1 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
3 * CAIA Delay-Gradient (CDG) congestion control
5 * This implementation is based on the paper:
6 * D.A. Hayes and G. Armitage. "Revisiting TCP congestion control using
7 * delay gradients." In IFIP Networking, pages 328-341. Springer, 2011.
9 * Scavenger traffic (Less-than-Best-Effort) should disable coexistence
10 * heuristics using parameters use_shadow=0 and use_ineff=0.
12 * Parameters window, backoff_beta, and backoff_factor are crucial for
13 * throughput and delay. Future work is needed to determine better defaults,
14 * and to provide guidelines for use in different environments/contexts.
16 * Except for window, knobs are configured via /sys/module/tcp_cdg/parameters/.
17 * Parameter window is only configurable when loading tcp_cdg as a module.
19 * Notable differences from paper/FreeBSD:
20 * o Using Hybrid Slow start and Proportional Rate Reduction.
21 * o Add toggle for shadow window mechanism. Suggested by David Hayes.
22 * o Add toggle for non-congestion loss tolerance.
23 * o Scaling parameter G is changed to a backoff factor;
24 * conversion is given by: backoff_factor = 1000/(G * window).
25 * o Limit shadow window to 2 * cwnd, or to cwnd when application limited.
26 * o More accurate e^-x.
28 #include <linux/kernel.h>
29 #include <linux/random.h>
30 #include <linux/module.h>
31 #include <linux/sched/clock.h>
35 #define HYSTART_ACK_TRAIN 1
36 #define HYSTART_DELAY 2
38 static int window __read_mostly = 8;
39 static unsigned int backoff_beta __read_mostly = 0.7071 * 1024; /* sqrt 0.5 */
40 static unsigned int backoff_factor __read_mostly = 42;
41 static unsigned int hystart_detect __read_mostly = 3;
42 static unsigned int use_ineff __read_mostly = 5;
43 static bool use_shadow __read_mostly = true;
44 static bool use_tolerance __read_mostly;
46 module_param(window, int, 0444);
47 MODULE_PARM_DESC(window, "gradient window size (power of two <= 256)");
48 module_param(backoff_beta, uint, 0644);
49 MODULE_PARM_DESC(backoff_beta, "backoff beta (0-1024)");
50 module_param(backoff_factor, uint, 0644);
51 MODULE_PARM_DESC(backoff_factor, "backoff probability scale factor");
52 module_param(hystart_detect, uint, 0644);
53 MODULE_PARM_DESC(hystart_detect, "use Hybrid Slow start "
54 "(0: disabled, 1: ACK train, 2: delay threshold, 3: both)");
55 module_param(use_ineff, uint, 0644);
56 MODULE_PARM_DESC(use_ineff, "use ineffectual backoff detection (threshold)");
57 module_param(use_shadow, bool, 0644);
58 MODULE_PARM_DESC(use_shadow, "use shadow window heuristic");
59 module_param(use_tolerance, bool, 0644);
60 MODULE_PARM_DESC(use_tolerance, "use loss tolerance heuristic");
80 struct cdg_minmax rtt;
81 struct cdg_minmax rtt_prev;
82 struct cdg_minmax *gradients;
83 struct cdg_minmax gsum;
98 * nexp_u32 - negative base-e exponential
99 * @ux: x in units of micro
101 * Returns exp(ux * -1e-6) * U32_MAX.
103 static u32 __pure nexp_u32(u32 ux)
105 static const u16 v[] = {
106 /* exp(-x)*65536-1 for x = 0, 0.000256, 0.000512, ... */
108 65518, 65501, 65468, 65401, 65267, 65001, 64470, 63422,
109 61378, 57484, 50423, 38795, 22965, 8047, 987, 14,
115 /* Cut off when ux >= 2^24 (actual result is <= 222/U32_MAX). */
119 /* Scale first eight bits linearly: */
120 res = U32_MAX - (ux & 0xff) * (U32_MAX / 1000000);
122 /* Obtain e^(x + y + ...) by computing e^x * e^y * ...: */
123 for (i = 1; msb; i++, msb >>= 1) {
124 u32 y = v[i & -(msb & 1)] + U32_C(1);
126 res = ((u64)res * y) >> 16;
132 /* Based on the HyStart algorithm (by Ha et al.) that is implemented in
133 * tcp_cubic. Differences/experimental changes:
134 * o Using Hayes' delayed ACK filter.
135 * o Using a usec clock for the ACK train.
136 * o Reset ACK train when application limited.
137 * o Invoked at any cwnd (i.e. also when cwnd < 16).
138 * o Invoked only when cwnd < ssthresh (i.e. not when cwnd == ssthresh).
