, buf2, nb_sectors);
1107 error_report("Error while reading offset %" PRId64
1108 " of %s: %s", sectors_to_bytes(sector_num),
1109 filename2, strerror(-ret));
1113 ret = compare_sectors(buf1, buf2, nb_sectors, &pnum);
1114 if (ret || pnum != nb_sectors) {
1115 qprintf(quiet, "Content mismatch at offset %" PRId64 "!\n",
1117 ret ? sector_num : sector_num + pnum));
1125 qprintf(quiet, "Strict mode: Offset %" PRId64
1126 " allocation mismatch!\n",
1127 sectors_to_bytes(sector_num));
1132 ret = check_empty_sectors(blk1, sector_num, nb_sectors,
1133 filename1, buf1, quiet);
1135 ret = check_empty_sectors(blk2, sector_num, nb_sectors,
1136 filename2, buf1, quiet);
1140 error_report("Error while reading offset %" PRId64 ": %s",
1141 sectors_to_bytes(sector_num), strerror(-ret));
1147 sector_num += nb_sectors;
1148 qemu_progress_print(((float) nb_sectors / progress_base)*100, 100);
1151 if (total_sectors1 != total_sectors2) {
1152 BlockBackend *blk_over;
1153 int64_t total_sectors_over;
1154 const char *filename_over;
1156 qprintf(quiet, "Warning: Image size mismatch!\n");
1157 if (total_sectors1 > total_sectors2) {
1158 total_sectors_over = total_sectors1;
1160 filename_over = filename1;
1162 total_sectors_over = total_sectors2;
1164 filename_over = filename2;
1168 nb_sectors = sectors_to_process(total_sectors_over, sector_num);
1169 if (nb_sectors <= 0) {
1172 ret = bdrv_is_allocated_above(blk_bs(blk_over), NULL, sector_num,
1176 error_report("Sector allocation test failed for %s",
1183 ret = check_empty_sectors(blk_over, sector_num, nb_sectors,
1184 filename_over, buf1, quiet);
1187 error_report("Error while reading offset %" PRId64
1188 " of %s: %s", sectors_to_bytes(sector_num),
1189 filename_over, strerror(-ret));
1195 sector_num += nb_sectors;
1196 qemu_progress_print(((float) nb_sectors / progress_base)*100, 100);
1200 qprintf(quiet, "Images are identical.\n");
1210 qemu_progress_end();
1214 enum ImgConvertBlockStatus {
1220 typedef struct ImgConvertState {
1222 int64_t *src_sectors;
1223 int src_cur, src_num;
1224 int64_t src_cur_offset;
1225 int64_t total_sectors;
1226 int64_t allocated_sectors;
1227 enum ImgConvertBlockStatus status;
1228 int64_t sector_next_status;
1229 BlockBackend *target;
1232 bool target_has_backing;
1234 size_t cluster_sectors;
1238 static void convert_select_part(ImgConvertState *s, int64_t sector_num)
1240 assert(sector_num >= s->src_cur_offset);
1241 while (sector_num - s->src_cur_offset >= s->src_sectors[s->src_cur]) {
1242 s->src_cur_offset += s->src_sectors[s->src_cur];
1244 assert(s->src_cur < s->src_num);
1248 static int convert_iteration_sectors(ImgConvertState *s, int64_t sector_num)
1253 convert_select_part(s, sector_num);
1255 assert(s->total_sectors > sector_num);
1256 n = MIN(s->total_sectors - sector_num, BDRV_REQUEST_MAX_SECTORS);
1258 if (s->sector_next_status <= sector_num) {
1259 ret = bdrv_get_block_status(blk_bs(s->src[s->src_cur]),
1260 sector_num - s->src_cur_offset,
1266 if (ret & BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO) {
1267 s->status = BLK_ZERO;
1268 } else if (ret & BDRV_BLOCK_DATA) {
1269 s->status = BLK_DATA;
1270 } else if (!s->target_has_backing) {
1271 /* Without a target backing file we must copy over the contents of
1272 * the backing file as well. */
1273 /* TODO Check block status of the backing file chain to avoid
1274 * needlessly reading zeroes and limiting the iteration to the
1276 s->status = BLK_DATA;
1278 s->status = BLK_BACKING_FILE;
1281 s->sector_next_status = sector_num + n;
1284 n = MIN(n, s->sector_next_status - sector_num);
1285 if (s->status == BLK_DATA) {
1286 n = MIN(n, s->buf_sectors);
1289 /* We need to write complete clusters for compressed images, so if an
1290 * unallocated area is shorter than that, we must consider the whole
1291 * cluster allocated. */
1292 if (s->compressed) {
1293 if (n < s->cluster_sectors) {
1294 n = MIN(s->cluster_sectors, s->total_sectors - sector_num);
1295 s->status = BLK_DATA;
1297 n = QEMU_ALIGN_DOWN(n, s->cluster_sectors);
1304 static int convert_read(ImgConvertState *s, int64_t sector_num, int nb_sectors,
1310 if (s->status == BLK_ZERO || s->status == BLK_BACKING_FILE) {
1314 assert(nb_sectors <= s->buf_sectors);
1315 while (nb_sectors > 0) {
1319 /* In the case of compression with multiple source files, we can get a
1320 * nb_sectors that spreads into the next part. So we must be able to
1321 * read across multiple BDSes for one convert_read() call. */
1322 convert_select_part(s, sector_num);
