1 /* -*- Mode: C; indent-tabs-mode:t ; c-basic-offset:8 -*- */
3 * I/O functions for libusb
4 * Copyright © 2007-2009 Daniel Drake <dsd@gentoo.org>
5 * Copyright © 2001 Johannes Erdfelt <johannes@erdfelt.com>
6 * Copyright © 2019 Nathan Hjelm <hjelmn@cs.umm.edu>
7 * Copyright © 2019 Google LLC. All rights reserved.
9 * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
10 * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
11 * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
12 * version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
14 * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
15 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
16 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
17 * Lesser General Public License for more details.
19 * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
20 * License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
21 * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
29 #include <sys/timerfd.h>
34 * \page libusb_io Synchronous and asynchronous device I/O
36 * \section io_intro Introduction
38 * If you're using libusb in your application, you're probably wanting to
39 * perform I/O with devices - you want to perform USB data transfers.
41 * libusb offers two separate interfaces for device I/O. This page aims to
42 * introduce the two in order to help you decide which one is more suitable
43 * for your application. You can also choose to use both interfaces in your
44 * application by considering each transfer on a case-by-case basis.
46 * Once you have read through the following discussion, you should consult the
47 * detailed API documentation pages for the details:
48 * - \ref libusb_syncio
49 * - \ref libusb_asyncio
51 * \section theory Transfers at a logical level
53 * At a logical level, USB transfers typically happen in two parts. For
54 * example, when reading data from a endpoint:
55 * -# A request for data is sent to the device
56 * -# Some time later, the incoming data is received by the host
58 * or when writing data to an endpoint:
60 * -# The data is sent to the device
61 * -# Some time later, the host receives acknowledgement from the device that
62 * the data has been transferred.
64 * There may be an indefinite delay between the two steps. Consider a
65 * fictional USB input device with a button that the user can press. In order
66 * to determine when the button is pressed, you would likely submit a request
67 * to read data on a bulk or interrupt endpoint and wait for data to arrive.
68 * Data will arrive when the button is pressed by the user, which is
69 * potentially hours later.
71 * libusb offers both a synchronous and an asynchronous interface to performing
72 * USB transfers. The main difference is that the synchronous interface
73 * combines both steps indicated above into a single function call, whereas
74 * the asynchronous interface separates them.
76 * \section sync The synchronous interface
78 * The synchronous I/O interface allows you to perform a USB transfer with
79 * a single function call. When the function call returns, the transfer has
80 * completed and you can parse the results.
82 * If you have used the libusb-0.1 before, this I/O style will seem familar to
83 * you. libusb-0.1 only offered a synchronous interface.
85 * In our input device example, to read button presses you might write code
86 * in the following style:
88 unsigned char data[4];
90 int r = libusb_bulk_transfer(dev_handle, LIBUSB_ENDPOINT_IN, data, sizeof(data), &actual_length, 0);
91 if (r == 0 && actual_length == sizeof(data)) {
92 // results of the transaction can now be found in the data buffer
93 // parse them here and report button press
99 * The main advantage of this model is simplicity: you did everything with
100 * a single simple function call.
102 * However, this interface has its limitations. Your application will sleep
103 * inside libusb_bulk_transfer() until the transaction has completed. If it
104 * takes the user 3 hours to press the button, your application will be
105 * sleeping for that long. Execution will be tied up inside the library -
106 * the entire thread will be useless for that duration.
108 * Another issue is that by tieing up the thread with that single transaction
109 * there is no possibility of performing I/O with multiple endpoints and/or
110 * multiple devices simultaneously, unless you resort to creating one thread
113 * Additionally, there is no opportunity to cancel the transfer after the
114 * request has been submitted.
116 * For details on how to use the synchronous API, see the
117 * \ref libusb_syncio "synchronous I/O API documentation" pages.
119 * \section async The asynchronous interface
121 * Asynchronous I/O is the most significant new feature in libusb-1.0.
122 * Although it is a more complex interface, it solves all the issues detailed
125 * Instead of providing which functions that block until the I/O has complete,
126 * libusb's asynchronous interface presents non-blocking functions which
127 * begin a transfer and then return immediately. Your application passes a
128 * callback function pointer to this non-blocking function, which libusb will
129 * call with the results of the transaction when it has completed.
131 * Transfers which have been submitted through the non-blocking functions
132 * can be cancelled with a separate function call.
134 * The non-blocking nature of this interface allows you to be simultaneously
135 * performing I/O to multiple endpoints on multiple devices, without having
138 * This added flexibility does come with some complications though:
139 * - In the interest of being a lightweight library, libusb does not create
140 * threads and can only operate when your application is calling into it. Your
141 * application must call into libusb from it's main loop when events are ready
142 * to be handled, or you must use some other scheme to allow libusb to
143 * undertake whatever work needs to be done.
144 * - libusb also needs to be called into at certain fixed points in time in
145 * order to accurately handle transfer timeouts.
146 * - Memory handling becomes more complex. You cannot use stack memory unless
147 * the function with that stack is guaranteed not to return until the transfer
148 * callback has finished executing.
149 * - You generally lose some linearity from your code flow because submitting
150 * the transfer request is done in a separate function from where the transfer
151 * results are handled. This becomes particularly obvious when you want to
152 * submit a second transfer based on the results of an earlier transfer.
154 * Internally, libusb's synchronous interface is expressed in terms of function
155 * calls to the asynchronous interface.
157 * For details on how to use the asynchronous API, see the
158 * \ref libusb_asyncio "asynchronous I/O API" documentation pages.
163 * \page libusb_packetoverflow Packets and overflows
165 * \section packets Packet abstraction
167 * The USB specifications describe how data is transmitted in packets, with
168 * constraints on packet size defined by endpoint descriptors. The host must
169 * not send data payloads larger than the endpoint's maximum packet size.
171 * libusb and the underlying OS abstract out the packet concept, allowing you
172 * to request transfers of any size. Internally, the request will be divided
173 * up into correctly-sized packets. You do not have to be concerned with
174 * packet sizes, but there is one exception when considering overflows.
176 * \section overflow Bulk/interrupt transfer overflows
178 * When requesting data on a bulk endpoint, libusb requires you to supply a
179 * buffer and the maximum number of bytes of data that libusb can put in that
180 * buffer. However, the size of the buffer is not communicated to the device -
181 * the device is just asked to send any amount of data.
183 * There is no problem if the device sends an amount of data that is less than
184 * or equal to the buffer size. libusb reports this condition to you through
185 * the \ref libusb_transfer::actual_length "libusb_transfer.actual_length"
188 * Problems may occur if the device attempts to send more data than can fit in
189 * the buffer. libusb reports LIBUSB_TRANSFER_OVERFLOW for this condition but
190 * other behaviour is largely undefined: actual_length may or may not be
191 * accurate, the chunk of data that can fit in the buffer (before overflow)
192 * may or may not have been transferred.
194 * Overflows are nasty, but can be avoided. Even though you were told to
195 * ignore packets above, think about the lower level details: each transfer is
196 * split into packets (typically small, with a maximum size of 512 bytes).
197 * Overflows can only happen if the final packet in an incoming data transfer
198 * is smaller than the actual packet that the device wants to transfer.
199 * Therefore, you will never see an overflow if your transfer buffer size is a
200 * multiple of the endpoint's packet size: the final packet will either
201 * fill up completely or will be only partially filled.
205 * @defgroup libusb_asyncio Asynchronous device I/O
207 * This page details libusb's asynchronous (non-blocking) API for USB device
208 * I/O. This interface is very powerful but is also quite complex - you will
209 * need to read this page carefully to understand the necessary considerations
210 * and issues surrounding use of this interface. Simplistic applications
211 * may wish to consider the \ref libusb_syncio "synchronous I/O API" instead.
213 * The asynchronous interface is built around the idea of separating transfer
214 * submission and handling of transfer completion (the synchronous model
215 * combines both of these into one). There may be a long delay between
216 * submission and completion, however the asynchronous submission function
217 * is non-blocking so will return control to your application during that
218 * potentially long delay.
220 * \section asyncabstraction Transfer abstraction
222 * For the asynchronous I/O, libusb implements the concept of a generic
223 * transfer entity for all types of I/O (control, bulk, interrupt,
224 * isochronous). The generic transfer object must be treated slightly
225 * differently depending on which type of I/O you are performing with it.
227 * This is represented by the public libusb_transfer structure type.
229 * \section asynctrf Asynchronous transfers
231 * We can view asynchronous I/O as a 5 step process:
232 * -# <b>Allocation</b>: allocate a libusb_transfer
233 * -# <b>Filling</b>: populate the libusb_transfer instance with information
234 * about the transfer you wish to perform
235 * -# <b>Submission</b>: ask libusb to submit the transfer
236 * -# <b>Completion handling</b>: examine transfer results in the
237 * libusb_transfer structure
238 * -# <b>Deallocation</b>: clean up resources
241 * \subsection asyncalloc Allocation
243 * This step involves allocating memory for a USB transfer. This is the
244 * generic transfer object mentioned above. At this stage, the transfer
245 * is "blank" with no details about what type of I/O it will be used for.
247 * Allocation is done with the libusb_alloc_transfer() function. You must use
248 * this function rather than allocating your own transfers.
250 * \subsection asyncfill Filling
252 * This step is where you take a previously allocated transfer and fill it
253 * with information to determine the message type and direction, data buffer,
254 * callback function, etc.
256 * You can either fill the required fields yourself or you can use the
257 * helper functions: libusb_fill_control_transfer(), libusb_fill_bulk_transfer()
258 * and libusb_fill_interrupt_transfer().
260 * \subsection asyncsubmit Submission
262 * When you have allocated a transfer and filled it, you can submit it using
263 * libusb_submit_transfer(). This function returns immediately but can be
264 * regarded as firing off the I/O request in the background.
266 * \subsection asynccomplete Completion handling
268 * After a transfer has been submitted, one of four things can happen to it:
270 * - The transfer completes (i.e. some data was transferred)
271 * - The transfer has a timeout and the timeout expires before all data is
273 * - The transfer fails due to an error
274 * - The transfer is cancelled
276 * Each of these will cause the user-specified transfer callback function to
277 * be invoked. It is up to the callback function to determine which of the
278 * above actually happened and to act accordingly.
280 * The user-specified callback is passed a pointer to the libusb_transfer
281 * structure which was used to setup and submit the transfer. At completion
282 * time, libusb has populated this structure with results of the transfer:
283 * success or failure reason, number of bytes of data transferred, etc. See
284 * the libusb_transfer structure documentation for more information.
286 * <b>Important Note</b>: The user-specified callback is called from an event
287 * handling context. It is therefore important that no calls are made into
288 * libusb that will attempt to perform any event handling. Examples of such
289 * functions are any listed in the \ref libusb_syncio "synchronous API" and any of
290 * the blocking functions that retrieve \ref libusb_desc "USB descriptors".
292 * \subsection Deallocation
294 * When a transfer has completed (i.e. the callback function has been invoked),
295 * you are advised to free the transfer (unless you wish to resubmit it, see
296 * below). Transfers are deallocated with libusb_free_transfer().
298 * It is undefined behaviour to free a transfer which has not completed.
300 * \section asyncresubmit Resubmission
302 * You may be wondering why allocation, filling, and submission are all
303 * separated above where they could reasonably be combined into a single
306 * The reason for separation is to allow you to resubmit transfers without
307 * having to allocate new ones every time. This is especially useful for
308 * common situations dealing with interrupt endpoints - you allocate one
309 * transfer, fill and submit it, and when it returns with results you just
310 * resubmit it for the next interrupt.
312 * \section asynccancel Cancellation
314 * Another advantage of using the asynchronous interface is that you have
315 * the ability to cancel transfers which have not yet completed. This is
316 * done by calling the libusb_cancel_transfer() function.
318 * libusb_cancel_transfer() is asynchronous/non-blocking in itself. When the
319 * cancellation actually completes, the transfer's callback function will
320 * be invoked, and the callback function should check the transfer status to
321 * determine that it was cancelled.
323 * Freeing the transfer after it has been cancelled but before cancellation
324 * has completed will result in undefined behaviour.
326 * When a transfer is cancelled, some of the data may have been transferred.
327 * libusb will communicate this to you in the transfer callback. Do not assume
328 * that no data was transferred.
330 * \section bulk_overflows Overflows on device-to-host bulk/interrupt endpoints
332 * If your device does not have predictable transfer sizes (or it misbehaves),
333 * your application may submit a request for data on an IN endpoint which is
334 * smaller than the data that the device wishes to send. In some circumstances
335 * this will cause an overflow, which is a nasty condition to deal with. See
336 * the \ref libusb_packetoverflow page for discussion.
338 * \section asyncctrl Considerations for control transfers
340 * The <tt>libusb_transfer</tt> structure is generic and hence does not
341 * include specific fields for the control-specific setup packet structure.
343 * In order to perform a control transfer, you must place the 8-byte setup
344 * packet at the start of the data buffer. To simplify this, you could
345 * cast the buffer pointer to type struct libusb_control_setup, or you can
346 * use the helper function libusb_fill_control_setup().
348 * The wLength field placed in the setup packet must be the length you would
349 * expect to be sent in the setup packet: the length of the payload that
350 * follows (or the expected maximum number of bytes to receive). However,
351 * the length field of the libusb_transfer object must be the length of
352 * the data buffer - i.e. it should be wLength <em>plus</em> the size of
353 * the setup packet (LIBUSB_CONTROL_SETUP_SIZE).
