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  25 <div class="section">
  26 <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
  27 <a name="boost_multiprecision.tut.import_export"></a><a class="link" href="import_export.html" title="Importing and Exporting Data to and from cpp_int and cpp_bin_float">Importing and
  28       Exporting Data to and from <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cpp_int</span></code>
  29       and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cpp_bin_float</span></code></a>
  30 </h3></div></div></div>
  31 <p>
  32         Any integer number type that uses <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cpp_int_backend</span></code>
  33         as it's implementation layer can import or export its bits via two non-member
  34         functions:
  35       </p>
  36 <pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="identifier">MinBits</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="identifier">MaxBits</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">cpp_integer_type</span> <span class="identifier">SignType</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">cpp_int_check_type</span> <span class="identifier">Checked</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Allocator</span><span class="special">,</span>
  37           <span class="identifier">expression_template_option</span> <span class="identifier">ExpressionTemplates</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">OutputIterator</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  38 <span class="identifier">OutputIterator</span> <span class="identifier">export_bits</span><span class="special">(</span>
  39    <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">number</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">cpp_int_backend</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">MinBits</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">MaxBits</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">SignType</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Checked</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Allocator</span><span class="special">&gt;,</span> <span class="identifier">ExpressionTemplates</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">val</span><span class="special">,</span>
  40    <span class="identifier">OutputIterator</span> <span class="identifier">out</span><span class="special">,</span>
  41    <span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="identifier">chunk_size</span><span class="special">,</span>
  42    <span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="identifier">msv_first</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="keyword">true</span><span class="special">);</span>
  43
  44 <span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="identifier">MinBits</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="identifier">MaxBits</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">cpp_integer_type</span> <span class="identifier">SignType</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">cpp_int_check_type</span> <span class="identifier">Checked</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Allocator</span><span class="special">,</span>
  45           <span class="identifier">expression_template_option</span> <span class="identifier">ExpressionTemplates</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Iterator</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  46 <span class="identifier">number</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">cpp_int_backend</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">MinBits</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">MaxBits</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">SignType</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Checked</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Allocator</span><span class="special">&gt;,</span> <span class="identifier">ExpressionTemplates</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;</span>
  47    <span class="identifier">import_bits</span><span class="special">(</span>
  48       <span class="identifier">number</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">cpp_int_backend</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">MinBits</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">MaxBits</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">SignType</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Checked</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Allocator</span><span class="special">&gt;,</span> <span class="identifier">ExpressionTemplates</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">val</span><span class="special">,</span>
  49       <span class="identifier">Iterator</span> <span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">,</span>
  50       <span class="identifier">Iterator</span> <span class="identifier">j</span><span class="special">,</span>
  51       <span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="identifier">chunk_size</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span>
  52       <span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="identifier">msv_first</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="keyword">true</span><span class="special">);</span>
  53 </pre>
  54 <p>
  55         These functions are designed for data-interchange with other storage formats,
  56         and since <a class="link" href="floats/cpp_bin_float.html" title="cpp_bin_float">cpp_bin_float</a>
  57         uses <a class="link" href="ints/cpp_int.html" title="cpp_int">cpp_int</a>
  58         internally, by extension they can be used for floating-point numbers based
  59         on that backend as well (see example below). Parameters and use are as follows:
  60       </p>
  61 <pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="identifier">MinBits</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="identifier">MaxBits</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">cpp_integer_type</span> <span class="identifier">SignType</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">cpp_int_check_type</span> <span class="identifier">Checked</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Allocator</span><span class="special">,</span>
  62           <span class="identifier">expression_template_option</span> <span class="identifier">ExpressionTemplates</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">OutputIterator</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  63 <span class="identifier">OutputIterator</span> <span class="identifier">export_bits</span><span class="special">(</span>
  64    <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">number</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">cpp_int_backend</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">MinBits</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">MaxBits</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">SignType</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Checked</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Allocator</span><span class="special">&gt;,</span> <span class="identifier">ExpressionTemplates</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">val</span><span class="special">,</span>
  65    <span class="identifier">OutputIterator</span> <span class="identifier">out</span><span class="special">,</span>
  66    <span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="identifier">chunk_size</span><span class="special">,</span>
  67    <span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="identifier">msv_first</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="keyword">true</span><span class="special">);</span>
  68 </pre>
  69 <p>
  70         Exports the absolute value of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">val</span></code>
  71         to OutputIterator <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">out</span></code>. The
  72         function will write <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">chunk_size</span></code>
  73         bits at a time to the OutputIterator, and if <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">msv_first</span></code>
  74         is true, will write the most-significant block first. Byte and bit order
  75         within each <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">chunk_size</span></code> block
  76         is always in the machines native format. Further, each block is stored in
  77         a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">uintmax_t</span></code> when it's assigned to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">out</span></code>.