1323 blk = s->src[s->src_cur];
1324 bs_sectors = s->src_sectors[s->src_cur];
1326 n = MIN(nb_sectors, bs_sectors - (sector_num - s->src_cur_offset));
1327 ret = blk_read(blk, sector_num - s->src_cur_offset, buf, n);
1334 buf += n * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
1340 static int convert_write(ImgConvertState *s, int64_t sector_num, int nb_sectors,
1345 while (nb_sectors > 0) {
1348 switch (s->status) {
1349 case BLK_BACKING_FILE:
1350 /* If we have a backing file, leave clusters unallocated that are
1351 * unallocated in the source image, so that the backing file is
1352 * visible at the respective offset. */
1353 assert(s->target_has_backing);
1357 /* We must always write compressed clusters as a whole, so don't
1358 * try to find zeroed parts in the buffer. We can only save the
1359 * write if the buffer is completely zeroed and we're allowed to
1360 * keep the target sparse. */
1361 if (s->compressed) {
1362 if (s->has_zero_init && s->min_sparse &&
1363 buffer_is_zero(buf, n * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE))
1365 assert(!s->target_has_backing);
1369 ret = blk_write_compressed(s->target, sector_num, buf, n);
1376 /* If there is real non-zero data or we're told to keep the target
1377 * fully allocated (-S 0), we must write it. Otherwise we can treat
1378 * it as zero sectors. */
1379 if (!s->min_sparse ||
1380 is_allocated_sectors_min(buf, n, &n, s->min_sparse))
1382 ret = blk_write(s->target, sector_num, buf, n);
1391 if (s->has_zero_init) {
1394 ret = blk_write_zeroes(s->target, sector_num, n, 0);
1403 buf += n * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
1409 static int convert_do_copy(ImgConvertState *s)
1411 uint8_t *buf = NULL;
1412 int64_t sector_num, allocated_done;
1416 /* Check whether we have zero initialisation or can get it efficiently */
1417 s->has_zero_init = s->min_sparse && !s->target_has_backing
1418 ? bdrv_has_zero_init(blk_bs(s->target))
1421 if (!s->has_zero_init && !s->target_has_backing &&
1422 bdrv_can_write_zeroes_with_unmap(blk_bs(s->target)))
1424 ret = bdrv_make_zero(blk_bs(s->target), BDRV_REQ_MAY_UNMAP);
1426 s->has_zero_init = true;
1430 /* Allocate buffer for copied data. For compressed images, only one cluster
1431 * can be copied at a time. */
1432 if (s->compressed) {
1433 if (s->cluster_sectors <= 0 || s->cluster_sectors > s->buf_sectors) {
1434 error_report("invalid cluster size");
1438 s->buf_sectors = s->cluster_sectors;
1440 buf = blk_blockalign(s->target, s->buf_sectors * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
1442 /* Calculate allocated sectors for progress */
1443 s->allocated_sectors = 0;
1445 while (sector_num < s->total_sectors) {
1446 n = convert_iteration_sectors(s, sector_num);
1451 if (s->status == BLK_DATA) {
1452 s->allocated_sectors += n;
1459 s->src_cur_offset = 0;
1460 s->sector_next_status = 0;
1465 while (sector_num < s->total_sectors) {
1466 n = convert_iteration_sectors(s, sector_num);
1471 if (s->status == BLK_DATA) {
1472 allocated_done += n;
1473 qemu_progress_print(100.0 * allocated_done / s->allocated_sectors,
1477 ret = convert_read(s, sector_num, n, buf);
1479 error_report("error while reading sector %" PRId64
1480 ": %s", sector_num, strerror(-ret));
1484 ret = convert_write(s, sector_num, n, buf);
1486 error_report("error while writing sector %" PRId64
1487 ": %s", sector_num, strerror(-ret));
1494 if (s->compressed) {
1495 /* signal EOF to align */
1496 ret = blk_write_compressed(s->target, 0, NULL, 0);
1508 static int img_convert(int argc, char **argv)
1510 int c, bs_n, bs_i, compress, cluster_sectors, skip_create;
1512 int progress = 0, flags, src_flags;
1513 const char *fmt, *out_fmt, *cache, *src_cache, *out_baseimg, *out_filename;
1514 BlockDriver *drv, *proto_drv;
1515 BlockBackend **blk = NULL, *out_blk = NULL;
1516 BlockDriverState **bs = NULL, *out_bs = NULL;
1517 int64_t total_sectors;
1518 int64_t *bs_sectors = NULL;
1519 size_t bufsectors = IO_BUF_SIZE / BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
1520 BlockDriverInfo bdi;
1521 QemuOpts *opts = NULL;
1522 QemuOptsList *create_opts = NULL;
1523 const char *out_baseimg_param;
1524 char *options = NULL;
1525 const char *snapshot_name = NULL;
1526 int min_sparse = 8; /* Need at least 4k of zeros for sparse detection */
1528 Error *local_err = NULL;
1529 QemuOpts *sn_opts = NULL;
1530 ImgConvertState state;
1535 src_cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
1540 c = getopt(argc, argv, "hf:O:B:ce6o:s:l:S:pt:T:qn");