355 * If you use the helper functions, this is simplified for you:
356 * -# Allocate a buffer of size LIBUSB_CONTROL_SETUP_SIZE plus the size of the
357 * data you are sending/requesting.
358 * -# Call libusb_fill_control_setup() on the data buffer, using the transfer
359 * request size as the wLength value (i.e. do not include the extra space you
360 * allocated for the control setup).
361 * -# If this is a host-to-device transfer, place the data to be transferred
362 * in the data buffer, starting at offset LIBUSB_CONTROL_SETUP_SIZE.
363 * -# Call libusb_fill_control_transfer() to associate the data buffer with
364 * the transfer (and to set the remaining details such as callback and timeout).
365 * - Note that there is no parameter to set the length field of the transfer.
366 * The length is automatically inferred from the wLength field of the setup
368 * -# Submit the transfer.
370 * The multi-byte control setup fields (wValue, wIndex and wLength) must
371 * be given in little-endian byte order (the endianness of the USB bus).
372 * Endianness conversion is transparently handled by
373 * libusb_fill_control_setup() which is documented to accept host-endian
376 * Further considerations are needed when handling transfer completion in
377 * your callback function:
378 * - As you might expect, the setup packet will still be sitting at the start
379 * of the data buffer.
380 * - If this was a device-to-host transfer, the received data will be sitting
381 * at offset LIBUSB_CONTROL_SETUP_SIZE into the buffer.
382 * - The actual_length field of the transfer structure is relative to the
383 * wLength of the setup packet, rather than the size of the data buffer. So,
384 * if your wLength was 4, your transfer's <tt>length</tt> was 12, then you
385 * should expect an <tt>actual_length</tt> of 4 to indicate that the data was
386 * transferred in entirity.
388 * To simplify parsing of setup packets and obtaining the data from the
389 * correct offset, you may wish to use the libusb_control_transfer_get_data()
390 * and libusb_control_transfer_get_setup() functions within your transfer
393 * Even though control endpoints do not halt, a completed control transfer
394 * may have a LIBUSB_TRANSFER_STALL status code. This indicates the control
395 * request was not supported.
397 * \section asyncintr Considerations for interrupt transfers
399 * All interrupt transfers are performed using the polling interval presented
400 * by the bInterval value of the endpoint descriptor.
402 * \section asynciso Considerations for isochronous transfers
404 * Isochronous transfers are more complicated than transfers to
405 * non-isochronous endpoints.
407 * To perform I/O to an isochronous endpoint, allocate the transfer by calling
408 * libusb_alloc_transfer() with an appropriate number of isochronous packets.
410 * During filling, set \ref libusb_transfer::type "type" to
411 * \ref libusb_transfer_type::LIBUSB_TRANSFER_TYPE_ISOCHRONOUS
412 * "LIBUSB_TRANSFER_TYPE_ISOCHRONOUS", and set
413 * \ref libusb_transfer::num_iso_packets "num_iso_packets" to a value less than
414 * or equal to the number of packets you requested during allocation.
415 * libusb_alloc_transfer() does not set either of these fields for you, given
416 * that you might not even use the transfer on an isochronous endpoint.
418 * Next, populate the length field for the first num_iso_packets entries in
419 * the \ref libusb_transfer::iso_packet_desc "iso_packet_desc" array. Section
420 * 5.6.3 of the USB2 specifications describe how the maximum isochronous
421 * packet length is determined by the wMaxPacketSize field in the endpoint
423 * Two functions can help you here:
425 * - libusb_get_max_iso_packet_size() is an easy way to determine the max
426 * packet size for an isochronous endpoint. Note that the maximum packet
427 * size is actually the maximum number of bytes that can be transmitted in
428 * a single microframe, therefore this function multiplies the maximum number
429 * of bytes per transaction by the number of transaction opportunities per
431 * - libusb_set_iso_packet_lengths() assigns the same length to all packets
432 * within a transfer, which is usually what you want.
434 * For outgoing transfers, you'll obviously fill the buffer and populate the
435 * packet descriptors in hope that all the data gets transferred. For incoming
436 * transfers, you must ensure the buffer has sufficient capacity for
437 * the situation where all packets transfer the full amount of requested data.
439 * Completion handling requires some extra consideration. The
440 * \ref libusb_transfer::actual_length "actual_length" field of the transfer
441 * is meaningless and should not be examined; instead you must refer to the
442 * \ref libusb_iso_packet_descriptor::actual_length "actual_length" field of
443 * each individual packet.
445 * The \ref libusb_transfer::status "status" field of the transfer is also a
447 * - If the packets were submitted and the isochronous data microframes
448 * completed normally, status will have value
449 * \ref libusb_transfer_status::LIBUSB_TRANSFER_COMPLETED
450 * "LIBUSB_TRANSFER_COMPLETED". Note that bus errors and software-incurred
451 * delays are not counted as transfer errors; the transfer.status field may
452 * indicate COMPLETED even if some or all of the packets failed. Refer to
453 * the \ref libusb_iso_packet_descriptor::status "status" field of each
454 * individual packet to determine packet failures.
455 * - The status field will have value
456 * \ref libusb_transfer_status::LIBUSB_TRANSFER_ERROR
457 * "LIBUSB_TRANSFER_ERROR" only when serious errors were encountered.
458 * - Other transfer status codes occur with normal behaviour.
460 * The data for each packet will be found at an offset into the buffer that
461 * can be calculated as if each prior packet completed in full. The
462 * libusb_get_iso_packet_buffer() and libusb_get_iso_packet_buffer_simple()
463 * functions may help you here.
465 * <b>Note</b>: Some operating systems (e.g. Linux) may impose limits on the
466 * length of individual isochronous packets and/or the total length of the
467 * isochronous transfer. Such limits can be difficult for libusb to detect,
468 * so the library will simply try and submit the transfer as set up by you.
469 * If the transfer fails to submit because it is too large,
470 * libusb_submit_transfer() will return
471 * \ref libusb_error::LIBUSB_ERROR_INVALID_PARAM "LIBUSB_ERROR_INVALID_PARAM".
473 * \section asyncmem Memory caveats
475 * In most circumstances, it is not safe to use stack memory for transfer
476 * buffers. This is because the function that fired off the asynchronous
477 * transfer may return before libusb has finished using the buffer, and when
478 * the function returns it's stack gets destroyed. This is true for both
479 * host-to-device and device-to-host transfers.
481 * The only case in which it is safe to use stack memory is where you can
482 * guarantee that the function owning the stack space for the buffer does not
483 * return until after the transfer's callback function has completed. In every
484 * other case, you need to use heap memory instead.
486 * \section asyncflags Fine control
488 * Through using this asynchronous interface, you may find yourself repeating
489 * a few simple operations many times. You can apply a bitwise OR of certain
490 * flags to a transfer to simplify certain things:
491 * - \ref libusb_transfer_flags::LIBUSB_TRANSFER_SHORT_NOT_OK
492 * "LIBUSB_TRANSFER_SHORT_NOT_OK" results in transfers which transferred
493 * less than the requested amount of data being marked with status
494 * \ref libusb_transfer_status::LIBUSB_TRANSFER_ERROR "LIBUSB_TRANSFER_ERROR"
495 * (they would normally be regarded as COMPLETED)
496 * - \ref libusb_transfer_flags::LIBUSB_TRANSFER_FREE_BUFFER
497 * "LIBUSB_TRANSFER_FREE_BUFFER" allows you to ask libusb to free the transfer
498 * buffer when freeing the transfer.
499 * - \ref libusb_transfer_flags::LIBUSB_TRANSFER_FREE_TRANSFER
500 * "LIBUSB_TRANSFER_FREE_TRANSFER" causes libusb to automatically free the
501 * transfer after the transfer callback returns.
503 * \section asyncevent Event handling
505 * An asynchronous model requires that libusb perform work at various
506 * points in time - namely processing the results of previously-submitted
507 * transfers and invoking the user-supplied callback function.
509 * This gives rise to the libusb_handle_events() function which your
510 * application must call into when libusb has work do to. This gives libusb
511 * the opportunity to reap pending transfers, invoke callbacks, etc.
513 * There are 2 different approaches to dealing with libusb_handle_events:
515 * -# Repeatedly call libusb_handle_events() in blocking mode from a dedicated
517 * -# Integrate libusb with your application's main event loop. libusb
518 * exposes a set of file descriptors which allow you to do this.
520 * The first approach has the big advantage that it will also work on Windows
521 * were libusb' poll API for select / poll integration is not available. So
522 * if you want to support Windows and use the async API, you must use this
523 * approach, see the \ref eventthread "Using an event handling thread" section
526 * If you prefer a single threaded approach with a single central event loop,
527 * see the \ref libusb_poll "polling and timing" section for how to integrate libusb
528 * into your application's main event loop.
530 * \section eventthread Using an event handling thread
532 * Lets begin with stating the obvious: If you're going to use a separate
533 * thread for libusb event handling, your callback functions MUST be
536 * Other then that doing event handling from a separate thread, is mostly
537 * simple. You can use an event thread function as follows:
539 void *event_thread_func(void *ctx)
541 while (event_thread_run)
542 libusb_handle_events(ctx);
548 * There is one caveat though, stopping this thread requires setting the
549 * event_thread_run variable to 0, and after that libusb_handle_events() needs
550 * to return control to event_thread_func. But unless some event happens,
551 * libusb_handle_events() will not return.
553 * There are 2 different ways of dealing with this, depending on if your
554 * application uses libusb' \ref libusb_hotplug "hotplug" support or not.
556 * Applications which do not use hotplug support, should not start the event
557 * thread until after their first call to libusb_open(), and should stop the
558 * thread when closing the last open device as follows:
560 void my_close_handle(libusb_device_handle *dev_handle)
563 event_thread_run = 0;
565 libusb_close(dev_handle); // This wakes up libusb_handle_events()
568 pthread_join(event_thread);
574 * Applications using hotplug support should start the thread at program init,
575 * after having successfully called libusb_hotplug_register_callback(), and
576 * should stop the thread at program exit as follows:
578 void my_libusb_exit(void)
580 event_thread_run = 0;
581 libusb_hotplug_deregister_callback(ctx, hotplug_cb_handle); // This wakes up libusb_handle_events()
582 pthread_join(event_thread);
589 * @defgroup libusb_poll Polling and timing
591 * This page documents libusb's functions for polling events and timing.
592 * These functions are only necessary for users of the
593 * \ref libusb_asyncio "asynchronous API". If you are only using the simpler
594 * \ref libusb_syncio "synchronous API" then you do not need to ever call these
597 * The justification for the functionality described here has already been
598 * discussed in the \ref asyncevent "event handling" section of the
599 * asynchronous API documentation. In summary, libusb does not create internal
600 * threads for event processing and hence relies on your application calling
601 * into libusb at certain points in time so that pending events can be handled.
603 * Your main loop is probably already calling poll() or select() or a
604 * variant on a set of file descriptors for other event sources (e.g. keyboard
605 * button presses, mouse movements, network sockets, etc). You then add
606 * libusb's file descriptors to your poll()/select() calls, and when activity
607 * is detected on such descriptors you know it is time to call
608 * libusb_handle_events().
610 * There is one final event handling complication. libusb supports
611 * asynchronous transfers which time out after a specified time period.
613 * On some platforms a timerfd is used, so the timeout handling is just another
614 * fd, on other platforms this requires that libusb is called into at or after
615 * the timeout to handle it. So, in addition to considering libusb's file
616 * descriptors in your main event loop, you must also consider that libusb
617 * sometimes needs to be called into at fixed points in time even when there
618 * is no file descriptor activity, see \ref polltime details.
620 * In order to know precisely when libusb needs to be called into, libusb
621 * offers you a set of pollable file descriptors and information about when
622 * the next timeout expires.
624 * If you are using the asynchronous I/O API, you must take one of the two
625 * following options, otherwise your I/O will not complete.
627 * \section pollsimple The simple option
629 * If your application revolves solely around libusb and does not need to
630 * handle other event sources, you can have a program structure as follows:
633 // find and open device
634 // maybe fire off some initial async I/O
636 while (user_has_not_requested_exit)
637 libusb_handle_events(ctx);
642 * With such a simple main loop, you do not have to worry about managing
643 * sets of file descriptors or handling timeouts. libusb_handle_events() will
644 * handle those details internally.
646 * \section libusb_pollmain The more advanced option
648 * \note This functionality is currently only available on Unix-like platforms.
649 * On Windows, libusb_get_pollfds() simply returns NULL. Applications which
650 * want to support Windows are advised to use an \ref eventthread
651 * "event handling thread" instead.
653 * In more advanced applications, you will already have a main loop which
654 * is monitoring other event sources: network sockets, X11 events, mouse
655 * movements, etc. Through exposing a set of file descriptors, libusb is
656 * designed to cleanly integrate into such main loops.
658 * In addition to polling file descriptors for the other event sources, you
659 * take a set of file descriptors from libusb and monitor those too. When you
660 * detect activity on libusb's file descriptors, you call
661 * libusb_handle_events_timeout() in non-blocking mode.
663 * What's more, libusb may also need to handle events at specific moments in
664 * time. No file descriptor activity is generated at these times, so your
665 * own application needs to be continually aware of when the next one of these
666 * moments occurs (through calling libusb_get_next_timeout()), and then it
667 * needs to call libusb_handle_events_timeout() in non-blocking mode when
668 * these moments occur. This means that you need to adjust your
669 * poll()/select() timeout accordingly.