  78       </p>
  79 <div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
  80 <tr>
  81 <td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../doc/src/images/note.png"></td>
  82 <th align="left">Note</th>
  83 </tr>
  84 <tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
  85           Unfortunately, the standard's OutputIterator concept provides no means
  86           of deducing the type to output since <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">iterator_traits</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">OutputIteratorType</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">value_type</span></code>
  87           is type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">void</span></code>. This is why
  88           the bit count for each block has to be specified manually. It may also
  89           result in compiler warnings about the value being narrowed.
  90         </p></td></tr>
  91 </table></div>
  92 <div class="tip"><table border="0" summary="Tip">
  93 <tr>
  94 <td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Tip]" src="../../../../../../doc/src/images/tip.png"></td>
  95 <th align="left">Tip</th>
  96 </tr>
  97 <tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
  98           If you're exporting to non-native byte layout, then use <a href="http://www.boost.org/doc/libs/release/libs/endian/doc/index.html" target="_top">Boost.Endian</a>
  99           to create a custom OutputIterator that reverses the byte order of each
 100           chunk prior to actually storing the result.
 101         </p></td></tr>
 102 </table></div>
 103 <pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="identifier">MinBits</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="identifier">MaxBits</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">cpp_integer_type</span> <span class="identifier">SignType</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">cpp_int_check_type</span> <span class="identifier">Checked</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Allocator</span><span class="special">,</span>
 104           <span class="identifier">expression_template_option</span> <span class="identifier">ExpressionTemplates</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">ForwardIterator</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 105 <span class="identifier">number</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">cpp_int_backend</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">MinBits</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">MaxBits</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">SignType</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Checked</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Allocator</span><span class="special">&gt;,</span> <span class="identifier">ExpressionTemplates</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;</span>
 106    <span class="identifier">import_bits</span><span class="special">(</span>
 107       <span class="identifier">number</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">cpp_int_backend</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">MinBits</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">MaxBits</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">SignType</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Checked</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Allocator</span><span class="special">&gt;,</span> <span class="identifier">ExpressionTemplates</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">val</span><span class="special">,</span>
 108       <span class="identifier">ForwardIterator</span> <span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">,</span>
 109       <span class="identifier">ForwardIterator</span> <span class="identifier">j</span><span class="special">,</span>
 110       <span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="identifier">chunk_size</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span>
 111       <span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="identifier">msv_first</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="keyword">true</span><span class="special">);</span>
 112 </pre>
 113 <p>
 114         Imports bits from the iterator range <span class="emphasis"><em>[i,j)</em></span> and stores
 115         them in <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">val</span></code> to produce an
 116         unsigned result (if the result is to be signed you will need to handle that
 117         separately). When <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">msv_first</span></code>
 118         is true, takes <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">i</span></code>
 119         as the most significant chunk. Assumes there are <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">chunk_size</span></code>
 120         bits in each value read from the iterator range, and that these are in machine
 121         native bit/byte order. When <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">chunk_size</span></code>
 122         is zero, then assumes that each chunk contains <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">numeric_limits</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">iterator_traits</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">ForwardIterator</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">value_type</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">digits</span></code>,
 123         note that this will give the wrong result if dereferencing the iterators
 124         leads to a signed-integer type, <span class="bold"><strong>and</strong></span> the
 125         sign bit is significant (be particularly careful if you expect type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">char</span></code> to contain 8-bit values, as by default
 126         it will extract only 7-bits at a time if <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">char</span></code>
 127         is signed). As with exporting, if the external data is to be in a non-native
 128         byte order (within each chunk), then you will need to create an iterator
 129         adaptor that presents it in native order (see <a href="http://www.boost.org/doc/libs/release/libs/endian/doc/index.html" target="_top">Boost.Endian</a>).