1556 out_baseimg = optarg;
1562 error_report("option -e is deprecated, please use \'-o "
1563 "encryption\' instead!");
1567 error_report("option -6 is deprecated, please use \'-o "
1568 "compat6\' instead!");
1572 if (!is_valid_option_list(optarg)) {
1573 error_report("Invalid option list: %s", optarg);
1578 options = g_strdup(optarg);
1580 char *old_options = options;
1581 options = g_strdup_printf("%s,%s", options, optarg);
1582 g_free(old_options);
1586 snapshot_name = optarg;
1589 if (strstart(optarg, SNAPSHOT_OPT_BASE, NULL)) {
1590 sn_opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&internal_snapshot_opts,
1593 error_report("Failed in parsing snapshot param '%s'",
1599 snapshot_name = optarg;
1606 sval = qemu_strtosz_suffix(optarg, &end, QEMU_STRTOSZ_DEFSUFFIX_B);
1607 if (sval < 0 || *end) {
1608 error_report("Invalid minimum zero buffer size for sparse output specified");
1613 min_sparse = sval / BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
1634 /* Initialize before goto out */
1638 qemu_progress_init(progress, 1.0);
1641 bs_n = argc - optind - 1;
1642 out_filename = bs_n >= 1 ? argv[argc - 1] : NULL;
1644 if (options && has_help_option(options)) {
1645 ret = print_block_option_help(out_filename, out_fmt);
1650 error_exit("Must specify image file name");
1654 if (bs_n > 1 && out_baseimg) {
1655 error_report("-B makes no sense when concatenating multiple input "
1661 src_flags = BDRV_O_FLAGS;
1662 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_flags(src_cache, &src_flags);
1664 error_report("Invalid source cache option: %s", src_cache);
1668 qemu_progress_print(0, 100);
1670 blk = g_new0(BlockBackend *, bs_n);
1671 bs = g_new0(BlockDriverState *, bs_n);
1672 bs_sectors = g_new(int64_t, bs_n);
1675 for (bs_i = 0; bs_i < bs_n; bs_i++) {
1676 char *id = bs_n > 1 ? g_strdup_printf("source_%d", bs_i)
1677 : g_strdup("source");
1678 blk[bs_i] = img_open(id, argv[optind + bs_i], fmt, src_flags,
1685 bs[bs_i] = blk_bs(blk[bs_i]);
1686 bs_sectors[bs_i] = blk_nb_sectors(blk[bs_i]);
1687 if (bs_sectors[bs_i] < 0) {
1688 error_report("Could not get size of %s: %s",
1689 argv[optind + bs_i], strerror(-bs_sectors[bs_i]));
1693 total_sectors += bs_sectors[bs_i];
1697 ret = bdrv_snapshot_load_tmp(bs[0],
1698 qemu_opt_get(sn_opts, SNAPSHOT_OPT_ID),
1699 qemu_opt_get(sn_opts, SNAPSHOT_OPT_NAME),
1701 } else if (snapshot_name != NULL) {
1703 error_report("No support for concatenating multiple snapshot");
1708 bdrv_snapshot_load_tmp_by_id_or_name(bs[0], snapshot_name, &local_err);
1711 error_reportf_err(local_err, "Failed to load snapshot: ");
1716 /* Find driver and parse its options */
1717 drv = bdrv_find_format(out_fmt);
1719 error_report("Unknown file format '%s'", out_fmt);
1724 proto_drv = bdrv_find_protocol(out_filename, true, &local_err);
1726 error_report_err(local_err);
1732 if (!drv->create_opts) {
1733 error_report("Format driver '%s' does not support image creation",
1739 if (!proto_drv->create_opts) {
1740 error_report("Protocol driver '%s' does not support image creation",
1741 proto_drv->format_name);
1746 create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, drv->create_opts);
1747 create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, proto_drv->create_opts);
1749 opts = qemu_opts_create(create_opts, NULL, 0, &error_abort);
1751 qemu_opts_do_parse(opts, options, NULL, &local_err);
1753 error_report_err(local_err);
1759 qemu_opt_set_number(opts, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE, total_sectors * 512,
1761 ret = add_old_style_options(out_fmt, opts, out_baseimg, NULL);
1767 /* Get backing file name if -o backing_file was used */
1768 out_baseimg_param = qemu_opt_get(opts, BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FILE);
1769 if (out_baseimg_param) {
1770 out_baseimg = out_baseimg_param;
1773 /* Check if compression is supported */
1776 qemu_opt_get_bool(opts, BLOCK_OPT_ENCRYPT, false);
1777 const char *preallocation =
1778 qemu_opt_get(opts, BLOCK_OPT_PREALLOC);
1780 if (!drv->bdrv_write_compressed) {
1781 error_report("Compression not supported for this file format");
1787 error_report("Compression and encryption not supported at "
1794 && strcmp(preallocation, "off"))
1796 error_report("Compression and preallocation not supported at "
1804 /* Create the new image */
1805 ret = bdrv_create(drv, out_filename, opts, &local_err);
1807 error_reportf_err(local_err, "%s: error while converting %s: ",
1808 out_filename, out_fmt);
1813 flags = min_sparse ? (BDRV_O_RDWR | BDRV_O_UNMAP) : BDRV_O_RDWR;