671 * libusb provides you with a set of file descriptors to poll and expects you
672 * to poll all of them, treating them as a single entity. The meaning of each
673 * file descriptor in the set is an internal implementation detail,
674 * platform-dependent and may vary from release to release. Don't try and
675 * interpret the meaning of the file descriptors, just do as libusb indicates,
676 * polling all of them at once.
678 * In pseudo-code, you want something that looks like:
682 libusb_get_pollfds(ctx)
683 while (user has not requested application exit) {
684 libusb_get_next_timeout(ctx);
685 poll(on libusb file descriptors plus any other event sources of interest,
686 using a timeout no larger than the value libusb just suggested)
687 if (poll() indicated activity on libusb file descriptors)
688 libusb_handle_events_timeout(ctx, &zero_tv);
689 if (time has elapsed to or beyond the libusb timeout)
690 libusb_handle_events_timeout(ctx, &zero_tv);
691 // handle events from other sources here
697 * \subsection polltime Notes on time-based events
699 * The above complication with having to track time and call into libusb at
700 * specific moments is a bit of a headache. For maximum compatibility, you do
701 * need to write your main loop as above, but you may decide that you can
702 * restrict the supported platforms of your application and get away with
703 * a more simplistic scheme.
705 * These time-based event complications are \b not required on the following
708 * - Linux, provided that the following version requirements are satisfied:
709 * - Linux v2.6.27 or newer, compiled with timerfd support
710 * - glibc v2.9 or newer
711 * - libusb v1.0.5 or newer
713 * Under these configurations, libusb_get_next_timeout() will \em always return
714 * 0, so your main loop can be simplified to:
718 libusb_get_pollfds(ctx)
719 while (user has not requested application exit) {
720 poll(on libusb file descriptors plus any other event sources of interest,
721 using any timeout that you like)
722 if (poll() indicated activity on libusb file descriptors)
723 libusb_handle_events_timeout(ctx, &zero_tv);
724 // handle events from other sources here
730 * Do remember that if you simplify your main loop to the above, you will
731 * lose compatibility with some platforms (including legacy Linux platforms,
732 * and <em>any future platforms supported by libusb which may have time-based
733 * event requirements</em>). The resultant problems will likely appear as
734 * strange bugs in your application.
736 * You can use the libusb_pollfds_handle_timeouts() function to do a runtime
737 * check to see if it is safe to ignore the time-based event complications.
738 * If your application has taken the shortcut of ignoring libusb's next timeout
739 * in your main loop, then you are advised to check the return value of
740 * libusb_pollfds_handle_timeouts() during application startup, and to abort
741 * if the platform does suffer from these timing complications.
743 * \subsection fdsetchange Changes in the file descriptor set
745 * The set of file descriptors that libusb uses as event sources may change
746 * during the life of your application. Rather than having to repeatedly
747 * call libusb_get_pollfds(), you can set up notification functions for when
748 * the file descriptor set changes using libusb_set_pollfd_notifiers().
750 * \subsection mtissues Multi-threaded considerations
752 * Unfortunately, the situation is complicated further when multiple threads
753 * come into play. If two threads are monitoring the same file descriptors,
754 * the fact that only one thread will be woken up when an event occurs causes
757 * The events lock, event waiters lock, and libusb_handle_events_locked()
758 * entities are added to solve these problems. You do not need to be concerned
759 * with these entities otherwise.
761 * See the extra documentation: \ref libusb_mtasync
764 /** \page libusb_mtasync Multi-threaded applications and asynchronous I/O
766 * libusb is a thread-safe library, but extra considerations must be applied
767 * to applications which interact with libusb from multiple threads.
769 * The underlying issue that must be addressed is that all libusb I/O
770 * revolves around monitoring file descriptors through the poll()/select()
771 * system calls. This is directly exposed at the
772 * \ref libusb_asyncio "asynchronous interface" but it is important to note that the
773 * \ref libusb_syncio "synchronous interface" is implemented on top of the
774 * asynchonrous interface, therefore the same considerations apply.
776 * The issue is that if two or more threads are concurrently calling poll()
777 * or select() on libusb's file descriptors then only one of those threads
778 * will be woken up when an event arrives. The others will be completely
779 * oblivious that anything has happened.
781 * Consider the following pseudo-code, which submits an asynchronous transfer
782 * then waits for its completion. This style is one way you could implement a
783 * synchronous interface on top of the asynchronous interface (and libusb
784 * does something similar, albeit more advanced due to the complications
785 * explained on this page).
788 void cb(struct libusb_transfer *transfer)
790 int *completed = transfer->user_data;
795 struct libusb_transfer *transfer;
796 unsigned char buffer[LIBUSB_CONTROL_SETUP_SIZE] __attribute__ ((aligned (2)));
799 transfer = libusb_alloc_transfer(0);
800 libusb_fill_control_setup(buffer,
801 LIBUSB_REQUEST_TYPE_VENDOR | LIBUSB_ENDPOINT_OUT, 0x04, 0x01, 0, 0);
802 libusb_fill_control_transfer(transfer, dev, buffer, cb, &completed, 1000);
803 libusb_submit_transfer(transfer);
806 poll(libusb file descriptors, 120*1000);
807 if (poll indicates activity)
808 libusb_handle_events_timeout(ctx, &zero_tv);
810 printf("completed!");
815 * Here we are <em>serializing</em> completion of an asynchronous event
816 * against a condition - the condition being completion of a specific transfer.
817 * The poll() loop has a long timeout to minimize CPU usage during situations
818 * when nothing is happening (it could reasonably be unlimited).
820 * If this is the only thread that is polling libusb's file descriptors, there
821 * is no problem: there is no danger that another thread will swallow up the
822 * event that we are interested in. On the other hand, if there is another
823 * thread polling the same descriptors, there is a chance that it will receive
824 * the event that we were interested in. In this situation, <tt>myfunc()</tt>
825 * will only realise that the transfer has completed on the next iteration of
826 * the loop, <em>up to 120 seconds later.</em> Clearly a two-minute delay is
827 * undesirable, and don't even think about using short timeouts to circumvent
830 * The solution here is to ensure that no two threads are ever polling the
831 * file descriptors at the same time. A naive implementation of this would
832 * impact the capabilities of the library, so libusb offers the scheme
833 * documented below to ensure no loss of functionality.
835 * Before we go any further, it is worth mentioning that all libusb-wrapped
836 * event handling procedures fully adhere to the scheme documented below.
837 * This includes libusb_handle_events() and its variants, and all the
838 * synchronous I/O functions - libusb hides this headache from you.
840 * \section Using libusb_handle_events() from multiple threads
842 * Even when only using libusb_handle_events() and synchronous I/O functions,
843 * you can still have a race condition. You might be tempted to solve the
844 * above with libusb_handle_events() like so:
847 libusb_submit_transfer(transfer);
850 libusb_handle_events(ctx);
852 printf("completed!");
855 * This however has a race between the checking of completed and
856 * libusb_handle_events() acquiring the events lock, so another thread
857 * could have completed the transfer, resulting in this thread hanging
858 * until either a timeout or another event occurs. See also commit
859 * 6696512aade99bb15d6792af90ae329af270eba6 which fixes this in the
860 * synchronous API implementation of libusb.
862 * Fixing this race requires checking the variable completed only after
863 * taking the event lock, which defeats the concept of just calling
864 * libusb_handle_events() without worrying about locking. This is why
865 * libusb-1.0.9 introduces the new libusb_handle_events_timeout_completed()
866 * and libusb_handle_events_completed() functions, which handles doing the
867 * completion check for you after they have acquired the lock:
870 libusb_submit_transfer(transfer);
873 libusb_handle_events_completed(ctx, &completed);
875 printf("completed!");
878 * This nicely fixes the race in our example. Note that if all you want to
879 * do is submit a single transfer and wait for its completion, then using
880 * one of the synchronous I/O functions is much easier.
882 * \section eventlock The events lock
884 * The problem is when we consider the fact that libusb exposes file
885 * descriptors to allow for you to integrate asynchronous USB I/O into
886 * existing main loops, effectively allowing you to do some work behind
887 * libusb's back. If you do take libusb's file descriptors and pass them to
888 * poll()/select() yourself, you need to be aware of the associated issues.
890 * The first concept to be introduced is the events lock. The events lock
891 * is used to serialize threads that want to handle events, such that only
892 * one thread is handling events at any one time.
894 * You must take the events lock before polling libusb file descriptors,
895 * using libusb_lock_events(). You must release the lock as soon as you have
896 * aborted your poll()/select() loop, using libusb_unlock_events().
898 * \section threadwait Letting other threads do the work for you
900 * Although the events lock is a critical part of the solution, it is not
901 * enough on it's own. You might wonder if the following is sufficient...
903 libusb_lock_events(ctx);
905 poll(libusb file descriptors, 120*1000);
906 if (poll indicates activity)
907 libusb_handle_events_timeout(ctx, &zero_tv);
909 libusb_unlock_events(ctx);
911 * ...and the answer is that it is not. This is because the transfer in the
912 * code shown above may take a long time (say 30 seconds) to complete, and
913 * the lock is not released until the transfer is completed.
915 * Another thread with similar code that wants to do event handling may be
916 * working with a transfer that completes after a few milliseconds. Despite
917 * having such a quick completion time, the other thread cannot check that
918 * status of its transfer until the code above has finished (30 seconds later)
919 * due to contention on the lock.
921 * To solve this, libusb offers you a mechanism to determine when another
922 * thread is handling events. It also offers a mechanism to block your thread
923 * until the event handling thread has completed an event (and this mechanism
924 * does not involve polling of file descriptors).
926 * After determining that another thread is currently handling events, you
927 * obtain the <em>event waiters</em> lock using libusb_lock_event_waiters().
928 * You then re-check that some other thread is still handling events, and if
929 * so, you call libusb_wait_for_event().
931 * libusb_wait_for_event() puts your application to sleep until an event
932 * occurs, or until a thread releases the events lock. When either of these
933 * things happen, your thread is woken up, and should re-check the condition
934 * it was waiting on. It should also re-check that another thread is handling
935 * events, and if not, it should start handling events itself.
937 * This looks like the following, as pseudo-code:
940 if (libusb_try_lock_events(ctx) == 0) {
941 // we obtained the event lock: do our own event handling
943 if (!libusb_event_handling_ok(ctx)) {
944 libusb_unlock_events(ctx);
947 poll(libusb file descriptors, 120*1000);
948 if (poll indicates activity)
949 libusb_handle_events_locked(ctx, 0);
951 libusb_unlock_events(ctx);
953 // another thread is doing event handling. wait for it to signal us that
954 // an event has completed
955 libusb_lock_event_waiters(ctx);
958 // now that we have the event waiters lock, double check that another
959 // thread is still handling events for us. (it may have ceased handling
960 // events in the time it took us to reach this point)
961 if (!libusb_event_handler_active(ctx)) {
962 // whoever was handling events is no longer doing so, try again
963 libusb_unlock_event_waiters(ctx);
967 libusb_wait_for_event(ctx, NULL);
969 libusb_unlock_event_waiters(ctx);
971 printf("completed!\n");
974 * A naive look at the above code may suggest that this can only support
975 * one event waiter (hence a total of 2 competing threads, the other doing
976 * event handling), because the event waiter seems to have taken the event
977 * waiters lock while waiting for an event. However, the system does support
978 * multiple event waiters, because libusb_wait_for_event() actually drops
979 * the lock while waiting, and reaquires it before continuing.
981 * We have now implemented code which can dynamically handle situations where
982 * nobody is handling events (so we should do it ourselves), and it can also
983 * handle situations where another thread is doing event handling (so we can
984 * piggyback onto them). It is also equipped to handle a combination of
985 * the two, for example, another thread is doing event handling, but for
986 * whatever reason it stops doing so before our condition is met, so we take
987 * over the event handling.
989 * Four functions were introduced in the above pseudo-code. Their importance
990 * should be apparent from the code shown above.
991 * -# libusb_try_lock_events() is a non-blocking function which attempts
992 * to acquire the events lock but returns a failure code if it is contended.
993 * -# libusb_event_handling_ok() checks that libusb is still happy for your
994 * thread to be performing event handling. Sometimes, libusb needs to
995 * interrupt the event handler, and this is how you can check if you have
996 * been interrupted. If this function returns 0, the correct behaviour is
997 * for you to give up the event handling lock, and then to repeat the cycle.
998 * The following libusb_try_lock_events() will fail, so you will become an
999 * events waiter. For more information on this, read \ref fullstory below.
1000 * -# libusb_handle_events_locked() is a variant of
1001 * libusb_handle_events_timeout() that you can call while holding the
1002 * events lock. libusb_handle_events_timeout() itself implements similar
1003 * logic to the above, so be sure not to call it when you are
1004 * "working behind libusb's back", as is the case here.
1005 * -# libusb_event_handler_active() determines if someone is currently
1006 * holding the events lock
1008 * You might be wondering why there is no function to wake up all threads
1009 * blocked on libusb_wait_for_event(). This is because libusb can do this
1010 * internally: it will wake up all such threads when someone calls
1011 * libusb_unlock_events() or when a transfer completes (at the point after its
1012 * callback has returned).
