Add repair command and API for repairing known LUKS header problems.

[platform/upstream/cryptsetup.git] / man / cryptsetup.8

.TH CRYPTSETUP "8" "" "cryptsetup" "Maintenance Commands"
.SH NAME
cryptsetup - setup cryptographic volumes for dm-crypt (including LUKS extension)
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B cryptsetup <options> <action> <action args>
.SH DESCRIPTION
.PP
cryptsetup is used to conveniently setup dm-crypt managed device-mapper mappings.
.SH PLAIN MODE
For basic (plain) dm-crypt mappings, there are four operations.

\fIcreate\fR <name> <device>
.IP
creates a mapping with <name> backed by device <device>.

\fB<options>\fR can be [\-\-hash, \-\-cipher, \-\-verify-passphrase,
\-\-key-file, \-\-keyfile-offset, \-\-key-size, \-\-offset, \-\-skip, \-\-size,
\-\-readonly, \-\-shared, \-\-allow-discards]
.PP
\fIremove\fR <name>
.IP
removes an existing mapping <name>.
.PP
\fIstatus\fR <name>
.IP
reports the status for the mapping <name>.
.PP
\fIresize\fR <name>
.IP
resizes an active mapping <name>.

If \-\-size (in sectors) is not specified, the size of the underlying block device is used.
.SH LUKS EXTENSION
LUKS, Linux Unified Key Setup, is a standard for hard disk encryption.
It standardizes a partition header as well as the format of the bulk data.
LUKS can manage multiple passwords that can be individually revoked and
effectively scrubbed from persistent media, and that are protected
against dictionary attacks with PBKDF2.

Each password, usually called a
.B key
in this document, is associated with a slot, of which there are typically 8.
Key operations that do not specify a slot affect the first slot
matching the supplied key.

These are valid LUKS actions:

\fIluksFormat\fR <device> [<key file>]
.IP
initializes a LUKS partition and sets the initial key, either via prompting or via <key file>.

\fB<options>\fR can be [\-\-cipher, \-\-verify-passphrase, \-\-key-size,
\-\-key-slot, \-\-key-file (takes precedence over optional second argument),
\-\-keyfile-offset, \-\-keyfile-size, \-\-use-random | \-\-use-urandom, \-\-uuid,
\-\-master-key-file].
.PP
\fIluksOpen\fR <device> <name>
.IP
opens the LUKS partition <device> and sets up a mapping <name> after
successful verification of the supplied key material
(either via key file by \-\-key-file, or via prompting).

Device parameter can be also specified by LUKS UUID in the format UUID=<uuid>
(then cryptsetup will use /dev/disk/by-uuid symlinks).

\fB<options>\fR can be [\-\-key-file, \-\-keyfile-offset, \-\-keyfile-size, \-\-readonly,
\-\-allow-discards, \-\-header, \-\-key-slot, \-\-master-key-file].
.PP
\fIluksClose\fR <name>
.IP
identical to \fIremove\fR.
.PP
\fIluksSuspend\fR <name>
.IP
suspends active device (all IO operations are frozen) and wipes encryption
key from kernel. Kernel version 2.6.19 or later is required.

After that operation you have to use \fIluksResume\fR to reinstate
encryption key (and resume device) or \fIluksClose\fR to remove mapped device.

\fBWARNING:\fR never try to suspend device where is the cryptsetup binary itself.

\fB<options>\fR can be [\-\-header].
.PP
\fIluksResume\fR <name>
.IP
Resumes suspended device and reinstates encryption key. You will need provide passphrase
identical to \fIluksOpen\fR command (using prompting or key file).

\fB<options>\fR can be [\-\-key-file, \-\-keyfile-size, \-\-header]
.PP
\fIluksAddKey\fR <device> [<new key file>]
.IP
add a new key file/passphrase. An existing passphrase or key file
(via \-\-key-file) must be supplied.
The key file with the new material is supplied as a positional argument.