1814 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_flags(cache, &flags);
1816 error_report("Invalid cache option: %s", cache);
1820 out_blk = img_open("target", out_filename, out_fmt, flags, true, quiet);
1825 out_bs = blk_bs(out_blk);
1827 /* increase bufsectors from the default 4096 (2M) if opt_transfer_length
1828 * or discard_alignment of the out_bs is greater. Limit to 32768 (16MB)
1830 bufsectors = MIN(32768,
1831 MAX(bufsectors, MAX(out_bs->bl.opt_transfer_length,
1832 out_bs->bl.discard_alignment))
1836 int64_t output_sectors = blk_nb_sectors(out_blk);
1837 if (output_sectors < 0) {
1838 error_report("unable to get output image length: %s",
1839 strerror(-output_sectors));
1842 } else if (output_sectors < total_sectors) {
1843 error_report("output file is smaller than input file");
1849 cluster_sectors = 0;
1850 ret = bdrv_get_info(out_bs, &bdi);
1853 error_report("could not get block driver info");
1857 compress = compress || bdi.needs_compressed_writes;
1858 cluster_sectors = bdi.cluster_size / BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
1861 state = (ImgConvertState) {
1863 .src_sectors = bs_sectors,
1865 .total_sectors = total_sectors,
1867 .compressed = compress,
1868 .target_has_backing = (bool) out_baseimg,
1869 .min_sparse = min_sparse,
1870 .cluster_sectors = cluster_sectors,
1871 .buf_sectors = bufsectors,
1873 ret = convert_do_copy(&state);
1877 qemu_progress_print(100, 0);
1879 qemu_progress_end();
1880 qemu_opts_del(opts);
1881 qemu_opts_free(create_opts);
1882 qemu_opts_del(sn_opts);
1886 for (bs_i = 0; bs_i < bs_n; bs_i++) {
1887 blk_unref(blk[bs_i]);
1902 static void dump_snapshots(BlockDriverState *bs)
1904 QEMUSnapshotInfo *sn_tab, *sn;
1907 nb_sns = bdrv_snapshot_list(bs, &sn_tab);
1910 printf("Snapshot list:\n");
1911 bdrv_snapshot_dump(fprintf, stdout, NULL);
1913 for(i = 0; i < nb_sns; i++) {
1915 bdrv_snapshot_dump(fprintf, stdout, sn);
1921 static void dump_json_image_info_list(ImageInfoList *list)
1923 Error *local_err = NULL;
1925 QmpOutputVisitor *ov = qmp_output_visitor_new();
1927 visit_type_ImageInfoList(qmp_output_get_visitor(ov),
1928 &list, NULL, &local_err);
1929 obj = qmp_output_get_qobject(ov);
1930 str = qobject_to_json_pretty(obj);
1931 assert(str != NULL);
1932 printf("%s\n", qstring_get_str(str));
1933 qobject_decref(obj);
1934 qmp_output_visitor_cleanup(ov);
1938 static void dump_json_image_info(ImageInfo *info)
1940 Error *local_err = NULL;
1942 QmpOutputVisitor *ov = qmp_output_visitor_new();
1944 visit_type_ImageInfo(qmp_output_get_visitor(ov),
1945 &info, NULL, &local_err);
1946 obj = qmp_output_get_qobject(ov);
1947 str = qobject_to_json_pretty(obj);
1948 assert(str != NULL);
1949 printf("%s\n", qstring_get_str(str));
1950 qobject_decref(obj);
1951 qmp_output_visitor_cleanup(ov);
1955 static void dump_human_image_info_list(ImageInfoList *list)
1957 ImageInfoList *elem;
1960 for (elem = list; elem; elem = elem->next) {
1966 bdrv_image_info_dump(fprintf, stdout, elem->value);
1970 static gboolean str_equal_func(gconstpointer a, gconstpointer b)
1972 return strcmp(a, b) == 0;
1976 * Open an image file chain and return an ImageInfoList
1978 * @filename: topmost image filename
1979 * @fmt: topmost image format (may be NULL to autodetect)
1980 * @chain: true - enumerate entire backing file chain
1981 * false - only topmost image file
1983 * Returns a list of ImageInfo objects or NULL if there was an error opening an
1984 * image file. If there was an error a message will have been printed to
1987 static ImageInfoList *collect_image_info_list(const char *filename,
1991 ImageInfoList *head = NULL;
1992 ImageInfoList **last = &head;
1993 GHashTable *filenames;
1996 filenames = g_hash_table_new_full(g_str_hash, str_equal_func, NULL, NULL);
2000 BlockDriverState *bs;
2002 ImageInfoList *elem;
2004 if (g_hash_table_lookup_extended(filenames, filename, NULL, NULL)) {
2005 error_report("Backing file '%s' creates an infinite loop.",
2009 g_hash_table_insert(filenames, (gpointer)filename, NULL);
2011 blk = img_open("image", filename, fmt,
2012 BDRV_O_FLAGS | BDRV_O_NO_BACKING, false, false);
2018 bdrv_query_image_info(bs, &info, &err);
2020 error_report_err(err);
2025 elem = g_new0(ImageInfoList, 1);
2032 filename = fmt = NULL;
2034 if (info->has_full_backing_filename) {
2035 filename = info->full_backing_filename;
2036 } else if (info->has_backing_filename) {
2037 error_report("Could not determine absolute backing filename,"
2038 " but backing filename '%s' present",