1014 * \subsection fullstory The full story
1016 * The above explanation should be enough to get you going, but if you're
1017 * really thinking through the issues then you may be left with some more
1018 * questions regarding libusb's internals. If you're curious, read on, and if
1019 * not, skip to the next section to avoid confusing yourself!
1021 * The immediate question that may spring to mind is: what if one thread
1022 * modifies the set of file descriptors that need to be polled while another
1023 * thread is doing event handling?
1025 * There are 2 situations in which this may happen.
1026 * -# libusb_open() will add another file descriptor to the poll set,
1027 * therefore it is desirable to interrupt the event handler so that it
1028 * restarts, picking up the new descriptor.
1029 * -# libusb_close() will remove a file descriptor from the poll set. There
1030 * are all kinds of race conditions that could arise here, so it is
1031 * important that nobody is doing event handling at this time.
1033 * libusb handles these issues internally, so application developers do not
1034 * have to stop their event handlers while opening/closing devices. Here's how
1035 * it works, focusing on the libusb_close() situation first:
1037 * -# During initialization, libusb opens an internal pipe, and it adds the read
1038 * end of this pipe to the set of file descriptors to be polled.
1039 * -# During libusb_close(), libusb writes some dummy data on this event pipe.
1040 * This immediately interrupts the event handler. libusb also records
1041 * internally that it is trying to interrupt event handlers for this
1042 * high-priority event.
1043 * -# At this point, some of the functions described above start behaving
1045 * - libusb_event_handling_ok() starts returning 1, indicating that it is NOT
1046 * OK for event handling to continue.
1047 * - libusb_try_lock_events() starts returning 1, indicating that another
1048 * thread holds the event handling lock, even if the lock is uncontended.
1049 * - libusb_event_handler_active() starts returning 1, indicating that
1050 * another thread is doing event handling, even if that is not true.
1051 * -# The above changes in behaviour result in the event handler stopping and
1052 * giving up the events lock very quickly, giving the high-priority
1053 * libusb_close() operation a "free ride" to acquire the events lock. All
1054 * threads that are competing to do event handling become event waiters.
1055 * -# With the events lock held inside libusb_close(), libusb can safely remove
1056 * a file descriptor from the poll set, in the safety of knowledge that
1057 * nobody is polling those descriptors or trying to access the poll set.
1058 * -# After obtaining the events lock, the close operation completes very
1059 * quickly (usually a matter of milliseconds) and then immediately releases
1061 * -# At the same time, the behaviour of libusb_event_handling_ok() and friends
1062 * reverts to the original, documented behaviour.
1063 * -# The release of the events lock causes the threads that are waiting for
1064 * events to be woken up and to start competing to become event handlers
1065 * again. One of them will succeed; it will then re-obtain the list of poll
1066 * descriptors, and USB I/O will then continue as normal.
1068 * libusb_open() is similar, and is actually a more simplistic case. Upon a
1069 * call to libusb_open():
1071 * -# The device is opened and a file descriptor is added to the poll set.
1072 * -# libusb sends some dummy data on the event pipe, and records that it
1073 * is trying to modify the poll descriptor set.
1074 * -# The event handler is interrupted, and the same behaviour change as for
1075 * libusb_close() takes effect, causing all event handling threads to become
1077 * -# The libusb_open() implementation takes its free ride to the events lock.
1078 * -# Happy that it has successfully paused the events handler, libusb_open()
1079 * releases the events lock.
1080 * -# The event waiter threads are all woken up and compete to become event
1081 * handlers again. The one that succeeds will obtain the list of poll
1082 * descriptors again, which will include the addition of the new device.
1084 * \subsection concl Closing remarks
1086 * The above may seem a little complicated, but hopefully I have made it clear
1087 * why such complications are necessary. Also, do not forget that this only
1088 * applies to applications that take libusb's file descriptors and integrate
1089 * them into their own polling loops.
1091 * You may decide that it is OK for your multi-threaded application to ignore
1092 * some of the rules and locks detailed above, because you don't think that
1093 * two threads can ever be polling the descriptors at the same time. If that
1094 * is the case, then that's good news for you because you don't have to worry.
1095 * But be careful here; remember that the synchronous I/O functions do event
1096 * handling internally. If you have one thread doing event handling in a loop
1097 * (without implementing the rules and locking semantics documented above)
1098 * and another trying to send a synchronous USB transfer, you will end up with
1099 * two threads monitoring the same descriptors, and the above-described
1100 * undesirable behaviour occurring. The solution is for your polling thread to
1101 * play by the rules; the synchronous I/O functions do so, and this will result
1102 * in them getting along in perfect harmony.
1104 * If you do have a dedicated thread doing event handling, it is perfectly
1105 * legal for it to take the event handling lock for long periods of time. Any
1106 * synchronous I/O functions you call from other threads will transparently
1107 * fall back to the "event waiters" mechanism detailed above. The only
1108 * consideration that your event handling thread must apply is the one related
1109 * to libusb_event_handling_ok(): you must call this before every poll(), and
1110 * give up the events lock if instructed.
1113 int usbi_io_init(struct libusb_context *ctx)
1117 usbi_mutex_init(&ctx->flying_transfers_lock);
1118 usbi_mutex_init(&ctx->events_lock);
1119 usbi_mutex_init(&ctx->event_waiters_lock);
1120 usbi_cond_init(&ctx->event_waiters_cond);
1121 usbi_mutex_init(&ctx->event_data_lock);
1122 usbi_tls_key_create(&ctx->event_handling_key);
1123 list_init(&ctx->flying_transfers);
1124 list_init(&ctx->ipollfds);
1125 list_init(&ctx->removed_ipollfds);
1126 list_init(&ctx->hotplug_msgs);
1127 list_init(&ctx->completed_transfers);
1129 /* FIXME should use an eventfd on kernels that support it */
1130 r = usbi_pipe(ctx->event_pipe);
1132 r = LIBUSB_ERROR_OTHER;
1136 r = usbi_add_pollfd(ctx, ctx->event_pipe[0], POLLIN);
1138 goto err_close_pipe;
1141 ctx->timerfd = timerfd_create(usbi_backend.get_timerfd_clockid(),
1142 TFD_NONBLOCK | TFD_CLOEXEC);
1143 if (ctx->timerfd >= 0) {
1144 usbi_dbg("using timerfd for timeouts");
1145 r = usbi_add_pollfd(ctx, ctx->timerfd, POLLIN);
1147 goto err_close_timerfd;
1149 usbi_dbg("timerfd not available, errno=%d", errno);
1157 close(ctx->timerfd);
1158 usbi_remove_pollfd(ctx, ctx->event_pipe[0]);
1161 usbi_close(ctx->event_pipe[0]);
1162 usbi_close(ctx->event_pipe[1]);
1164 usbi_mutex_destroy(&ctx->flying_transfers_lock);
1165 usbi_mutex_destroy(&ctx->events_lock);
1166 usbi_mutex_destroy(&ctx->event_waiters_lock);
1167 usbi_cond_destroy(&ctx->event_waiters_cond);
1168 usbi_mutex_destroy(&ctx->event_data_lock);
1169 usbi_tls_key_delete(ctx->event_handling_key);
1173 static void cleanup_removed_pollfds(struct libusb_context *ctx)
1175 struct usbi_pollfd *ipollfd, *tmp;
1176 list_for_each_entry_safe(ipollfd, tmp, &ctx->removed_ipollfds, list, struct usbi_pollfd) {
1177 list_del(&ipollfd->list);
1182 void usbi_io_exit(struct libusb_context *ctx)
1184 usbi_remove_pollfd(ctx, ctx->event_pipe[0]);
1185 usbi_close(ctx->event_pipe[0]);
1186 usbi_close(ctx->event_pipe[1]);
1188 if (usbi_using_timerfd(ctx)) {
1189 usbi_remove_pollfd(ctx, ctx->timerfd);
1190 close(ctx->timerfd);
1193 usbi_mutex_destroy(&ctx->flying_transfers_lock);
1194 usbi_mutex_destroy(&ctx->events_lock);
1195 usbi_mutex_destroy(&ctx->event_waiters_lock);
1196 usbi_cond_destroy(&ctx->event_waiters_cond);
1197 usbi_mutex_destroy(&ctx->event_data_lock);
1198 usbi_tls_key_delete(ctx->event_handling_key);
1200 cleanup_removed_pollfds(ctx);
1203 static int calculate_timeout(struct usbi_transfer *transfer)
1206 struct timespec current_time;
1207 unsigned int timeout =
1208 USBI_TRANSFER_TO_LIBUSB_TRANSFER(transfer)->timeout;
1211 timerclear(&transfer->timeout);
1215 r = usbi_backend.clock_gettime(USBI_CLOCK_MONOTONIC, ¤t_time);
1217 usbi_err(ITRANSFER_CTX(transfer),
1218 "failed to read monotonic clock, errno=%d", errno);
1222 current_time.tv_sec += timeout / 1000;
1223 current_time.tv_nsec += (timeout % 1000) * 1000000;
1225 while (current_time.tv_nsec >= 1000000000) {
1226 current_time.tv_nsec -= 1000000000;
1227 current_time.tv_sec++;
1230 TIMESPEC_TO_TIMEVAL(&transfer->timeout, ¤t_time);
1234 /** \ingroup libusb_asyncio
1235 * Allocate a libusb transfer with a specified number of isochronous packet
1236 * descriptors. The returned transfer is pre-initialized for you. When the new
1237 * transfer is no longer needed, it should be freed with
1238 * libusb_free_transfer().
1240 * Transfers intended for non-isochronous endpoints (e.g. control, bulk,
1241 * interrupt) should specify an iso_packets count of zero.
1243 * For transfers intended for isochronous endpoints, specify an appropriate
1244 * number of packet descriptors to be allocated as part of the transfer.
1245 * The returned transfer is not specially initialized for isochronous I/O;
1246 * you are still required to set the
1247 * \ref libusb_transfer::num_iso_packets "num_iso_packets" and
1248 * \ref libusb_transfer::type "type" fields accordingly.
1250 * It is safe to allocate a transfer with some isochronous packets and then
1251 * use it on a non-isochronous endpoint. If you do this, ensure that at time
1252 * of submission, num_iso_packets is 0 and that type is set appropriately.
1254 * \param iso_packets number of isochronous packet descriptors to allocate. Must be non-negative.
1255 * \returns a newly allocated transfer, or NULL on error
1258 struct libusb_transfer * LIBUSB_CALL libusb_alloc_transfer(
1261 struct libusb_transfer *transfer;
1262 size_t os_alloc_size;
1264 struct usbi_transfer *itransfer;
1266 assert(iso_packets >= 0);
1268 os_alloc_size = usbi_backend.transfer_priv_size;
1269 alloc_size = sizeof(struct usbi_transfer)
1270 + sizeof(struct libusb_transfer)
1271 + (sizeof(struct libusb_iso_packet_descriptor) * (size_t)iso_packets)
1273 itransfer = calloc(1, alloc_size);
1277 itransfer->num_iso_packets = iso_packets;
1278 usbi_mutex_init(&itransfer->lock);
1279 transfer = USBI_TRANSFER_TO_LIBUSB_TRANSFER(itransfer);
1280 usbi_dbg("transfer %p", transfer);
1284 /** \ingroup libusb_asyncio
1285 * Free a transfer structure. This should be called for all transfers
1286 * allocated with libusb_alloc_transfer().
1288 * If the \ref libusb_transfer_flags::LIBUSB_TRANSFER_FREE_BUFFER
1289 * "LIBUSB_TRANSFER_FREE_BUFFER" flag is set and the transfer buffer is
1290 * non-NULL, this function will also free the transfer buffer using the
1291 * standard system memory allocator (e.g. free()).
1293 * It is legal to call this function with a NULL transfer. In this case,
1294 * the function will simply return safely.
1296 * It is not legal to free an active transfer (one which has been submitted
1297 * and has not yet completed).
1299 * \param transfer the transfer to free
1301 void API_EXPORTED libusb_free_transfer(struct libusb_transfer *transfer)
1303 struct usbi_transfer *itransfer;
1307 usbi_dbg("transfer %p", transfer);
1308 if (transfer->flags & LIBUSB_TRANSFER_FREE_BUFFER)
1309 free(transfer->buffer);
1311 itransfer = LIBUSB_TRANSFER_TO_USBI_TRANSFER(transfer);
1312 usbi_mutex_destroy(&itransfer->lock);
1317 static int disarm_timerfd(struct libusb_context *ctx)
1319 const struct itimerspec disarm_timer = { { 0, 0 }, { 0, 0 } };
1323 r = timerfd_settime(ctx->timerfd, 0, &disarm_timer, NULL);
1325 return LIBUSB_ERROR_OTHER;
1330 /* iterates through the flying transfers, and rearms the timerfd based on the
1331 * next upcoming timeout.
1332 * must be called with flying_list locked.
1333 * returns 0 on success or a LIBUSB_ERROR code on failure.