 130       </p>
 131 <div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
 132 <tr>
 133 <td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../doc/src/images/note.png"></td>
 134 <th align="left">Note</th>
 135 </tr>
 136 <tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
 137           Note that this function is optimized for the case where the data can be
 138           <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">memcpy</span></code>ed from the source
 139           to the integer - in this case both iterators much be pointers, and everything
 140           must be little-endian.
 141         </p></td></tr>
 142 </table></div>
 143 <h5>
 144 <a name="boost_multiprecision.tut.import_export.h0"></a>
 145         <span class="phrase"><a name="boost_multiprecision.tut.import_export.examples"></a></span><a class="link" href="import_export.html#boost_multiprecision.tut.import_export.examples">Examples</a>
 146       </h5>
 147 <p>
 148         In this simple example, we'll import/export the bits of a cpp_int to a vector
 149         of 8-bit unsigned values:
 150       </p>
 151 <pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">multiprecision</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">cpp_int</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 152 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">iostream</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 153 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">iomanip</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 154 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 155 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">iterator</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 156
 157
 158 <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">main</span><span class="special">()</span>
 159 <span class="special">{</span>
 160    <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">multiprecision</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cpp_int</span><span class="special">;</span>
 161    <span class="comment">// Create a cpp_int with just a couple of bits set:</span>
 162    <span class="identifier">cpp_int</span> <span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">;</span>
 163    <span class="identifier">bit_set</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">5000</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// set the 5000'th bit</span>
 164    <span class="identifier">bit_set</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">200</span><span class="special">);</span>
 165    <span class="identifier">bit_set</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">50</span><span class="special">);</span>
 166    <span class="comment">// export into 8-bit unsigned values, most significant bit first:</span>
 167    <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">;</span>
 168    <span class="identifier">export_bits</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">back_inserter</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">),</span> <span class="number">8</span><span class="special">);</span>
 169    <span class="comment">// import back again, and check for equality:</span>
 170    <span class="identifier">cpp_int</span> <span class="identifier">j</span><span class="special">;</span>
 171    <span class="identifier">import_bits</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">j</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">());</span>
 172    <span class="identifier">BOOST_ASSERT</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">i</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">j</span><span class="special">);</span>
 173 <span class="special">}</span>
 174 </pre>
 175 <p>
 176         Importing or exporting cpp_bin_float is similar, but we must procede via
 177         an intermediate integer:
 178       </p>
 179 <pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">multiprecision</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">cpp_bin_float</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 180 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">iostream</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 181 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">iomanip</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 182 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 183 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">iterator</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 184
 185
 186 <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">main</span><span class="special">()</span>
 187 <span class="special">{</span>
 188    <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">multiprecision</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cpp_bin_float_100</span><span class="special">;</span>
 189    <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">multiprecision</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cpp_int</span><span class="special">;</span>
 190    <span class="comment">// Create a cpp_bin_float to import/export:</span>
 191    <span class="identifier">cpp_bin_float_100</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">);</span>
 192    <span class="identifier">f</span> <span class="special">/=</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">;</span>
 193    <span class="comment">// export into 8-bit unsigned values, most significant bit first:</span>
 194    <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">;</span>
 195    <span class="identifier">export_bits</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">cpp_int</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">backend</span><span class="special">().</span><span class="identifier">bits</span><span class="special">()),</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">back_inserter</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">),</span> <span class="number">8</span><span class="special">);</span>
 196    <span class="comment">// Grab the exponent as well:</span>
 197    <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">e</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">backend</span><span class="special">().</span><span class="identifier">exponent</span><span class="special">();</span>
 198    <span class="comment">// Import back again, and check for equality, we have to procede via</span>
 199    <span class="comment">// an intermediate integer:</span>
 200    <span class="identifier">cpp_int</span> <span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">;</span>
 201    <span class="identifier">import_bits</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">());</span>
 202    <span class="identifier">cpp_bin_float_100</span> <span class="identifier">g</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">);</span>
 203    <span class="identifier">g</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">backend</span><span class="special">().</span><span class="identifier">exponent</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">e</span><span class="special">;</span>
 204    <span class="identifier">BOOST_ASSERT</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">f</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">g</span><span class="special">);</span>
 205 <span class="special">}</span>
 206 </pre>
 207 </div>
 208 <table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
 209 <td align="left"></td>
 210 <td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2002-2019 John Maddock
 211       and Christopher Kormanyos<p>
 212         Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
 213         file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
 214       </p>
 215 </div></td>
 216 </tr></table>
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