2039 info->backing_filename);
2042 if (info->has_backing_filename_format) {
2043 fmt = info->backing_filename_format;
2047 g_hash_table_destroy(filenames);
2051 qapi_free_ImageInfoList(head);
2052 g_hash_table_destroy(filenames);
2056 static int img_info(int argc, char **argv)
2059 OutputFormat output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
2061 const char *filename, *fmt, *output;
2062 ImageInfoList *list;
2067 int option_index = 0;
2068 static const struct option long_options[] = {
2069 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
2070 {"format", required_argument, 0, 'f'},
2071 {"output", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OUTPUT},
2072 {"backing-chain", no_argument, 0, OPTION_BACKING_CHAIN},
2075 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "f:h",
2076 long_options, &option_index);
2091 case OPTION_BACKING_CHAIN:
2096 if (optind != argc - 1) {
2097 error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
2099 filename = argv[optind++];
2101 if (output && !strcmp(output, "json")) {
2102 output_format = OFORMAT_JSON;
2103 } else if (output && !strcmp(output, "human")) {
2104 output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
2105 } else if (output) {
2106 error_report("--output must be used with human or json as argument.");
2110 list = collect_image_info_list(filename, fmt, chain);
2115 switch (output_format) {
2117 dump_human_image_info_list(list);
2121 dump_json_image_info_list(list);
2123 dump_json_image_info(list->value);
2128 qapi_free_ImageInfoList(list);
2133 typedef struct MapEntry {
2139 BlockDriverState *bs;
2142 static void dump_map_entry(OutputFormat output_format, MapEntry *e,
2145 switch (output_format) {
2147 if ((e->flags & BDRV_BLOCK_DATA) &&
2148 !(e->flags & BDRV_BLOCK_OFFSET_VALID)) {
2149 error_report("File contains external, encrypted or compressed clusters.");
2152 if ((e->flags & (BDRV_BLOCK_DATA|BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO)) == BDRV_BLOCK_DATA) {
2153 printf("%#-16"PRIx64"%#-16"PRIx64"%#-16"PRIx64"%s\n",
2154 e->start, e->length, e->offset, e->bs->filename);
2156 /* This format ignores the distinction between 0, ZERO and ZERO|DATA.
2157 * Modify the flags here to allow more coalescing.
2160 (next->flags & (BDRV_BLOCK_DATA|BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO)) != BDRV_BLOCK_DATA) {
2161 next->flags &= ~BDRV_BLOCK_DATA;
2162 next->flags |= BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO;
2166 printf("%s{ \"start\": %"PRId64", \"length\": %"PRId64", \"depth\": %d,"
2167 " \"zero\": %s, \"data\": %s",
2168 (e->start == 0 ? "[" : ",\n"),
2169 e->start, e->length, e->depth,
2170 (e->flags & BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO) ? "true" : "false",
2171 (e->flags & BDRV_BLOCK_DATA) ? "true" : "false");
2172 if (e->flags & BDRV_BLOCK_OFFSET_VALID) {
2173 printf(", \"offset\": %"PRId64"", e->offset);
2184 static int get_block_status(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t sector_num,
2185 int nb_sectors, MapEntry *e)
2190 /* As an optimization, we could cache the current range of unallocated
2191 * clusters in each file of the chain, and avoid querying the same
2197 ret = bdrv_get_block_status(bs, sector_num, nb_sectors, &nb_sectors);
2202 if (ret & (BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO|BDRV_BLOCK_DATA)) {
2205 bs = backing_bs(bs);
2214 e->start = sector_num * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
2215 e->length = nb_sectors * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
2216 e->flags = ret & ~BDRV_BLOCK_OFFSET_MASK;
2217 e->offset = ret & BDRV_BLOCK_OFFSET_MASK;
2223 static int img_map(int argc, char **argv)
2226 OutputFormat output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
2228 BlockDriverState *bs;
2229 const char *filename, *fmt, *output;
2231 MapEntry curr = { .length = 0 }, next;
2237 int option_index = 0;
2238 static const struct option long_options[] = {
2239 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
2240 {"format", required_argument, 0, 'f'},
2241 {"output", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OUTPUT},
2244 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "f:h",
2245 long_options, &option_index);
2262 if (optind != argc - 1) {
2263 error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
2265 filename = argv[optind];
2267 if (output && !strcmp(output, "json")) {
2268 output_format = OFORMAT_JSON;
2269 } else if (output && !strcmp(output, "human")) {