1335 static int arm_timerfd_for_next_timeout(struct libusb_context *ctx)
1337 struct usbi_transfer *transfer;
1339 list_for_each_entry(transfer, &ctx->flying_transfers, list, struct usbi_transfer) {
1340 struct timeval *cur_tv = &transfer->timeout;
1342 /* if we've reached transfers of infinite timeout, then we have no
1344 if (!timerisset(cur_tv))
1347 /* act on first transfer that has not already been handled */
1348 if (!(transfer->timeout_flags & (USBI_TRANSFER_TIMEOUT_HANDLED | USBI_TRANSFER_OS_HANDLES_TIMEOUT))) {
1350 const struct itimerspec it = { {0, 0},
1351 { cur_tv->tv_sec, cur_tv->tv_usec * 1000 } };
1352 usbi_dbg("next timeout originally %dms", USBI_TRANSFER_TO_LIBUSB_TRANSFER(transfer)->timeout);
1353 r = timerfd_settime(ctx->timerfd, TFD_TIMER_ABSTIME, &it, NULL);
1355 return LIBUSB_ERROR_OTHER;
1361 return disarm_timerfd(ctx);
1364 static int arm_timerfd_for_next_timeout(struct libusb_context *ctx)
1371 /* add a transfer to the (timeout-sorted) active transfers list.
1372 * This function will return non 0 if fails to update the timer,
1373 * in which case the transfer is *not* on the flying_transfers list. */
1374 static int add_to_flying_list(struct usbi_transfer *transfer)
1376 struct usbi_transfer *cur;
1377 struct timeval *timeout = &transfer->timeout;
1378 struct libusb_context *ctx = ITRANSFER_CTX(transfer);
1382 r = calculate_timeout(transfer);
1386 /* if we have no other flying transfers, start the list with this one */
1387 if (list_empty(&ctx->flying_transfers)) {
1388 list_add(&transfer->list, &ctx->flying_transfers);
1392 /* if we have infinite timeout, append to end of list */
1393 if (!timerisset(timeout)) {
1394 list_add_tail(&transfer->list, &ctx->flying_transfers);
1395 /* first is irrelevant in this case */
1399 /* otherwise, find appropriate place in list */
1400 list_for_each_entry(cur, &ctx->flying_transfers, list, struct usbi_transfer) {
1401 /* find first timeout that occurs after the transfer in question */
1402 struct timeval *cur_tv = &cur->timeout;
1404 if (!timerisset(cur_tv) || (cur_tv->tv_sec > timeout->tv_sec) ||
1405 (cur_tv->tv_sec == timeout->tv_sec &&
1406 cur_tv->tv_usec > timeout->tv_usec)) {
1407 list_add_tail(&transfer->list, &cur->list);
1412 /* first is 0 at this stage (list not empty) */
1414 /* otherwise we need to be inserted at the end */
1415 list_add_tail(&transfer->list, &ctx->flying_transfers);
1418 if (first && usbi_using_timerfd(ctx) && timerisset(timeout)) {
1419 /* if this transfer has the lowest timeout of all active transfers,
1420 * rearm the timerfd with this transfer's timeout */
1421 const struct itimerspec it = { {0, 0},
1422 { timeout->tv_sec, timeout->tv_usec * 1000 } };
1423 usbi_dbg("arm timerfd for timeout in %dms (first in line)",
1424 USBI_TRANSFER_TO_LIBUSB_TRANSFER(transfer)->timeout);
1425 r = timerfd_settime(ctx->timerfd, TFD_TIMER_ABSTIME, &it, NULL);
1427 usbi_warn(ctx, "failed to arm first timerfd, errno=%d", errno);
1428 r = LIBUSB_ERROR_OTHER;
1436 list_del(&transfer->list);
1441 /* remove a transfer from the active transfers list.
1442 * This function will *always* remove the transfer from the
1443 * flying_transfers list. It will return a LIBUSB_ERROR code
1444 * if it fails to update the timer for the next timeout. */
1445 static int remove_from_flying_list(struct usbi_transfer *transfer)
1447 struct libusb_context *ctx = ITRANSFER_CTX(transfer);
1451 usbi_mutex_lock(&ctx->flying_transfers_lock);
1452 rearm_timerfd = (timerisset(&transfer->timeout) &&
1453 list_first_entry(&ctx->flying_transfers, struct usbi_transfer, list) == transfer);
1454 list_del(&transfer->list);
1455 if (usbi_using_timerfd(ctx) && rearm_timerfd)
1456 r = arm_timerfd_for_next_timeout(ctx);
1457 usbi_mutex_unlock(&ctx->flying_transfers_lock);
1462 /** \ingroup libusb_asyncio
1463 * Submit a transfer. This function will fire off the USB transfer and then
1464 * return immediately.
1466 * \param transfer the transfer to submit
1467 * \returns 0 on success
1468 * \returns LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_DEVICE if the device has been disconnected
1469 * \returns LIBUSB_ERROR_BUSY if the transfer has already been submitted.
1470 * \returns LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED if the transfer flags are not supported
1471 * by the operating system.
1472 * \returns LIBUSB_ERROR_INVALID_PARAM if the transfer size is larger than
1473 * the operating system and/or hardware can support
1474 * \returns another LIBUSB_ERROR code on other failure
1476 int API_EXPORTED libusb_submit_transfer(struct libusb_transfer *transfer)
1478 struct usbi_transfer *itransfer =
1479 LIBUSB_TRANSFER_TO_USBI_TRANSFER(transfer);
1480 struct libusb_context *ctx = TRANSFER_CTX(transfer);
1483 usbi_dbg("transfer %p", transfer);
1486 * Important note on locking, this function takes / releases locks
1487 * in the following order:
1488 * take flying_transfers_lock
1489 * take itransfer->lock
1491 * add to flying_transfers list
1492 * release flying_transfers_lock
1494 * release itransfer->lock
1496 * take flying_transfers_lock
1497 * remove from flying_transfers list
1498 * release flying_transfers_lock
1500 * Note that it takes locks in the order a-b and then releases them
1501 * in the same order a-b. This is somewhat unusual but not wrong,
1502 * release order is not important as long as *all* locks are released
1503 * before re-acquiring any locks.
1505 * This means that the ordering of first releasing itransfer->lock
1506 * and then re-acquiring the flying_transfers_list on error is
1507 * important and must not be changed!
1509 * This is done this way because when we take both locks we must always
1510 * take flying_transfers_lock first to avoid ab-ba style deadlocks with
1511 * the timeout handling and usbi_handle_disconnect paths.
1513 * And we cannot release itransfer->lock before the submission is
1514 * complete otherwise timeout handling for transfers with short
1515 * timeouts may run before submission.
1517 usbi_mutex_lock(&ctx->flying_transfers_lock);
1518 usbi_mutex_lock(&itransfer->lock);
1519 if (itransfer->state_flags & USBI_TRANSFER_IN_FLIGHT) {
1520 usbi_mutex_unlock(&ctx->flying_transfers_lock);
1521 usbi_mutex_unlock(&itransfer->lock);
1522 return LIBUSB_ERROR_BUSY;
1524 itransfer->transferred = 0;
1525 itransfer->state_flags = 0;
1526 itransfer->timeout_flags = 0;
1527 r = add_to_flying_list(itransfer);
1529 usbi_mutex_unlock(&ctx->flying_transfers_lock);
1530 usbi_mutex_unlock(&itransfer->lock);
1534 * We must release the flying transfers lock here, because with
1535 * some backends the submit_transfer method is synchroneous.
1537 usbi_mutex_unlock(&ctx->flying_transfers_lock);
1539 r = usbi_backend.submit_transfer(itransfer);
1540 if (r == LIBUSB_SUCCESS) {
1541 itransfer->state_flags |= USBI_TRANSFER_IN_FLIGHT;
1542 /* keep a reference to this device */
1543 libusb_ref_device(transfer->dev_handle->dev);
1545 usbi_mutex_unlock(&itransfer->lock);
1547 if (r != LIBUSB_SUCCESS)
1548 remove_from_flying_list(itransfer);
1553 /** \ingroup libusb_asyncio
1554 * Asynchronously cancel a previously submitted transfer.
1555 * This function returns immediately, but this does not indicate cancellation
1556 * is complete. Your callback function will be invoked at some later time
1557 * with a transfer status of
1558 * \ref libusb_transfer_status::LIBUSB_TRANSFER_CANCELLED
1559 * "LIBUSB_TRANSFER_CANCELLED."
1561 * \param transfer the transfer to cancel
1562 * \returns 0 on success
1563 * \returns LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_FOUND if the transfer is not in progress,
1564 * already complete, or already cancelled.
1565 * \returns a LIBUSB_ERROR code on failure
1567 int API_EXPORTED libusb_cancel_transfer(struct libusb_transfer *transfer)
1569 struct usbi_transfer *itransfer =
1570 LIBUSB_TRANSFER_TO_USBI_TRANSFER(transfer);
1573 usbi_dbg("transfer %p", transfer );
1574 usbi_mutex_lock(&itransfer->lock);
1575 if (!(itransfer->state_flags & USBI_TRANSFER_IN_FLIGHT)
1576 || (itransfer->state_flags & USBI_TRANSFER_CANCELLING)) {
1577 r = LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
1580 r = usbi_backend.cancel_transfer(itransfer);
1582 if (r != LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_FOUND &&
1583 r != LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_DEVICE)
1584 usbi_err(TRANSFER_CTX(transfer),
1585 "cancel transfer failed error %d", r);
1587 usbi_dbg("cancel transfer failed error %d", r);
1589 if (r == LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_DEVICE)
1590 itransfer->state_flags |= USBI_TRANSFER_DEVICE_DISAPPEARED;
1593 itransfer->state_flags |= USBI_TRANSFER_CANCELLING;
1596 usbi_mutex_unlock(&itransfer->lock);
1600 /** \ingroup libusb_asyncio
1601 * Set a transfers bulk stream id. Note users are advised to use
1602 * libusb_fill_bulk_stream_transfer() instead of calling this function
1605 * Since version 1.0.19, \ref LIBUSB_API_VERSION >= 0x01000103
1607 * \param transfer the transfer to set the stream id for
1608 * \param stream_id the stream id to set
1609 * \see libusb_alloc_streams()
1611 void API_EXPORTED libusb_transfer_set_stream_id(
1612 struct libusb_transfer *transfer, uint32_t stream_id)
1614 struct usbi_transfer *itransfer =
1615 LIBUSB_TRANSFER_TO_USBI_TRANSFER(transfer);
1617 itransfer->stream_id = stream_id;
1620 /** \ingroup libusb_asyncio
1621 * Get a transfers bulk stream id.
1623 * Since version 1.0.19, \ref LIBUSB_API_VERSION >= 0x01000103
1625 * \param transfer the transfer to get the stream id for
1626 * \returns the stream id for the transfer
1628 uint32_t API_EXPORTED libusb_transfer_get_stream_id(
1629 struct libusb_transfer *transfer)
1631 struct usbi_transfer *itransfer =
1632 LIBUSB_TRANSFER_TO_USBI_TRANSFER(transfer);
1634 return itransfer->stream_id;
1637 /* Handle completion of a transfer (completion might be an error condition).
1638 * This will invoke the user-supplied callback function, which may end up
1639 * freeing the transfer. Therefore you cannot use the transfer structure
1640 * after calling this function, and you should free all backend-specific
1641 * data before calling it.
1642 * Do not call this function with the usbi_transfer lock held. User-specified
1643 * callback functions may attempt to directly resubmit the transfer, which
1644 * will attempt to take the lock. */
1645 int usbi_handle_transfer_completion(struct usbi_transfer *itransfer,
1646 enum libusb_transfer_status status)
1648 struct libusb_transfer *transfer =
1649 USBI_TRANSFER_TO_LIBUSB_TRANSFER(itransfer);
1650 struct libusb_device_handle *dev_handle = transfer->dev_handle;
1654 r = remove_from_flying_list(itransfer);
1656 usbi_err(ITRANSFER_CTX(itransfer), "failed to set timer for next timeout, errno=%d", errno);
1658 usbi_mutex_lock(&itransfer->lock);
1659 itransfer->state_flags &= ~USBI_TRANSFER_IN_FLIGHT;
1660 usbi_mutex_unlock(&itransfer->lock);
1662 if (status == LIBUSB_TRANSFER_COMPLETED
1663 && transfer->flags & LIBUSB_TRANSFER_SHORT_NOT_OK) {
1664 int rqlen = transfer->length;
1665 if (transfer->type == LIBUSB_TRANSFER_TYPE_CONTROL)
1666 rqlen -= LIBUSB_CONTROL_SETUP_SIZE;
1667 if (rqlen != itransfer->transferred) {
1668 usbi_dbg("interpreting short transfer as error");
1669 status = LIBUSB_TRANSFER_ERROR;
1673 flags = transfer->flags;
1674 transfer->status = status;
1675 transfer->actual_length = itransfer->transferred;
1676 usbi_dbg("transfer %p has callback %p", transfer, transfer->callback);
1677 if (transfer->callback)
1678 transfer->callback(transfer);
1679 /* transfer might have been freed by the above call, do not use from
1681 if (flags & LIBUSB_TRANSFER_FREE_TRANSFER)
1682 libusb_free_transfer(transfer);
1683 libusb_unref_device(dev_handle->dev);
1687 /* Similar to usbi_handle_transfer_completion() but exclusively for transfers
1688 * that were asynchronously cancelled. The same concerns w.r.t. freeing of
1689 * transfers exist here.