\fB<options>\fR can be [\-\-key-file, \-\-keyfile-offset, \-\-keyfile-size, \-\-new-keyfile-offset,
\-\-new-keyfile-size, \-\-key-slot, \-\-master-key-file].
.PP
\fIluksRemoveKey\fR <device> [<key file>] 
.IP
remove supplied key or key file from LUKS device in the manner of \fIluksKillSlot\fR.
.PP
\fIluksChangeKey\fR <device> [<new key file>]
.IP
change existing key file or passphrase. An existing passphrase
or key file (via \-\-key-file) must be supplied.
The key file with the new material is supplied as a positional argument.

If no key slot is specified (and there is still free key slot on device)
new slot is allocated before the old is purged.

If \fB\-\-key\-slot\fR option is specified (or there is no free slot)
command will overwrite existing slot.

\fBWARNING:\fR Be sure you have another slot active or header backup
when using explicit key slot (so you can unlock the device even after
possible media failure during slot swap).

\fB<options>\fR can be [\-\-key-file, \-\-keyfile-offset, \-\-keyfile-size, \-\-new-keyfile-offset,
\-\-new-keyfile-size, \-\-key-slot].
.PP
\fIluksKillSlot\fR <device> <key slot number>
.IP
wipe key with number <key slot> from LUKS device. A remaining passphrase or
key file (via \-\-key-file) must be supplied.

\fB<options>\fR can be [\-\-key-file, \-\-keyfile-offset, \-\-keyfile-size].
.PP
\fIluksUUID\fR <device>
.IP
print UUID, if <device> has a LUKS header.

set new UUID if \fI\-\-uuid\fR option is specified.
.PP
\fIisLuks\fR <device>
.IP
returns true, if <device> is a LUKS partition. Otherwise, false.
.PP
\fIluksDump\fR <device>
.IP
dumps the header information of a LUKS partition.

If \-\-dump-master-key option is used, the volume (master) key is dumped
instead of keyslot info.

Because this information can be used to access encrypted device without
passphrase knowledge (even without LUKS header) use this option
very carefully.

Dump with volume key (either printed or stored to file) should be always
stored encrypted and on safe place.

LUKS passphrase or key file is required for volume key dump.

\fB<options>\fR can be [\-\-dump-master-key, \-\-key-file, \-\-keyfile-offset, \-\-keyfile-size].
.PP
\fIluksHeaderBackup\fR <device> \-\-header-backup-file <file>
.IP
Stores binary backup of LUKS header and keyslot areas.

\fBWARNING:\fR Please note that with this backup file (and old passphrase
knowledge) you can decrypt data even if old passphrase was wiped from real device.

Also note that anti-forensic splitter is not used during manipulation with backup file.
.PP
\fIluksHeaderRestore\fR <device> \-\-header-backup-file <file>
.IP
Restores binary backup of LUKS header and keyslot areas from specified file.

\fBWARNING:\fR All the keyslot areas are overwritten, only active keyslots
form backup file are available after issuing this command.

This command allows restoring header if device do not contain LUKS header
or if the master key size and data offset in LUKS header on device match the backup file.
.PP
\fIrepair\fR <device>
.IP
Tries to repair (LUKS) device metadata if possible.

This command is useful to fix known benign LUKS metadata header corruptions.
Only basic corruptions of unused keyslot are fixable, any rewrite
of keyslot data or used keyslot or header metadata means lost of device.

\fBWARNING:\fR Always store binary copy of the original header, for
LUKS, \fIrepair\fR will not touch more than 4kB from the start of device
(visible LUKS header).
.PP
For more information about LUKS, see
\fBhttp://code.google.com/p/cryptsetup/wiki/Specification\fR
.SH loop-AES EXTENSION
cryptsetup supports mapping of loop-AES encrypted partition using
compatible dm-crypt mode.
.PP
\fIloopaesOpen\fR <device> <name> \-\-key-file <keyfile>
.IP
opens the loop-AES <device> and sets up a mapping <name>.