2270 output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
2271 } else if (output) {
2272 error_report("--output must be used with human or json as argument.");
2276 blk = img_open("image", filename, fmt, BDRV_O_FLAGS, true, false);
2282 if (output_format == OFORMAT_HUMAN) {
2283 printf("%-16s%-16s%-16s%s\n", "Offset", "Length", "Mapped to", "File");
2286 length = blk_getlength(blk);
2287 while (curr.start + curr.length < length) {
2288 int64_t nsectors_left;
2292 sector_num = (curr.start + curr.length) >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS;
2294 /* Probe up to 1 GiB at a time. */
2295 nsectors_left = DIV_ROUND_UP(length, BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE) - sector_num;
2296 n = MIN(1 << (30 - BDRV_SECTOR_BITS), nsectors_left);
2297 ret = get_block_status(bs, sector_num, n, &next);
2300 error_report("Could not read file metadata: %s", strerror(-ret));
2304 if (curr.length != 0 && curr.flags == next.flags &&
2305 curr.depth == next.depth &&
2306 ((curr.flags & BDRV_BLOCK_OFFSET_VALID) == 0 ||
2307 curr.offset + curr.length == next.offset)) {
2308 curr.length += next.length;
2312 if (curr.length > 0) {
2313 dump_map_entry(output_format, &curr, &next);
2318 dump_map_entry(output_format, &curr, NULL);
2325 #define SNAPSHOT_LIST 1
2326 #define SNAPSHOT_CREATE 2
2327 #define SNAPSHOT_APPLY 3
2328 #define SNAPSHOT_DELETE 4
2330 static int img_snapshot(int argc, char **argv)
2333 BlockDriverState *bs;
2334 QEMUSnapshotInfo sn;
2335 char *filename, *snapshot_name = NULL;
2336 int c, ret = 0, bdrv_oflags;
2342 bdrv_oflags = BDRV_O_FLAGS | BDRV_O_RDWR;
2343 /* Parse commandline parameters */
2345 c = getopt(argc, argv, "la:c:d:hq");
2356 error_exit("Cannot mix '-l', '-a', '-c', '-d'");
2359 action = SNAPSHOT_LIST;
2360 bdrv_oflags &= ~BDRV_O_RDWR; /* no need for RW */
2364 error_exit("Cannot mix '-l', '-a', '-c', '-d'");
2367 action = SNAPSHOT_APPLY;
2368 snapshot_name = optarg;
2372 error_exit("Cannot mix '-l', '-a', '-c', '-d'");
2375 action = SNAPSHOT_CREATE;
2376 snapshot_name = optarg;
2380 error_exit("Cannot mix '-l', '-a', '-c', '-d'");
2383 action = SNAPSHOT_DELETE;
2384 snapshot_name = optarg;
2392 if (optind != argc - 1) {
2393 error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
2395 filename = argv[optind++];
2397 /* Open the image */
2398 blk = img_open("image", filename, NULL, bdrv_oflags, true, quiet);
2404 /* Perform the requested action */
2410 case SNAPSHOT_CREATE:
2411 memset(&sn, 0, sizeof(sn));
2412 pstrcpy(sn.name, sizeof(sn.name), snapshot_name);
2414 qemu_gettimeofday(&tv);
2415 sn.date_sec = tv.tv_sec;
2416 sn.date_nsec = tv.tv_usec * 1000;
2418 ret = bdrv_snapshot_create(bs, &sn);
2420 error_report("Could not create snapshot '%s': %d (%s)",
2421 snapshot_name, ret, strerror(-ret));
2425 case SNAPSHOT_APPLY:
2426 ret = bdrv_snapshot_goto(bs, snapshot_name);
2428 error_report("Could not apply snapshot '%s': %d (%s)",
2429 snapshot_name, ret, strerror(-ret));
2433 case SNAPSHOT_DELETE:
2434 bdrv_snapshot_delete_by_id_or_name(bs, snapshot_name, &err);
2436 error_reportf_err(err, "Could not delete snapshot '%s': ",
2451 static int img_rebase(int argc, char **argv)
2453 BlockBackend *blk = NULL, *blk_old_backing = NULL, *blk_new_backing = NULL;
2454 BlockDriverState *bs = NULL;
2456 const char *fmt, *cache, *src_cache, *out_basefmt, *out_baseimg;
2457 int c, flags, src_flags, ret;
2461 Error *local_err = NULL;
2463 /* Parse commandline parameters */
2465 cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
2466 src_cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
2470 c = getopt(argc, argv, "hf:F:b:upt:T:q");
2483 out_basefmt = optarg;
2486 out_baseimg = optarg;
2510 if (optind != argc - 1) {
2511 error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
2513 if (!unsafe && !out_baseimg) {
2514 error_exit("Must specify backing file (-b) or use unsafe mode (-u)");
2516 filename = argv[optind++];
2518 qemu_progress_init(progress, 2.0);
2519 qemu_progress_print(0, 100);
2521 flags = BDRV_O_RDWR | (unsafe ? BDRV_O_NO_BACKING : 0);
2522 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_flags(cache, &flags);
2524 error_report("Invalid cache option: %s", cache);
2528 src_flags = BDRV_O_FLAGS;
2529 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_flags(src_cache, &src_flags);
2531 error_report("Invalid source cache option: %s", src_cache);
2538 * Ignore the old backing file for unsafe rebase in case we want to correct
2539 * the reference to a renamed or moved backing file.