1690 * Do not call this function with the usbi_transfer lock held. User-specified
1691 * callback functions may attempt to directly resubmit the transfer, which
1692 * will attempt to take the lock. */
1693 int usbi_handle_transfer_cancellation(struct usbi_transfer *transfer)
1695 struct libusb_context *ctx = ITRANSFER_CTX(transfer);
1698 usbi_mutex_lock(&ctx->flying_transfers_lock);
1699 timed_out = transfer->timeout_flags & USBI_TRANSFER_TIMED_OUT;
1700 usbi_mutex_unlock(&ctx->flying_transfers_lock);
1702 /* if the URB was cancelled due to timeout, report timeout to the user */
1704 usbi_dbg("detected timeout cancellation");
1705 return usbi_handle_transfer_completion(transfer, LIBUSB_TRANSFER_TIMED_OUT);
1708 /* otherwise its a normal async cancel */
1709 return usbi_handle_transfer_completion(transfer, LIBUSB_TRANSFER_CANCELLED);
1712 /* Add a completed transfer to the completed_transfers list of the
1713 * context and signal the event. The backend's handle_transfer_completion()
1714 * function will be called the next time an event handler runs. */
1715 void usbi_signal_transfer_completion(struct usbi_transfer *transfer)
1717 libusb_device_handle *dev_handle = USBI_TRANSFER_TO_LIBUSB_TRANSFER(transfer)->dev_handle;
1720 struct libusb_context *ctx = HANDLE_CTX(dev_handle);
1723 usbi_mutex_lock(&ctx->event_data_lock);
1724 pending_events = usbi_pending_events(ctx);
1725 list_add_tail(&transfer->completed_list, &ctx->completed_transfers);
1726 if (!pending_events)
1727 usbi_signal_event(ctx);
1728 usbi_mutex_unlock(&ctx->event_data_lock);
1732 /** \ingroup libusb_poll
1733 * Attempt to acquire the event handling lock. This lock is used to ensure that
1734 * only one thread is monitoring libusb event sources at any one time.
1736 * You only need to use this lock if you are developing an application
1737 * which calls poll() or select() on libusb's file descriptors directly.
1738 * If you stick to libusb's event handling loop functions (e.g.
1739 * libusb_handle_events()) then you do not need to be concerned with this
1742 * While holding this lock, you are trusted to actually be handling events.
1743 * If you are no longer handling events, you must call libusb_unlock_events()
1744 * as soon as possible.
1746 * \param ctx the context to operate on, or NULL for the default context
1747 * \returns 0 if the lock was obtained successfully
1748 * \returns 1 if the lock was not obtained (i.e. another thread holds the lock)
1749 * \ref libusb_mtasync
1751 int API_EXPORTED libusb_try_lock_events(libusb_context *ctx)
1756 ctx = usbi_get_context(ctx);
1758 /* is someone else waiting to close a device? if so, don't let this thread
1759 * start event handling */
1760 usbi_mutex_lock(&ctx->event_data_lock);
1761 ru = ctx->device_close;
1762 usbi_mutex_unlock(&ctx->event_data_lock);
1764 usbi_dbg("someone else is closing a device");
1768 r = usbi_mutex_trylock(&ctx->events_lock);
1772 ctx->event_handler_active = 1;
1776 /** \ingroup libusb_poll
1777 * Acquire the event handling lock, blocking until successful acquisition if
1778 * it is contended. This lock is used to ensure that only one thread is
1779 * monitoring libusb event sources at any one time.
1781 * You only need to use this lock if you are developing an application
1782 * which calls poll() or select() on libusb's file descriptors directly.
1783 * If you stick to libusb's event handling loop functions (e.g.
1784 * libusb_handle_events()) then you do not need to be concerned with this
1787 * While holding this lock, you are trusted to actually be handling events.
1788 * If you are no longer handling events, you must call libusb_unlock_events()
1789 * as soon as possible.
1791 * \param ctx the context to operate on, or NULL for the default context
1792 * \ref libusb_mtasync
1794 void API_EXPORTED libusb_lock_events(libusb_context *ctx)
1796 ctx = usbi_get_context(ctx);
1797 usbi_mutex_lock(&ctx->events_lock);
1798 ctx->event_handler_active = 1;
1801 /** \ingroup libusb_poll
1802 * Release the lock previously acquired with libusb_try_lock_events() or
1803 * libusb_lock_events(). Releasing this lock will wake up any threads blocked
1804 * on libusb_wait_for_event().
1806 * \param ctx the context to operate on, or NULL for the default context
1807 * \ref libusb_mtasync
1809 void API_EXPORTED libusb_unlock_events(libusb_context *ctx)
1811 ctx = usbi_get_context(ctx);
1812 ctx->event_handler_active = 0;
1813 usbi_mutex_unlock(&ctx->events_lock);
1815 /* FIXME: perhaps we should be a bit more efficient by not broadcasting
1816 * the availability of the events lock when we are modifying pollfds
1817 * (check ctx->device_close)? */
1818 usbi_mutex_lock(&ctx->event_waiters_lock);
1819 usbi_cond_broadcast(&ctx->event_waiters_cond);
1820 usbi_mutex_unlock(&ctx->event_waiters_lock);
1823 /** \ingroup libusb_poll
1824 * Determine if it is still OK for this thread to be doing event handling.
1826 * Sometimes, libusb needs to temporarily pause all event handlers, and this
1827 * is the function you should use before polling file descriptors to see if
1830 * If this function instructs your thread to give up the events lock, you
1831 * should just continue the usual logic that is documented in \ref libusb_mtasync.
1832 * On the next iteration, your thread will fail to obtain the events lock,
1833 * and will hence become an event waiter.
1835 * This function should be called while the events lock is held: you don't
1836 * need to worry about the results of this function if your thread is not
1837 * the current event handler.
1839 * \param ctx the context to operate on, or NULL for the default context
1840 * \returns 1 if event handling can start or continue
1841 * \returns 0 if this thread must give up the events lock
1842 * \ref fullstory "Multi-threaded I/O: the full story"
1844 int API_EXPORTED libusb_event_handling_ok(libusb_context *ctx)
1848 ctx = usbi_get_context(ctx);
1850 /* is someone else waiting to close a device? if so, don't let this thread
1851 * continue event handling */
1852 usbi_mutex_lock(&ctx->event_data_lock);
1853 r = ctx->device_close;
1854 usbi_mutex_unlock(&ctx->event_data_lock);
1856 usbi_dbg("someone else is closing a device");
1864 /** \ingroup libusb_poll
1865 * Determine if an active thread is handling events (i.e. if anyone is holding
1866 * the event handling lock).
1868 * \param ctx the context to operate on, or NULL for the default context
1869 * \returns 1 if a thread is handling events
1870 * \returns 0 if there are no threads currently handling events
1871 * \ref libusb_mtasync
1873 int API_EXPORTED libusb_event_handler_active(libusb_context *ctx)
1877 ctx = usbi_get_context(ctx);
1879 /* is someone else waiting to close a device? if so, don't let this thread
1880 * start event handling -- indicate that event handling is happening */
1881 usbi_mutex_lock(&ctx->event_data_lock);
1882 r = ctx->device_close;
1883 usbi_mutex_unlock(&ctx->event_data_lock);
1885 usbi_dbg("someone else is closing a device");
1889 return ctx->event_handler_active;
1892 /** \ingroup libusb_poll
1893 * Interrupt any active thread that is handling events. This is mainly useful
1894 * for interrupting a dedicated event handling thread when an application
1895 * wishes to call libusb_exit().
1897 * Since version 1.0.21, \ref LIBUSB_API_VERSION >= 0x01000105
1899 * \param ctx the context to operate on, or NULL for the default context
1900 * \ref libusb_mtasync
1902 void API_EXPORTED libusb_interrupt_event_handler(libusb_context *ctx)
1908 ctx = usbi_get_context(ctx);
1909 usbi_mutex_lock(&ctx->event_data_lock);
1911 pending_events = usbi_pending_events(ctx);
1912 ctx->event_flags |= USBI_EVENT_USER_INTERRUPT;
1913 if (!pending_events)
1914 usbi_signal_event(ctx);
1916 usbi_mutex_unlock(&ctx->event_data_lock);
1919 /** \ingroup libusb_poll
1920 * Acquire the event waiters lock. This lock is designed to be obtained under
1921 * the situation where you want to be aware when events are completed, but
1922 * some other thread is event handling so calling libusb_handle_events() is not
1925 * You then obtain this lock, re-check that another thread is still handling
1926 * events, then call libusb_wait_for_event().
1928 * You only need to use this lock if you are developing an application
1929 * which calls poll() or select() on libusb's file descriptors directly,
1930 * <b>and</b> may potentially be handling events from 2 threads simultaenously.
1931 * If you stick to libusb's event handling loop functions (e.g.
1932 * libusb_handle_events()) then you do not need to be concerned with this
1935 * \param ctx the context to operate on, or NULL for the default context
1936 * \ref libusb_mtasync
1938 void API_EXPORTED libusb_lock_event_waiters(libusb_context *ctx)
1940 ctx = usbi_get_context(ctx);
1941 usbi_mutex_lock(&ctx->event_waiters_lock);
1944 /** \ingroup libusb_poll
1945 * Release the event waiters lock.
1946 * \param ctx the context to operate on, or NULL for the default context
1947 * \ref libusb_mtasync
1949 void API_EXPORTED libusb_unlock_event_waiters(libusb_context *ctx)
1951 ctx = usbi_get_context(ctx);
1952 usbi_mutex_unlock(&ctx->event_waiters_lock);
1955 /** \ingroup libusb_poll
1956 * Wait for another thread to signal completion of an event. Must be called
1957 * with the event waiters lock held, see libusb_lock_event_waiters().
1959 * This function will block until any of the following conditions are met:
1960 * -# The timeout expires
1961 * -# A transfer completes
1962 * -# A thread releases the event handling lock through libusb_unlock_events()
1964 * Condition 1 is obvious. Condition 2 unblocks your thread <em>after</em>
1965 * the callback for the transfer has completed. Condition 3 is important
1966 * because it means that the thread that was previously handling events is no
1967 * longer doing so, so if any events are to complete, another thread needs to
1968 * step up and start event handling.
1970 * This function releases the event waiters lock before putting your thread
1971 * to sleep, and reacquires the lock as it is being woken up.
1973 * \param ctx the context to operate on, or NULL for the default context
1974 * \param tv maximum timeout for this blocking function. A NULL value
1975 * indicates unlimited timeout.