140 static void tcp_cdg_hystart_update(struct sock *sk)
142 struct cdg *ca = inet_csk_ca(sk);
143 struct tcp_sock *tp = tcp_sk(sk);
145 ca->delay_min = min_not_zero(ca->delay_min, ca->rtt.min);
146 if (ca->delay_min == 0)
149 if (hystart_detect & HYSTART_ACK_TRAIN) {
150 u32 now_us = tp->tcp_mstamp;
152 if (ca->last_ack == 0 || !tcp_is_cwnd_limited(sk)) {
153 ca->last_ack = now_us;
154 ca->round_start = now_us;
155 } else if (before(now_us, ca->last_ack + 3000)) {
156 u32 base_owd = max(ca->delay_min / 2U, 125U);
158 ca->last_ack = now_us;
159 if (after(now_us, ca->round_start + base_owd)) {
160 NET_INC_STATS(sock_net(sk),
161 LINUX_MIB_TCPHYSTARTTRAINDETECT);
162 NET_ADD_STATS(sock_net(sk),
163 LINUX_MIB_TCPHYSTARTTRAINCWND,
165 tp->snd_ssthresh = tcp_snd_cwnd(tp);
171 if (hystart_detect & HYSTART_DELAY) {
172 if (ca->sample_cnt < 8) {
175 s32 thresh = max(ca->delay_min + ca->delay_min / 8U,
178 if (ca->rtt.min > thresh) {
179 NET_INC_STATS(sock_net(sk),
180 LINUX_MIB_TCPHYSTARTDELAYDETECT);
181 NET_ADD_STATS(sock_net(sk),
182 LINUX_MIB_TCPHYSTARTDELAYCWND,
184 tp->snd_ssthresh = tcp_snd_cwnd(tp);
190 static s32 tcp_cdg_grad(struct cdg *ca)
192 s32 gmin = ca->rtt.min - ca->rtt_prev.min;
193 s32 gmax = ca->rtt.max - ca->rtt_prev.max;
197 ca->gsum.min += gmin - ca->gradients[ca->tail].min;
198 ca->gsum.max += gmax - ca->gradients[ca->tail].max;
199 ca->gradients[ca->tail].min = gmin;
200 ca->gradients[ca->tail].max = gmax;
201 ca->tail = (ca->tail + 1) & (window - 1);
206 /* We keep sums to ignore gradients during cwnd reductions;
207 * the paper's smoothed gradients otherwise simplify to:
208 * (rtt_latest - rtt_oldest) / window.
210 * We also drop division by window here.
212 grad = gmin > 0 ? gmin : gmax;
214 /* Extrapolate missing values in gradient window: */
216 if (!ca->gradients && window > 1)
217 grad *= window; /* Memory allocation failed. */
218 else if (ca->tail == 0)
221 grad = (grad * window) / (int)ca->tail;
224 /* Backoff was effectual: */
225 if (gmin <= -32 || gmax <= -32)
229 /* Reduce small variations to zero: */
230 gmin = DIV_ROUND_CLOSEST(gmin, 64);
231 gmax = DIV_ROUND_CLOSEST(gmax, 64);
233 if (gmin > 0 && gmax <= 0)
234 ca->state = CDG_FULL;
235 else if ((gmin > 0 && gmax > 0) || gmax < 0)
236 ca->state = CDG_NONFULL;
241 static bool tcp_cdg_backoff(struct sock *sk, u32 grad)
243 struct cdg *ca = inet_csk_ca(sk);
244 struct tcp_sock *tp = tcp_sk(sk);
246 if (prandom_u32() <= nexp_u32(grad * backoff_factor))
251 if (ca->backoff_cnt > use_ineff)
255 ca->shadow_wnd = max(ca->shadow_wnd, tcp_snd_cwnd(tp));
256 ca->state = CDG_BACKOFF;
261 /* Not called in CWR or Recovery state. */
262 static void tcp_cdg_cong_avoid(struct sock *sk, u32 ack, u32 acked)
264 struct cdg *ca = inet_csk_ca(sk);
265 struct tcp_sock *tp = tcp_sk(sk);
269 if (tcp_in_slow_start(tp) && hystart_detect)
270 tcp_cdg_hystart_update(sk);
272 if (after(ack, ca->rtt_seq) && ca->rtt.v64) {
275 if (ca->rtt_prev.v64)
276 grad = tcp_cdg_grad(ca);
277 ca->rtt_seq = tp->snd_nxt;
278 ca->rtt_prev = ca->rtt;
283 if (grad > 0 && tcp_cdg_backoff(sk, grad))
287 if (!tcp_is_cwnd_limited(sk)) {
288 ca->shadow_wnd = min(ca->shadow_wnd, tcp_snd_cwnd(tp));
292 prior_snd_cwnd = tcp_snd_cwnd(tp);
293 tcp_reno_cong_avoid(sk, ack, acked);
295 incr = tcp_snd_cwnd(tp) - prior_snd_cwnd;
296 ca->shadow_wnd = max(ca->shadow_wnd, ca->shadow_wnd + incr);
299 static void tcp_cdg_acked(struct sock *sk, const struct ack_sample *sample)
301 struct cdg *ca = inet_csk_ca(sk);
302 struct tcp_sock *tp = tcp_sk(sk);
304 if (sample->rtt_us <= 0)
307 /* A heuristic for filtering delayed ACKs, adapted from:
308 * D.A. Hayes. "Timing enhancements to the FreeBSD kernel to support
309 * delay and rate based TCP mechanisms." TR 100219A. CAIA, 2010.