N.B. If key file is in GPG encrypted format, you have to use
\-\-key-file=- and decrypt it before use.
gpg \-\-decrypt <keyfile> | cryptsetup loopaesOpen \-\-key-file=- <device> <name>

Use \fB\-\-key-file\fR to specify proper key length, default compiled-in
parameters are visible in \fB\-\-help\fR output.

Use \fB\-\-offset\fR to specify device offset. Note the units need to be
specified in 512 bytes sectors.

Use \fB\-\-skip\fR to specify IV offset. If original device used offset
and not used it in IV sector calculations, you have to explicitly use
\fB\-\-skip 0\fR in addition to offset parameter.

Use \fB\-\-hash\fR to override hash function for password hashing
(otherwise it is detected according to key size).

\fB<options>\fR can be [\-\-key-file, \-\-key-size, \-\-offset, \-\-skip,
\-\-hash, \-\-readonly, \-\-allow-discards].
.PP
\fIloopaesClose\fR <name>
.IP
identical to \fIremove\fR.
.PP
For more information about loop-AES, see \fBhttp://loop-aes.sourceforge.net\fR
.SH OPTIONS
.TP
.B "\-\-verbose, \-v"
Print more verbose messages.
.TP
.B "\-\-debug"
Run in debug mode with full diagnostic logs.
.TP
.B "\-\-hash, \-h"
For \fIcreate\fR and \fIloopaesOpen\fR action specifies hash to use for password hashing.

For \fIluksFormat\fR action specifies hash used in LUKS key setup scheme
and volume key digest.

\fBWARNING:\fR setting hash other than \fBsha1\fR causes LUKS device
incompatible with older version of cryptsetup.

The hash string is passed to libgcrypt, so all hash algorithms are supported
(for \fIluksFormat\fR algorithm must provide at least 20 byte long hash).
Default is set during compilation, compatible values with old version of cryptsetup are
\fB"ripemd160"\fR for \fIcreate\fR action and \fB"sha1"\fR for \fIluksFormat\fR.

Use \fIcryptsetup \-\-help\fR to show defaults.
.TP
.B "\-\-cipher, \-c"
set cipher specification string.

Default mode is configurable during compilation,
you can see compiled-in default using \fIcryptsetup \-\-help\fR.
If not changed, the default is for plain dm-crypt and LUKS mappings
"aes-cbc-essiv:sha256".

For XTS mode, kernel version 2.6.24 or more recent is required.
Use "aes-xts-plain64" cipher specification and set key size to 256
(or 512) bits (see \-s option).
Note that plain64 IV (Initialization Vector) is available since kernel version 2.6.33
and it is full 64bit version of plain IV. For more info please see FAQ.
.TP
.B "\-\-verify-passphrase, \-y"
query for passwords twice. Useful when creating a (regular) mapping
for the first time, or when running \fIluksFormat\fR.

Password verification option is ignored if requested on non terminal
input (like pipe of file).
.TP
.B "\-\-key-file, \-d"
use file as key material.

With LUKS, key material supplied in key files via \-d are always used
for existing passphrases, except in \fIluksFormat\fR action where
\-d is equivalent to positional key file argument.

If you want to set a new key via a key file, you have to use
a positional arg to \fIluksAddKey\fR.

If the key file is "-", stdin will be used. With the "-" key file
reading will not stop when new line character is detected.