1976 * \returns 0 after a transfer completes or another thread stops event handling
1977 * \returns 1 if the timeout expired
1978 * \ref libusb_mtasync
1980 int API_EXPORTED libusb_wait_for_event(libusb_context *ctx, struct timeval *tv)
1984 ctx = usbi_get_context(ctx);
1986 usbi_cond_wait(&ctx->event_waiters_cond, &ctx->event_waiters_lock);
1990 r = usbi_cond_timedwait(&ctx->event_waiters_cond,
1991 &ctx->event_waiters_lock, tv);
1996 return (r == ETIMEDOUT);
1999 static void handle_timeout(struct usbi_transfer *itransfer)
2001 struct libusb_transfer *transfer =
2002 USBI_TRANSFER_TO_LIBUSB_TRANSFER(itransfer);
2005 itransfer->timeout_flags |= USBI_TRANSFER_TIMEOUT_HANDLED;
2006 r = libusb_cancel_transfer(transfer);
2007 if (r == LIBUSB_SUCCESS)
2008 itransfer->timeout_flags |= USBI_TRANSFER_TIMED_OUT;
2010 usbi_warn(TRANSFER_CTX(transfer),
2011 "async cancel failed %d errno=%d", r, errno);
2014 static int handle_timeouts_locked(struct libusb_context *ctx)
2017 struct timespec systime_ts;
2018 struct timeval systime;
2019 struct usbi_transfer *transfer;
2021 if (list_empty(&ctx->flying_transfers))
2024 /* get current time */
2025 r = usbi_backend.clock_gettime(USBI_CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &systime_ts);
2029 TIMESPEC_TO_TIMEVAL(&systime, &systime_ts);
2031 /* iterate through flying transfers list, finding all transfers that
2032 * have expired timeouts */
2033 list_for_each_entry(transfer, &ctx->flying_transfers, list, struct usbi_transfer) {
2034 struct timeval *cur_tv = &transfer->timeout;
2036 /* if we've reached transfers of infinite timeout, we're all done */
2037 if (!timerisset(cur_tv))
2040 /* ignore timeouts we've already handled */
2041 if (transfer->timeout_flags & (USBI_TRANSFER_TIMEOUT_HANDLED | USBI_TRANSFER_OS_HANDLES_TIMEOUT))
2044 /* if transfer has non-expired timeout, nothing more to do */
2045 if ((cur_tv->tv_sec > systime.tv_sec) ||
2046 (cur_tv->tv_sec == systime.tv_sec &&
2047 cur_tv->tv_usec > systime.tv_usec))
2050 /* otherwise, we've got an expired timeout to handle */
2051 handle_timeout(transfer);
2056 static int handle_timeouts(struct libusb_context *ctx)
2060 ctx = usbi_get_context(ctx);
2061 usbi_mutex_lock(&ctx->flying_transfers_lock);
2062 r = handle_timeouts_locked(ctx);
2063 usbi_mutex_unlock(&ctx->flying_transfers_lock);
2068 static int handle_timerfd_trigger(struct libusb_context *ctx)
2072 usbi_mutex_lock(&ctx->flying_transfers_lock);
2074 /* process the timeout that just happened */
2075 r = handle_timeouts_locked(ctx);
2079 /* arm for next timeout*/
2080 r = arm_timerfd_for_next_timeout(ctx);
2083 usbi_mutex_unlock(&ctx->flying_transfers_lock);
2088 /* do the actual event handling. assumes that no other thread is concurrently
2089 * doing the same thing. */
2090 static int handle_events(struct libusb_context *ctx, struct timeval *tv)
2093 struct usbi_pollfd *ipollfd;
2094 usbi_nfds_t nfds = 0;
2095 usbi_nfds_t internal_nfds;
2096 struct pollfd *fds = NULL;
2099 /* prevent attempts to recursively handle events (e.g. calling into
2100 * libusb_handle_events() from within a hotplug or transfer callback) */
2101 usbi_mutex_lock(&ctx->event_data_lock);
2103 if (usbi_handling_events(ctx))
2104 r = LIBUSB_ERROR_BUSY;
2106 usbi_start_event_handling(ctx);
2107 usbi_mutex_unlock(&ctx->event_data_lock);
2112 /* there are certain fds that libusb uses internally, currently:
2117 * the backend will never need to attempt to handle events on these fds, so
2118 * we determine how many fds are in use internally for this context and when
2119 * handle_events() is called in the backend, the pollfd list and count will
2120 * be adjusted to skip over these internal fds */
2121 if (usbi_using_timerfd(ctx))
2126 /* only reallocate the poll fds when the list of poll fds has been modified
2127 * since the last poll, otherwise reuse them to save the additional overhead */
2128 usbi_mutex_lock(&ctx->event_data_lock);
2129 /* clean up removed poll fds */
2130 cleanup_removed_pollfds(ctx);
2131 if (ctx->event_flags & USBI_EVENT_POLLFDS_MODIFIED) {
2134 usbi_dbg("poll fds modified, reallocating");
2137 ctx->pollfds = NULL;
2139 /* sanity check - it is invalid for a context to have fewer than the
2140 * required internal fds (memory corruption?) */
2141 assert(ctx->pollfds_cnt >= internal_nfds);
2143 ctx->pollfds = calloc(ctx->pollfds_cnt, sizeof(*ctx->pollfds));
2144 if (!ctx->pollfds) {
2145 usbi_mutex_unlock(&ctx->event_data_lock);
2146 r = LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_MEM;
2150 list_for_each_entry(ipollfd, &ctx->ipollfds, list, struct usbi_pollfd) {
2151 struct libusb_pollfd *pollfd = &ipollfd->pollfd;
2152 ctx->pollfds[i].fd = pollfd->fd;
2153 ctx->pollfds[i].events = pollfd->events;
2157 /* reset the flag now that we have the updated list */
2158 ctx->event_flags &= ~USBI_EVENT_POLLFDS_MODIFIED;
2160 /* if no further pending events, clear the event pipe so that we do
2161 * not immediately return from poll */
2162 if (!usbi_pending_events(ctx))
2163 usbi_clear_event(ctx);
2166 nfds = ctx->pollfds_cnt;
2167 usbi_mutex_unlock(&ctx->event_data_lock);
2169 timeout_ms = (int)(tv->tv_sec * 1000) + (tv->tv_usec / 1000);
2171 /* round up to next millisecond */
2172 if (tv->tv_usec % 1000)
2175 usbi_dbg("poll() %d fds with timeout in %dms", (int)nfds, timeout_ms);
2176 r = usbi_poll(fds, nfds, timeout_ms);
2177 usbi_dbg("poll() returned %d", r);
2179 r = handle_timeouts(ctx);
2181 } else if (r == -1 && errno == EINTR) {
2182 r = LIBUSB_ERROR_INTERRUPTED;
2185 usbi_err(ctx, "poll failed, errno=%d", errno);
2186 r = LIBUSB_ERROR_IO;
2190 /* fds[0] is always the event pipe */
2191 if (fds[0].revents) {
2192 struct list_head hotplug_msgs;
2193 struct usbi_transfer *itransfer;
2194 int hotplug_cb_deregistered = 0;
2197 list_init(&hotplug_msgs);
2199 usbi_dbg("caught a fish on the event pipe");
2201 /* take the the event data lock while processing events */
2202 usbi_mutex_lock(&ctx->event_data_lock);
2204 /* check if someone added a new poll fd */
2205 if (ctx->event_flags & USBI_EVENT_POLLFDS_MODIFIED)
2206 usbi_dbg("someone updated the poll fds");
2208 if (ctx->event_flags & USBI_EVENT_USER_INTERRUPT) {
2209 usbi_dbg("someone purposely interrupted");
2210 ctx->event_flags &= ~USBI_EVENT_USER_INTERRUPT;
2213 if (ctx->event_flags & USBI_EVENT_HOTPLUG_CB_DEREGISTERED) {
2214 usbi_dbg("someone unregistered a hotplug cb");
2215 ctx->event_flags &= ~USBI_EVENT_HOTPLUG_CB_DEREGISTERED;
2216 hotplug_cb_deregistered = 1;
2219 /* check if someone is closing a device */
2220 if (ctx->device_close)
2221 usbi_dbg("someone is closing a device");
2223 /* check for any pending hotplug messages */
2224 if (!list_empty(&ctx->hotplug_msgs)) {
2225 usbi_dbg("hotplug message received");
2226 list_cut(&hotplug_msgs, &ctx->hotplug_msgs);
2229 /* complete any pending transfers */
2230 while (ret == 0 && !list_empty(&ctx->completed_transfers)) {
2231 itransfer = list_first_entry(&ctx->completed_transfers, struct usbi_transfer, completed_list);
2232 list_del(&itransfer->completed_list);
2233 usbi_mutex_unlock(&ctx->event_data_lock);
2234 ret = usbi_backend.handle_transfer_completion(itransfer);
2236 usbi_err(ctx, "backend handle_transfer_completion failed with error %d", ret);
2237 usbi_mutex_lock(&ctx->event_data_lock);
2240 /* if no further pending events, clear the event pipe */
2241 if (!usbi_pending_events(ctx))
2242 usbi_clear_event(ctx);
2244 usbi_mutex_unlock(&ctx->event_data_lock);
2246 if (hotplug_cb_deregistered)
2247 usbi_hotplug_deregister(ctx, 0);
2249 /* process the hotplug messages, if any */
2250 while (!list_empty(&hotplug_msgs)) {
2251 struct libusb_hotplug_message *message =
2252 list_first_entry(&hotplug_msgs, struct libusb_hotplug_message, list);
2254 usbi_hotplug_match(ctx, message->device, message->event);
2256 /* the device left, dereference the device */
2257 if (LIBUSB_HOTPLUG_EVENT_DEVICE_LEFT == message->event)
2258 libusb_unref_device(message->device);
2260 list_del(&message->list);
2265 /* return error code */
2275 /* on timerfd configurations, fds[1] is the timerfd */
2276 if (usbi_using_timerfd(ctx) && fds[1].revents) {
2277 /* timerfd indicates that a timeout has expired */
2279 usbi_dbg("timerfd triggered");
2281 ret = handle_timerfd_trigger(ctx);
2283 /* return error code */
2293 list_for_each_entry(ipollfd, &ctx->removed_ipollfds, list, struct usbi_pollfd) {
2296 for (n = internal_nfds ; n < nfds ; n++) {
2297 if (ipollfd->pollfd.fd == fds[n].fd) {
2298 /* pollfd was removed between the creation of the fd
2299 * array and here. remove any triggered revent as
2300 * it is no longer relevant */
2301 usbi_dbg("pollfd %d was removed. ignoring raised events",
2309 r = usbi_backend.handle_events(ctx, fds + internal_nfds, nfds - internal_nfds, r);
2311 usbi_err(ctx, "backend handle_events failed with error %d", r);
2314 usbi_end_event_handling(ctx);
2318 /* returns the smallest of:
2319 * 1. timeout of next URB
2320 * 2. user-supplied timeout
2321 * returns 1 if there is an already-expired timeout, otherwise returns 0
2324 static int get_next_timeout(libusb_context *ctx, struct timeval *tv,
2325 struct timeval *out)
2327 struct timeval timeout;
2328 int r = libusb_get_next_timeout(ctx, &timeout);
2330 /* timeout already expired? */
2331 if (!timerisset(&timeout))
2334 /* choose the smallest of next URB timeout or user specified timeout */
2335 if (timercmp(&timeout, tv, <))
2345 /** \ingroup libusb_poll
2346 * Handle any pending events.
2348 * libusb determines "pending events" by checking if any timeouts have expired
2349 * and by checking the set of file descriptors for activity.
2351 * If a zero timeval is passed, this function will handle any already-pending
2352 * events and then immediately return in non-blocking style.
2354 * If a non-zero timeval is passed and no events are currently pending, this
2355 * function will block waiting for events to handle up until the specified
2356 * timeout. If an event arrives or a signal is raised, this function will
2359 * If the parameter completed is not NULL then <em>after obtaining the event
2360 * handling lock</em> this function will return immediately if the integer
2361 * pointed to is not 0. This allows for race free waiting for the completion
2362 * of a specific transfer.
2364 * \param ctx the context to operate on, or NULL for the default context
2365 * \param tv the maximum time to block waiting for events, or an all zero
2366 * timeval struct for non-blocking mode
2367 * \param completed pointer to completion integer to check, or NULL
2368 * \returns 0 on success, or a LIBUSB_ERROR code on failure
2369 * \ref libusb_mtasync
2371 int API_EXPORTED libusb_handle_events_timeout_completed(libusb_context *ctx,
2372 struct timeval *tv, int *completed)
2375 struct timeval poll_timeout;
2377 ctx = usbi_get_context(ctx);
2378 r = get_next_timeout(ctx, tv, &poll_timeout);
2380 /* timeout already expired */
2381 return handle_timeouts(ctx);
2385 if (libusb_try_lock_events(ctx) == 0) {
2386 if (completed == NULL || !*completed) {
2387 /* we obtained the event lock: do our own event handling */
2388 usbi_dbg("doing our own event handling");
2389 r = handle_events(ctx, &poll_timeout);
2391 libusb_unlock_events(ctx);
2395 /* another thread is doing event handling. wait for thread events that
2396 * notify event completion. */
2397 libusb_lock_event_waiters(ctx);
2399 if (completed && *completed)
2402 if (!libusb_event_handler_active(ctx)) {
2403 /* we hit a race: whoever was event handling earlier finished in the
2404 * time it took us to reach this point. try the cycle again. */
2405 libusb_unlock_event_waiters(ctx);
2406 usbi_dbg("event handler was active but went away, retrying");
2410 usbi_dbg("another thread is doing event handling");
2411 r = libusb_wait_for_event(ctx, &poll_timeout);
2414 libusb_unlock_event_waiters(ctx);
2419 return handle_timeouts(ctx);
2424 /** \ingroup libusb_poll
2425 * Handle any pending events
2427 * Like libusb_handle_events_timeout_completed(), but without the completed
2428 * parameter, calling this function is equivalent to calling
2429 * libusb_handle_events_timeout_completed() with a NULL completed parameter.
2431 * This function is kept primarily for backwards compatibility.
2432 * All new code should call libusb_handle_events_completed() or
2433 * libusb_handle_events_timeout_completed() to avoid race conditions.
2435 * \param ctx the context to operate on, or NULL for the default context
2436 * \param tv the maximum time to block waiting for events, or an all zero
2437 * timeval struct for non-blocking mode
2438 * \returns 0 on success, or a LIBUSB_ERROR code on failure
2440 int API_EXPORTED libusb_handle_events_timeout(libusb_context *ctx,
2443 return libusb_handle_events_timeout_completed(ctx, tv, NULL);
2446 /** \ingroup libusb_poll
2447 * Handle any pending events in blocking mode. There is currently a timeout
2448 * hardcoded at 60 seconds but we plan to make it unlimited in future. For
2449 * finer control over whether this function is blocking or non-blocking, or
2450 * for control over the timeout, use libusb_handle_events_timeout_completed()
2453 * This function is kept primarily for backwards compatibility.
2454 * All new code should call libusb_handle_events_completed() or
2455 * libusb_handle_events_timeout_completed() to avoid race conditions.
2457 * \param ctx the context to operate on, or NULL for the default context
2458 * \returns 0 on success, or a LIBUSB_ERROR code on failure
2460 int API_EXPORTED libusb_handle_events(libusb_context *ctx)
2465 return libusb_handle_events_timeout_completed(ctx, &tv, NULL);
2468 /** \ingroup libusb_poll
2469 * Handle any pending events in blocking mode.
2471 * Like libusb_handle_events(), with the addition of a completed parameter
2472 * to allow for race free waiting for the completion of a specific transfer.
2474 * See libusb_handle_events_timeout_completed() for details on the completed
2477 * \param ctx the context to operate on, or NULL for the default context
2478 * \param completed pointer to completion integer to check, or NULL
2479 * \returns 0 on success, or a LIBUSB_ERROR code on failure
2480 * \ref libusb_mtasync
2482 int API_EXPORTED libusb_handle_events_completed(libusb_context *ctx,
2488 return libusb_handle_events_timeout_completed(ctx, &tv, completed);
2491 /** \ingroup libusb_poll
2492 * Handle any pending events by polling file descriptors, without checking if
2493 * any other threads are already doing so. Must be called with the event lock
2494 * held, see libusb_lock_events().
2496 * This function is designed to be called under the situation where you have
2497 * taken the event lock and are calling poll()/select() directly on libusb's
2498 * file descriptors (as opposed to using libusb_handle_events() or similar).