311 if (tp->sacked_out == 0) {
312 if (sample->pkts_acked == 1 && ca->delack) {
313 /* A delayed ACK is only used for the minimum if it is
314 * provenly lower than an existing non-zero minimum.
316 ca->rtt.min = min(ca->rtt.min, sample->rtt_us);
319 } else if (sample->pkts_acked > 1 && ca->delack < 5) {
324 ca->rtt.min = min_not_zero(ca->rtt.min, sample->rtt_us);
325 ca->rtt.max = max(ca->rtt.max, sample->rtt_us);
328 static u32 tcp_cdg_ssthresh(struct sock *sk)
330 struct cdg *ca = inet_csk_ca(sk);
331 struct tcp_sock *tp = tcp_sk(sk);
333 if (ca->state == CDG_BACKOFF)
334 return max(2U, (tcp_snd_cwnd(tp) * min(1024U, backoff_beta)) >> 10);
336 if (ca->state == CDG_NONFULL && use_tolerance)
337 return tcp_snd_cwnd(tp);
339 ca->shadow_wnd = min(ca->shadow_wnd >> 1, tcp_snd_cwnd(tp));
341 return max3(2U, ca->shadow_wnd, tcp_snd_cwnd(tp) >> 1);
342 return max(2U, tcp_snd_cwnd(tp) >> 1);
345 static void tcp_cdg_cwnd_event(struct sock *sk, const enum tcp_ca_event ev)
347 struct cdg *ca = inet_csk_ca(sk);
348 struct tcp_sock *tp = tcp_sk(sk);
349 struct cdg_minmax *gradients;
352 case CA_EVENT_CWND_RESTART:
353 gradients = ca->gradients;
355 memset(gradients, 0, window * sizeof(gradients[0]));
356 memset(ca, 0, sizeof(*ca));
358 ca->gradients = gradients;
359 ca->rtt_seq = tp->snd_nxt;
360 ca->shadow_wnd = tcp_snd_cwnd(tp);
362 case CA_EVENT_COMPLETE_CWR:
363 ca->state = CDG_UNKNOWN;
364 ca->rtt_seq = tp->snd_nxt;
365 ca->rtt_prev = ca->rtt;
373 static void tcp_cdg_init(struct sock *sk)
375 struct cdg *ca = inet_csk_ca(sk);
376 struct tcp_sock *tp = tcp_sk(sk);
378 /* We silently fall back to window = 1 if allocation fails. */
380 ca->gradients = kcalloc(window, sizeof(ca->gradients[0]),
381 GFP_NOWAIT | __GFP_NOWARN);
382 ca->rtt_seq = tp->snd_nxt;
383 ca->shadow_wnd = tcp_snd_cwnd(tp);
386 static void tcp_cdg_release(struct sock *sk)
388 struct cdg *ca = inet_csk_ca(sk);
390 kfree(ca->gradients);
393 static struct tcp_congestion_ops tcp_cdg __read_mostly = {
394 .cong_avoid = tcp_cdg_cong_avoid,
395 .cwnd_event = tcp_cdg_cwnd_event,
396 .pkts_acked = tcp_cdg_acked,
397 .undo_cwnd = tcp_reno_undo_cwnd,
398 .ssthresh = tcp_cdg_ssthresh,
399 .release = tcp_cdg_release,
400 .init = tcp_cdg_init,
401 .owner = THIS_MODULE,
405 static int __init tcp_cdg_register(void)
407 if (backoff_beta > 1024 || window < 1 || window > 256)
409 if (!is_power_of_2(window))
412 BUILD_BUG_ON(sizeof(struct cdg) > ICSK_CA_PRIV_SIZE);
413 tcp_register_congestion_control(&tcp_cdg);
417 static void __exit tcp_cdg_unregister(void)
419 tcp_unregister_congestion_control(&tcp_cdg);
422 module_init(tcp_cdg_register);
423 module_exit(tcp_cdg_unregister);
424 MODULE_AUTHOR("Kenneth Klette Jonassen");
425 MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
426 MODULE_DESCRIPTION("TCP CDG");