2541 blk = img_open("image", filename, fmt, flags, true, quiet);
2548 if (out_basefmt != NULL) {
2549 if (bdrv_find_format(out_basefmt) == NULL) {
2550 error_report("Invalid format name: '%s'", out_basefmt);
2556 /* For safe rebasing we need to compare old and new backing file */
2558 char backing_name[PATH_MAX];
2559 QDict *options = NULL;
2561 if (bs->backing_format[0] != '\0') {
2562 options = qdict_new();
2563 qdict_put(options, "driver", qstring_from_str(bs->backing_format));
2566 bdrv_get_backing_filename(bs, backing_name, sizeof(backing_name));
2567 blk_old_backing = blk_new_open("old_backing", backing_name, NULL,
2568 options, src_flags, &local_err);
2569 if (!blk_old_backing) {
2570 error_reportf_err(local_err,
2571 "Could not open old backing file '%s': ",
2576 if (out_baseimg[0]) {
2578 options = qdict_new();
2579 qdict_put(options, "driver", qstring_from_str(out_basefmt));
2584 blk_new_backing = blk_new_open("new_backing", out_baseimg, NULL,
2585 options, src_flags, &local_err);
2586 if (!blk_new_backing) {
2587 error_reportf_err(local_err,
2588 "Could not open new backing file '%s': ",
2596 * Check each unallocated cluster in the COW file. If it is unallocated,
2597 * accesses go to the backing file. We must therefore compare this cluster
2598 * in the old and new backing file, and if they differ we need to copy it
2599 * from the old backing file into the COW file.
2601 * If qemu-img crashes during this step, no harm is done. The content of
2602 * the image is the same as the original one at any time.
2605 int64_t num_sectors;
2606 int64_t old_backing_num_sectors;
2607 int64_t new_backing_num_sectors = 0;
2612 float local_progress = 0;
2614 buf_old = blk_blockalign(blk, IO_BUF_SIZE);
2615 buf_new = blk_blockalign(blk, IO_BUF_SIZE);
2617 num_sectors = blk_nb_sectors(blk);
2618 if (num_sectors < 0) {
2619 error_report("Could not get size of '%s': %s",
2620 filename, strerror(-num_sectors));
2624 old_backing_num_sectors = blk_nb_sectors(blk_old_backing);
2625 if (old_backing_num_sectors < 0) {
2626 char backing_name[PATH_MAX];
2628 bdrv_get_backing_filename(bs, backing_name, sizeof(backing_name));
2629 error_report("Could not get size of '%s': %s",
2630 backing_name, strerror(-old_backing_num_sectors));
2634 if (blk_new_backing) {
2635 new_backing_num_sectors = blk_nb_sectors(blk_new_backing);
2636 if (new_backing_num_sectors < 0) {
2637 error_report("Could not get size of '%s': %s",
2638 out_baseimg, strerror(-new_backing_num_sectors));
2644 if (num_sectors != 0) {
2645 local_progress = (float)100 /
2646 (num_sectors / MIN(num_sectors, IO_BUF_SIZE / 512));
2649 for (sector = 0; sector < num_sectors; sector += n) {
2651 /* How many sectors can we handle with the next read? */
2652 if (sector + (IO_BUF_SIZE / 512) <= num_sectors) {
2653 n = (IO_BUF_SIZE / 512);
2655 n = num_sectors - sector;
2658 /* If the cluster is allocated, we don't need to take action */
2659 ret = bdrv_is_allocated(bs, sector, n, &n);
2661 error_report("error while reading image metadata: %s",
2670 * Read old and new backing file and take into consideration that
2671 * backing files may be smaller than the COW image.
2673 if (sector >= old_backing_num_sectors) {
2674 memset(buf_old, 0, n * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
2676 if (sector + n > old_backing_num_sectors) {
2677 n = old_backing_num_sectors - sector;
2680 ret = blk_read(blk_old_backing, sector, buf_old, n);
2682 error_report("error while reading from old backing file");
2687 if (sector >= new_backing_num_sectors || !blk_new_backing) {
2688 memset(buf_new, 0, n * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
2690 if (sector + n > new_backing_num_sectors) {
2691 n = new_backing_num_sectors - sector;
2694 ret = blk_read(blk_new_backing, sector, buf_new, n);
2696 error_report("error while reading from new backing file");
2701 /* If they differ, we need to write to the COW file */
2702 uint64_t written = 0;
2704 while (written < n) {
2707 if (compare_sectors(buf_old + written * 512,
2708 buf_new + written * 512, n - written, &pnum))
2710 ret = blk_write(blk, sector + written,
2711 buf_old + written * 512, pnum);
2713 error_report("Error while writing to COW image: %s",
2721 qemu_progress_print(local_progress, 100);
2724 qemu_vfree(buf_old);
2725 qemu_vfree(buf_new);
2729 * Change the backing file. All clusters that are different from the old
2730 * backing file are overwritten in the COW file now, so the visible content
2731 * doesn't change when we switch the backing file.
2733 if (out_baseimg && *out_baseimg) {
2734 ret = bdrv_change_backing_file(bs, out_baseimg, out_basefmt);
2736 ret = bdrv_change_backing_file(bs, NULL, NULL);
2739 if (ret == -ENOSPC) {
2740 error_report("Could not change the backing file to '%s': No "
2741 "space left in the file header", out_baseimg);
2742 } else if (ret < 0) {
2743 error_report("Could not change the backing file to '%s': %s",
2744 out_baseimg, strerror(-ret));
2747 qemu_progress_print(100, 0);
2749 * TODO At this point it is possible to check if any clusters that are
2750 * allocated in the COW file are the same in the backing file. If so, they
2751 * could be dropped from the COW file. Don't do this before switching the
2752 * backing file, in case of a crash this would lead to corruption.