See section \fBNOTES ON PASSWORD PROCESSING\fR for more information.
.TP
.B "\-\-keyfile-offset \fIvalue\fR"
Begins read from key file at \fIvalue\fR bytes.
Usable together with all commands using key file.
.TP
.B "\-\-keyfile-size, \-l \fIvalue\fR"
Limits read from key file to \fIvalue\fR bytes.
Usable together with all commands using key file.
.TP
.B "\-\-new-keyfile-offset \fIvalue\fR"
Begins read from new key file at \fIvalue\fR bytes in \fIluksAddKey\fR when
adding new key file. Default is to start at the beginning of key file.
.TP
.B "\-\-new-keyfile-size  \fIvalue\fR"
Limits read from new key file to \fIvalue\fR bytes in \fIluksAddKey\fR when
adding new key file. Default is exhaustive read from key file.
.TP
.B "\-\-master-key-file"
Use pre-generated master key stored in file. For \fIluksFormat\fR it allows
LUKS header reformatting with the same master key (if all other parameters
are the same existing encrypted data remains intact).

For \fIluksAddKey\fR it allows adding new passphrase with only master key knowledge.

For \fIluksOpen\fR it allows to open the LUKS device with only master key knowledge.

.TP
.B "\-\-dump-master-key"
For \fIluksDump\fR it allows LUKS header dump including volume (master) key.
Use with care (this information allows access to device without passphrase knowledge).

See \fIluksDump\fR for more info.
.TP
.B "\-\-use-random"
.TP
.B "\-\-use-urandom"
For \fIluksFormat\fR it defines which kernel random number generator will
be used for long-term key (volume key).

See \fBNOTES ON RNG\fR for more information. Use \fIcryptsetup \-\-help\fR
to show default RNG.
.TP
.B "\-\-key-slot, \-S"
For LUKS operations that add key material, this options allows you
to specify which key slot is selected for the new key.
This option can be used for \fIluksFormat\fR, \fIluksOpen\fR and \fIluksAddKey\fR.
.TP
.B "\-\-key-size, \-s"
set key size in bits.

Has to be a multiple of 8 bits. The key size is limited by the used cipher.

See output of /proc/crypto for more information.

Can be used for \fIcreate\fR or \fIluksFormat\fR, all other LUKS actions
will use key-size specified by the LUKS header.
Default is set during compilation, if not changed it is 256 bits.

Use \fIcryptsetup \-\-help\fR to show defaults.
.TP
.B "\-\-size, \-b"
force the size of the underlying device in sectors.
This option is only relevant for \fIcreate\fR and \fIresize\fR action.
.TP
.B "\-\-offset, \-o"
start offset in the backend device (in 512-byte sectors).
This option is only relevant for \fIcreate\fR and \fIloopaesOpen\fR action.
.TP
.B "\-\-skip, \-p"
how many sectors of the encrypted data to skip at the beginning.
This is different from the \-\-offset options with respect to IV calculations.
Using \-\-offset will shift the IV calculation by the same negative amount.
Hence, if \-\-offset \fIn\fR, sector \fIn\fR will be the first sector
on the mapping with IV \fI0\fR. Using \-\-skip would have resulted in sector
\fIn\fR being the first sector also, but with IV \fIn\fR.
This option is only relevant for \fIcreate\fR and \fIloopaesOpen\fR action.
.TP
.B "\-\-readonly"
set up a read-only mapping.
.TP
.B "\-\-shared"
create another non-overlapping mapping to one common ciphertext device,
e.g. to create hidden device inside another encrypted device.
This option is only relevant for \fIcreate\fR action.
Use \-\-offset, \-\-size and \-\-skip to specify mapped area.
.TP
.B "\-\-iter-time, \-i"
The number of milliseconds to spend with PBKDF2 password processing.
This option is only relevant to the LUKS operations as
\fIluksFormat\fR or \fIluksAddKey\fR.
Note that 0 means default.
.TP
.B "\-\-batch-mode, \-q"
Do not ask for confirmation. Use with care!