2499 * You detect events on libusb's descriptors, so you then call this function
2500 * with a zero timeout value (while still holding the event lock).
2502 * \param ctx the context to operate on, or NULL for the default context
2503 * \param tv the maximum time to block waiting for events, or zero for
2505 * \returns 0 on success, or a LIBUSB_ERROR code on failure
2506 * \ref libusb_mtasync
2508 int API_EXPORTED libusb_handle_events_locked(libusb_context *ctx,
2512 struct timeval poll_timeout;
2514 ctx = usbi_get_context(ctx);
2515 r = get_next_timeout(ctx, tv, &poll_timeout);
2517 /* timeout already expired */
2518 return handle_timeouts(ctx);
2521 return handle_events(ctx, &poll_timeout);
2524 /** \ingroup libusb_poll
2525 * Determines whether your application must apply special timing considerations
2526 * when monitoring libusb's file descriptors.
2528 * This function is only useful for applications which retrieve and poll
2529 * libusb's file descriptors in their own main loop (\ref libusb_pollmain).
2531 * Ordinarily, libusb's event handler needs to be called into at specific
2532 * moments in time (in addition to times when there is activity on the file
2533 * descriptor set). The usual approach is to use libusb_get_next_timeout()
2534 * to learn about when the next timeout occurs, and to adjust your
2535 * poll()/select() timeout accordingly so that you can make a call into the
2536 * library at that time.
2538 * Some platforms supported by libusb do not come with this baggage - any
2539 * events relevant to timing will be represented by activity on the file
2540 * descriptor set, and libusb_get_next_timeout() will always return 0.
2541 * This function allows you to detect whether you are running on such a
2546 * \param ctx the context to operate on, or NULL for the default context
2547 * \returns 0 if you must call into libusb at times determined by
2548 * libusb_get_next_timeout(), or 1 if all timeout events are handled internally
2549 * or through regular activity on the file descriptors.
2550 * \ref libusb_pollmain "Polling libusb file descriptors for event handling"
2552 int API_EXPORTED libusb_pollfds_handle_timeouts(libusb_context *ctx)
2555 ctx = usbi_get_context(ctx);
2556 return usbi_using_timerfd(ctx);
2563 /** \ingroup libusb_poll
2564 * Determine the next internal timeout that libusb needs to handle. You only
2565 * need to use this function if you are calling poll() or select() or similar
2566 * on libusb's file descriptors yourself - you do not need to use it if you
2567 * are calling libusb_handle_events() or a variant directly.
2569 * You should call this function in your main loop in order to determine how
2570 * long to wait for select() or poll() to return results. libusb needs to be
2571 * called into at this timeout, so you should use it as an upper bound on
2572 * your select() or poll() call.
2574 * When the timeout has expired, call into libusb_handle_events_timeout()
2575 * (perhaps in non-blocking mode) so that libusb can handle the timeout.
2577 * This function may return 1 (success) and an all-zero timeval. If this is
2578 * the case, it indicates that libusb has a timeout that has already expired
2579 * so you should call libusb_handle_events_timeout() or similar immediately.
2580 * A return code of 0 indicates that there are no pending timeouts.
2582 * On some platforms, this function will always returns 0 (no pending
2583 * timeouts). See \ref polltime.
2585 * \param ctx the context to operate on, or NULL for the default context
2586 * \param tv output location for a relative time against the current
2587 * clock in which libusb must be called into in order to process timeout events
2588 * \returns 0 if there are no pending timeouts, 1 if a timeout was returned,
2589 * or LIBUSB_ERROR_OTHER on failure
2591 int API_EXPORTED libusb_get_next_timeout(libusb_context *ctx,
2594 struct usbi_transfer *transfer;
2595 struct timespec cur_ts;
2596 struct timeval cur_tv;
2597 struct timeval next_timeout = { 0, 0 };
2600 ctx = usbi_get_context(ctx);
2601 if (usbi_using_timerfd(ctx))
2604 usbi_mutex_lock(&ctx->flying_transfers_lock);
2605 if (list_empty(&ctx->flying_transfers)) {
2606 usbi_mutex_unlock(&ctx->flying_transfers_lock);
2607 usbi_dbg("no URBs, no timeout!");
2611 /* find next transfer which hasn't already been processed as timed out */
2612 list_for_each_entry(transfer, &ctx->flying_transfers, list, struct usbi_transfer) {
2613 if (transfer->timeout_flags & (USBI_TRANSFER_TIMEOUT_HANDLED | USBI_TRANSFER_OS_HANDLES_TIMEOUT))
2616 /* if we've reached transfers of infinte timeout, we're done looking */
2617 if (!timerisset(&transfer->timeout))
2620 next_timeout = transfer->timeout;
2623 usbi_mutex_unlock(&ctx->flying_transfers_lock);
2625 if (!timerisset(&next_timeout)) {
2626 usbi_dbg("no URB with timeout or all handled by OS; no timeout!");
2630 r = usbi_backend.clock_gettime(USBI_CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &cur_ts);
2632 usbi_err(ctx, "failed to read monotonic clock, errno=%d", errno);
2635 TIMESPEC_TO_TIMEVAL(&cur_tv, &cur_ts);
2637 if (!timercmp(&cur_tv, &next_timeout, <)) {
2638 usbi_dbg("first timeout already expired");
2641 timersub(&next_timeout, &cur_tv, tv);
2642 usbi_dbg("next timeout in %ld.%06lds", (long)tv->tv_sec, (long)tv->tv_usec);
2648 /** \ingroup libusb_poll
2649 * Register notification functions for file descriptor additions/removals.
2650 * These functions will be invoked for every new or removed file descriptor
2651 * that libusb uses as an event source.
2653 * To remove notifiers, pass NULL values for the function pointers.
2655 * Note that file descriptors may have been added even before you register
2656 * these notifiers (e.g. at libusb_init() time).
2658 * Additionally, note that the removal notifier may be called during
2659 * libusb_exit() (e.g. when it is closing file descriptors that were opened
2660 * and added to the poll set at libusb_init() time). If you don't want this,
2661 * remove the notifiers immediately before calling libusb_exit().
2663 * \param ctx the context to operate on, or NULL for the default context
2664 * \param added_cb pointer to function for addition notifications
2665 * \param removed_cb pointer to function for removal notifications
2666 * \param user_data User data to be passed back to callbacks (useful for
2667 * passing context information)
2669 void API_EXPORTED libusb_set_pollfd_notifiers(libusb_context *ctx,
2670 libusb_pollfd_added_cb added_cb, libusb_pollfd_removed_cb removed_cb,
2673 ctx = usbi_get_context(ctx);
2674 ctx->fd_added_cb = added_cb;
2675 ctx->fd_removed_cb = removed_cb;
2676 ctx->fd_cb_user_data = user_data;
2680 * Interrupt the iteration of the event handling thread, so that it picks
2681 * up the fd change. Callers of this function must hold the event_data_lock.
2683 static void usbi_fd_notification(struct libusb_context *ctx)
2687 /* Record that there is a new poll fd.
2688 * Only signal an event if there are no prior pending events. */
2689 pending_events = usbi_pending_events(ctx);
2690 ctx->event_flags |= USBI_EVENT_POLLFDS_MODIFIED;
2691 if (!pending_events)
2692 usbi_signal_event(ctx);
2695 /* Add a file descriptor to the list of file descriptors to be monitored.
2696 * events should be specified as a bitmask of events passed to poll(), e.g.
2697 * POLLIN and/or POLLOUT. */
2698 int usbi_add_pollfd(struct libusb_context *ctx, int fd, short events)
2700 struct usbi_pollfd *ipollfd = malloc(sizeof(*ipollfd));
2702 return LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_MEM;
2704 usbi_dbg("add fd %d events %d", fd, events);
2705 ipollfd->pollfd.fd = fd;
2706 ipollfd->pollfd.events = events;
2707 usbi_mutex_lock(&ctx->event_data_lock);
2708 list_add_tail(&ipollfd->list, &ctx->ipollfds);
2710 usbi_fd_notification(ctx);
2711 usbi_mutex_unlock(&ctx->event_data_lock);
2713 if (ctx->fd_added_cb)
2714 ctx->fd_added_cb(fd, events, ctx->fd_cb_user_data);
2718 /* Remove a file descriptor from the list of file descriptors to be polled. */
2719 void usbi_remove_pollfd(struct libusb_context *ctx, int fd)
2721 struct usbi_pollfd *ipollfd;
2724 usbi_dbg("remove fd %d", fd);
2725 usbi_mutex_lock(&ctx->event_data_lock);
2726 list_for_each_entry(ipollfd, &ctx->ipollfds, list, struct usbi_pollfd)
2727 if (ipollfd->pollfd.fd == fd) {
2733 usbi_dbg("couldn't find fd %d to remove", fd);
2734 usbi_mutex_unlock(&ctx->event_data_lock);
2738 list_del(&ipollfd->list);
2739 list_add_tail(&ipollfd->list, &ctx->removed_ipollfds);
2741 usbi_fd_notification(ctx);
2742 usbi_mutex_unlock(&ctx->event_data_lock);
2744 if (ctx->fd_removed_cb)
2745 ctx->fd_removed_cb(fd, ctx->fd_cb_user_data);
2748 /** \ingroup libusb_poll
2749 * Retrieve a list of file descriptors that should be polled by your main loop
2750 * as libusb event sources.
2752 * The returned list is NULL-terminated and should be freed with libusb_free_pollfds()
2753 * when done. The actual list contents must not be touched.
2755 * As file descriptors are a Unix-specific concept, this function is not
2756 * available on Windows and will always return NULL.
2758 * \param ctx the context to operate on, or NULL for the default context
2759 * \returns a NULL-terminated list of libusb_pollfd structures
2760 * \returns NULL on error
2761 * \returns NULL on platforms where the functionality is not available
2764 const struct libusb_pollfd ** LIBUSB_CALL libusb_get_pollfds(
2765 libusb_context *ctx)
2768 struct libusb_pollfd **ret = NULL;
2769 struct usbi_pollfd *ipollfd;
2772 ctx = usbi_get_context(ctx);
2774 usbi_mutex_lock(&ctx->event_data_lock);
2776 ret = calloc(ctx->pollfds_cnt + 1, sizeof(struct libusb_pollfd *));
2780 list_for_each_entry(ipollfd, &ctx->ipollfds, list, struct usbi_pollfd)
2781 ret[i++] = (struct libusb_pollfd *) ipollfd;
2782 ret[ctx->pollfds_cnt] = NULL;
2785 usbi_mutex_unlock(&ctx->event_data_lock);
2786 return (const struct libusb_pollfd **) ret;
2788 usbi_err(ctx, "external polling of libusb's internal descriptors "\
2789 "is not yet supported on Windows platforms");
2794 /** \ingroup libusb_poll
2795 * Free a list of libusb_pollfd structures. This should be called for all
2796 * pollfd lists allocated with libusb_get_pollfds().
2798 * Since version 1.0.20, \ref LIBUSB_API_VERSION >= 0x01000104
2800 * It is legal to call this function with a NULL pollfd list. In this case,
2801 * the function will simply do nothing.
2803 * \param pollfds the list of libusb_pollfd structures to free
2805 void API_EXPORTED libusb_free_pollfds(const struct libusb_pollfd **pollfds)
2807 free((void *)pollfds);
2810 /* Backends may call this from handle_events to report disconnection of a
2811 * device. This function ensures transfers get cancelled appropriately.
2812 * Callers of this function must hold the events_lock.
2814 void usbi_handle_disconnect(struct libusb_device_handle *dev_handle)
2816 struct usbi_transfer *cur;
2817 struct usbi_transfer *to_cancel;
2819 usbi_dbg("device %d.%d",
2820 dev_handle->dev->bus_number, dev_handle->dev->device_address);
2822 /* terminate all pending transfers with the LIBUSB_TRANSFER_NO_DEVICE
2825 * when we find a transfer for this device on the list, there are two
2826 * possible scenarios:
2827 * 1. the transfer is currently in-flight, in which case we terminate the
2829 * 2. the transfer has been added to the flying transfer list by
2830 * libusb_submit_transfer, has failed to submit and
2831 * libusb_submit_transfer is waiting for us to release the
2832 * flying_transfers_lock to remove it, so we ignore it
2837 usbi_mutex_lock(&HANDLE_CTX(dev_handle)->flying_transfers_lock);
2838 list_for_each_entry(cur, &HANDLE_CTX(dev_handle)->flying_transfers, list, struct usbi_transfer)
2839 if (USBI_TRANSFER_TO_LIBUSB_TRANSFER(cur)->dev_handle == dev_handle) {
2840 usbi_mutex_lock(&cur->lock);
2841 if (cur->state_flags & USBI_TRANSFER_IN_FLIGHT)
2843 usbi_mutex_unlock(&cur->lock);
2848 usbi_mutex_unlock(&HANDLE_CTX(dev_handle)->flying_transfers_lock);
2853 usbi_dbg("cancelling transfer %p from disconnect",
2854 USBI_TRANSFER_TO_LIBUSB_TRANSFER(to_cancel));
2856 usbi_mutex_lock(&to_cancel->lock);
2857 usbi_backend.clear_transfer_priv(to_cancel);
2858 usbi_mutex_unlock(&to_cancel->lock);
2859 usbi_handle_transfer_completion(to_cancel, LIBUSB_TRANSFER_NO_DEVICE);