2755 qemu_progress_end();
2758 blk_unref(blk_old_backing);
2759 blk_unref(blk_new_backing);
2769 static int img_resize(int argc, char **argv)
2772 int c, ret, relative;
2773 const char *filename, *fmt, *size;
2774 int64_t n, total_size;
2776 BlockBackend *blk = NULL;
2778 static QemuOptsList resize_options = {
2779 .name = "resize_options",
2780 .head = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(resize_options.head),
2783 .name = BLOCK_OPT_SIZE,
2784 .type = QEMU_OPT_SIZE,
2785 .help = "Virtual disk size"
2792 /* Remove size from argv manually so that negative numbers are not treated
2793 * as options by getopt. */
2795 error_exit("Not enough arguments");
2799 size = argv[--argc];
2801 /* Parse getopt arguments */
2804 c = getopt(argc, argv, "f:hq");
2821 if (optind != argc - 1) {
2822 error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
2824 filename = argv[optind++];
2826 /* Choose grow, shrink, or absolute resize mode */
2842 param = qemu_opts_create(&resize_options, NULL, 0, &error_abort);
2843 qemu_opt_set(param, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE, size, &err);
2845 error_report_err(err);
2847 qemu_opts_del(param);
2850 n = qemu_opt_get_size(param, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE, 0);
2851 qemu_opts_del(param);
2853 blk = img_open("image", filename, fmt, BDRV_O_FLAGS | BDRV_O_RDWR,
2861 total_size = blk_getlength(blk) + n * relative;
2865 if (total_size <= 0) {
2866 error_report("New image size must be positive");
2871 ret = blk_truncate(blk, total_size);
2874 qprintf(quiet, "Image resized.\n");
2877 error_report("This image does not support resize");
2880 error_report("Image is read-only");
2883 error_report("Error resizing image (%d)", -ret);
2894 static void amend_status_cb(BlockDriverState *bs,
2895 int64_t offset, int64_t total_work_size,
2898 qemu_progress_print(100.f * offset / total_work_size, 0);
2901 static int img_amend(int argc, char **argv)
2905 char *options = NULL;
2906 QemuOptsList *create_opts = NULL;
2907 QemuOpts *opts = NULL;
2908 const char *fmt = NULL, *filename, *cache;
2910 bool quiet = false, progress = false;
2911 BlockBackend *blk = NULL;
2912 BlockDriverState *bs = NULL;
2914 cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
2916 c = getopt(argc, argv, "ho:f:t:pq");
2927 if (!is_valid_option_list(optarg)) {
2928 error_report("Invalid option list: %s", optarg);
2930 goto out_no_progress;
2933 options = g_strdup(optarg);
2935 char *old_options = options;
2936 options = g_strdup_printf("%s,%s", options, optarg);
2937 g_free(old_options);
2956 error_exit("Must specify options (-o)");
2962 qemu_progress_init(progress, 1.0);
2964 filename = (optind == argc - 1) ? argv[argc - 1] : NULL;
2965 if (fmt && has_help_option(options)) {
2966 /* If a format is explicitly specified (and possibly no filename is
2967 * given), print option help here */
2968 ret = print_block_option_help(filename, fmt);
2972 if (optind != argc - 1) {
2973 error_report("Expecting one image file name");
2978 flags = BDRV_O_FLAGS | BDRV_O_RDWR;
2979 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_flags(cache, &flags);
2981 error_report("Invalid cache option: %s", cache);
2985 blk = img_open("image", filename, fmt, flags, true, quiet);
2992 fmt = bs->drv->format_name;
2994 if (has_help_option(options)) {
2995 /* If the format was auto-detected, print option help here */
2996 ret = print_block_option_help(filename, fmt);
3000 if (!bs->drv->create_opts) {
3001 error_report("Format driver '%s' does not support any options to amend",
3007 create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, bs->drv->create_opts);
3008 opts = qemu_opts_create(create_opts, NULL, 0, &error_abort);
3010 qemu_opts_do_parse(opts, options, NULL, &err);
3012 error_report_err(err);
3018 /* In case the driver does not call amend_status_cb() */
3019 qemu_progress_print(0.f, 0);
3020 ret = bdrv_amend_options(bs, opts, &amend_status_cb, NULL);
3021 qemu_progress_print(100.f, 0);
3023 error_report("Error while amending options: %s", strerror(-ret));
3028 qemu_progress_end();
3032 qemu_opts_del(opts);
3033 qemu_opts_free(create_opts);
3042 static const img_cmd_t img_cmds[] = {
3043 #define DEF(option, callback, arg_string) \
3044 { option, callback },
3045 #include "qemu-img-cmds.h"
3051 int main(int argc, char **argv)
3053 const img_cmd_t *cmd;
3054 const char *cmdname;
3055 Error *local_error = NULL;
3057 static const struct option long_options[] = {
3058 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
3059 {"version", no_argument, 0, 'v'},
3064 signal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
3067 error_set_progname(argv[0]);
3068 qemu_init_exec_dir(argv[0]);
3070 if (qemu_init_main_loop(&local_error)) {
3071 error_report_err(local_error);
3077 error_exit("Not enough arguments");
3081 /* find the command */
3082 for (cmd = img_cmds; cmd->name != NULL; cmd++) {
3083 if (!strcmp(cmdname, cmd->name)) {
3084 return cmd->handler(argc - 1, argv + 1);
3088 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "h", long_options, NULL);
3094 printf(QEMU_IMG_VERSION);
3099 error_exit("Command not found: %s", cmdname);