If \-y option is not specified, batch mode option also switches off
passphrase verification for \fIluksFormat\fR.
.TP
.B "\-\-timeout, \-t"
The number of seconds to wait before timeout. This option is relevant every
time a password is asked, like \fIcreate\fR, \fIluksOpen\fR, \fIluksFormat\fR
or \fIluksAddKey\fR. It has no effect if used in conjunction with \-\-key-file.
.TP
.B "\-\-tries, \-T"
How often the input of the passphrase shall be retried. This option is relevant
every time a password is asked, like \fIcreate\fR, \fIluksOpen\fR, \fIluksFormat\fR
or \fIluksAddKey\fR. The default is 3 tries.
.TP
.B "\-\-align-payload=\fIvalue\fR"
Align payload at a boundary of \fIvalue\fR 512-byte sectors.
This option is relevant for \fIluksFormat\fR.

If not specified, cryptsetup tries to use topology info provided by kernel
for underlying device to get optimal alignment.
If not available (or calculated value is multiple of default) data is by
default aligned to 1 MiB boundary (2048 512-byte sectors).

For detached LUKS header it specifies offset on data device.
See also \-\-header option.
.TP
.B "\-\-uuid=\fIUUID\fR"
Use provided \fIUUID\fR in \fIluksFormat\fR command instead of generating
new one or change existing UUID in \fIluksUUID\fR command.

The UUID must be provided in standard UUID format
(e.g. 12345678-1234-1234-1234-123456789abc).
.TP
.B "\-\-allow-discards\fR"
Allow using of discards (TRIM) requests for device.
This option is only relevant for \fIcreate\fR, \fIluksOpen\fR or \fIloopaesOpen\fR.

\fBWARNING:\fR Assess the specific security risks carefully before enabling this
option.  For example, allowing discards on encrypted devices may lead to the leak
of information about the ciphertext device (filesystem type, used space etc.)
if the discarded blocks can be located easily on the device later.

Kernel version 3.1 or more recent is required.
For older versions is the option ignored.
.TP
.B "\-\-header\fR"
Set detached (separated) metadata device or file with LUKS header.

This options allows separation of ciphertext device and on-disk metadata header.

This option is only relevant for LUKS devices and can be used in \fIluksFormat\fR,
\fIluksOpen\fR, \fIluksSuspend\fR, \fIluksResume\fR, \fIstatus\fR and
\fIresize\fR commands.

If used with \fIluksFormat\fR the \-\-align-payload option is taken
as absolute sector alignment on ciphertext device and can be zero.

For other commands with separated metadata device you have to always specify
path to metadata device (not to the ciphertext device).

\fBWARNING:\fR There is no possible check that specified ciphertext device
is correct if on-disk header is detached. Use with care.
.TP
.B "\-\-version"
Show the version.
.SH RETURN CODES
Crypsetup returns 0 on success or non-zero on error.

Error codes are: 1 wrong parameters, 2 no permission (bad passphrase),
3 out of memory, 4 wrong device specified, 5 device already exists
or device is busy.
.SH NOTES ON PASSWORD PROCESSING FOR PLAIN MODE
\fBFrom a terminal\fR: Password processing is new-line sensitive,
meaning the reading will stop after encountering \\n.
It will process the read material (without newline) with the default
hash or the hash given by \-\-hash.
After hashing, it will be cropped to the key size given by \-s.

\fBFrom stdin\fR: Reading will continue until EOF (or until
maximum input size is reached), with the trailing newline stripped.
The maximum input size is defined by the same compiled-in default
as for the maximum key file size or can be overwrittten
using \-\-keysfile-size option.

After that the read data will be hashed with the default hash
or the hash given by \-\-hash and the result will be cropped
to the keysize given by \-s.

If "plain" is used as an argument to the hash option, the input
data will not be hashed.
Instead, it will be zero padded (if shorter than the keysize) or
truncated (if longer than the keysize) and used directly as the key.
No warning will be given if the amount of data read from stdin is
less than the keysize.

\fBFrom a key file\fR: It will be cropped to the size given by \-s.
If there is insufficient key material in the key file, cryptsetup
will quit with an error.

If \-\-key-file=- is used for reading the key from stdin, no
trailing newline is stripped from the input. Without that option,
cryptsetup strips trailing newlines from stdin input.
.SH NOTES ON PASSWORD PROCESSING FOR LUKS
LUKS uses PBKDF2 to protect against dictionary attacks (see RFC 2898).

LUKS will always do an exhaustive password reading.
Hence, password can not be read from /dev/random, /dev/zero or any
other stream that does not terminate.
To prevent exhausting of system memory, cryptsetup limits
maximum key file size. Compiled-in default is displayed in \-\-help
output. You can limit reads from key file using \-\-key-size option,
this option takes precedence over compiled-in default.

For any password creation action (luksAddKey, or luksFormat),
the user may specify how much the time the password processing
should consume. Increasing the time will lead to a more secure
password, but also will take luksOpen longer to complete.
The default setting of one second is sufficient for good security.
.SH INCOHERENT BEHAVIOUR FOR INVALID PASSWORDS/KEYS
LUKS checks for a valid password or key when an encrypted partition
is unlocked. Thus the luksOpen action fails with invalid password
or key, contrary to the plain dm-crypt create action.

Please also be sure that you are using the same keyboard and
language setting as during device format.
.SH NOTES ON SUPPORTED CIPHERS, MODES, HASHES AND KEY SIZES
The available combinations of ciphers, modes, hashes and key sizes
depend on kernel support. See /proc/crypto for a list of available
options. You might need to load additional kernel crypto modules
in order to get more options.

For \-\-hash option all algorithms supported by gcrypt library are available.
.SH NOTES ON PASSWORDS
Mathematics can't be bribed. Make sure you keep your passwords safe.
There are a few nice tricks for constructing a fallback, when suddenly
out of (or after being) blue, your brain refuses to cooperate.
These fallbacks are possible with LUKS, as it's only possible with LUKS
to have multiple passwords.
.SH NOTES ON RNG
Random Number Generator (RNG) used in cryptsetup always uses kernel RNG without
any modifications or additions to data stream procudes by kernel (like internal
random pool operations or mixing with the other random sources).

There are two types of randomness cryptsetup/LUKS needs. One type (which always
uses /dev/urandom) is used for salt, AF splitter and for wiping removed
keyslot.

Second type is used for volume (master) key. You can switch between
using /dev/random and /dev/urandom  here, see \fP\-\-use-random\fR and \fP\-\-use-urandom\fR
options. Using /dev/random on system without enough entropy sources
can cause \fPluksFormat\fR to block until the requested amount of random data is gathered.
See \fPurandom(4)\fR for more information.
.SH NOTES ON LOOPBACK DEVICE USE
Cryptsetup is usually used directly over block device (like disk partition or LVM volume).
However if the device argument is file, cryptsetup tries to allocate loopback device
and map it into this file. This mode requires Linux kernel 2.6.25 or more recent which
supports loop autoclear flag (loop device is cleared on last close automatically).

When device mapping is active, you can see loop backing file in status command output.
Also see losetup(8).
.SH AUTHORS
cryptsetup is written by Christophe Saout <christophe@saout.de>
.br
LUKS extensions, and man page by Clemens Fruhwirth <clemens@endorphin.org>
.SH DEPRECATED ACTIONS
.PP
The \fIreload\fR action is no longer supported.
Please use \fIdmsetup(8)\fR if you need to
directly manipulate with the device mapping table.
.PP
The \fIluksDelKey\fR was replaced with \fIluksKillSlot\fR.
.PP
.SH REPORTING BUGS
Report bugs to <dm-crypt@saout.de> or Issues section on LUKS website.
Please attach output of failed command with added \-\-debug option.
.SH COPYRIGHT
Copyright \(co 2004 Christophe Saout
.br
Copyright \(co 2004-2006 Clemens Fruhwirth
.br
Copyright \(co 2009-2011 Red Hat, Inc.

This is free software; see the source for copying conditions.  There is NO
warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
.SH SEE ALSO
LUKS website, \fBhttp://code.google.com/p/cryptsetup/\fR