1 [/macro definitions specific to octonions]
6 [def __R3 ['[*'''R<superscript>3</superscript>''']]]
7 [def __R4 ['[*'''R<superscript>4</superscript>''']]]
8 [def __octulple ('''α,β,γ,δ,ε,ζ,η,θ''')]
9 [def __oct_formula ['[^o = '''α + βi + γj + δk + εe' + ζi' + ηj' + θk' ''']]]
10 [def __oct_complex_formula ['[^o = ('''α + βi) + (γ + δi)j + (ε + ζi)e' + (η - θi)j' ''']]]
11 [def __oct_quat_formula ['[^o = ('''α + βi + γj + δk) + (ε + ζi + ηj - θj)e' ''']]]
12 [def __oct_not_equal ['[^x(yz) '''≠''' (xy)z]]]
14 [mathpart octonions Octonions]
16 [section:oct_overview Overview]
18 Octonions, like [link quaternions quaternions], are a relative of complex numbers.
20 Octonions see some use in theoretical physics.
22 In practical terms, an octonion is simply an octuple of real numbers __octulple,
23 which we can write in the form __oct_formula, where ['[^i]], ['[^j]] and ['[^k]]
24 are the same objects as for quaternions, and ['[^e']], ['[^i']], ['[^j']] and ['[^k']]
25 are distinct objects which play essentially the same kind of role as ['[^i]] (or ['[^j]] or ['[^k]]).
27 Addition and a multiplication is defined on the set of octonions,
28 which generalize their quaternionic counterparts. The main novelty this time
29 is that [*the multiplication is not only not commutative, is now not even
30 associative] (i.e. there are octonions ['[^x]], ['[^y]] and ['[^z]] such that __oct_not_equal).
31 A way of remembering things is by using the following multiplication table:
33 [$../octonion/graphics/octonion_blurb17.jpeg]
35 Octonions (and their kin) are described in far more details in this other
36 [@../quaternion/TQE.pdf document] (with [@../quaternion/TQE_EA.pdf errata and addenda]).
38 Some traditional constructs, such as the exponential, carry over without too
39 much change into the realms of octonions, but other, such as taking a square root,
40 do not (the fact that the exponential has a closed form is a result of the
41 author, but the fact that the exponential exists at all for octonions is known
42 since quite a long time ago).
44 [endsect] [/section:oct_overview Overview]
46 [section:oct_header Header File]
48 The interface and implementation are both supplied by the header file
49 [@../../../../boost/math/octonion.hpp octonion.hpp].
53 [section:oct_synopsis Synopsis]
55 namespace boost{ namespace math{
57 template<typename T> class ``[link math_toolkit.octonion octonion]``;
58 template<> class ``[link math_toolkit.oct_specialization octonion<float>]``;
59 template<> class ``[link math_octonion_double octonion<double>]``;
60 template<> class ``[link math_octonion_long_double octonion<long double>]``;
64 template<typename T> octonion<T> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_non_mem.binary_addition_operators operator +]`` (T const & lhs, octonion<T> const & rhs);
65 template<typename T> octonion<T> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_non_mem.binary_addition_operators operator +]`` (octonion<T> const & lhs, T const & rhs);
66 template<typename T> octonion<T> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_non_mem.binary_addition_operators operator +]`` (::std::complex<T> const & lhs, octonion<T> const & rhs);
67 template<typename T> octonion<T> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_non_mem.binary_addition_operators operator +]`` (octonion<T> const & lhs, ::std::complex<T> const & rhs);
68 template<typename T> octonion<T> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_non_mem.binary_addition_operators operator +]`` (::boost::math::quaternion<T> const & lhs, octonion<T> const & rhs);
69 template<typename T> octonion<T> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_non_mem.binary_addition_operators operator +]`` (octonion<T> const & lhs, ::boost::math::quaternion<T> const & rhs);
70 template<typename T> octonion<T> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_non_mem.binary_addition_operators operator +]`` (octonion<T> const & lhs, octonion<T> const & rhs);
72 template<typename T> octonion<T> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_non_mem.binary_subtraction_operators operator -]`` (T const & lhs, octonion<T> const & rhs);
73 template<typename T> octonion<T> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_non_mem.binary_subtraction_operators operator -]`` (octonion<T> const & lhs, T const & rhs);
74 template<typename T> octonion<T> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_non_mem.binary_subtraction_operators operator -]`` (::std::complex<T> const & lhs, octonion<T> const & rhs);
75 template<typename T> octonion<T> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_non_mem.binary_subtraction_operators operator -]`` (octonion<T> const & lhs, ::std::complex<T> const & rhs);
76 template<typename T> octonion<T> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_non_mem.binary_subtraction_operators operator -]`` (::boost::math::quaternion<T> const & lhs, octonion<T> const & rhs);
77 template<typename T> octonion<T> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_non_mem.binary_subtraction_operators operator -]`` (octonion<T> const & lhs, ::boost::math::quaternion<T> const & rhs);
78 template<typename T> octonion<T> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_non_mem.binary_subtraction_operators operator -]`` (octonion<T> const & lhs, octonion<T> const & rhs);
80 template<typename T> octonion<T> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_non_mem.binary_multiplication_operators operator *]`` (T const & lhs, octonion<T> const & rhs);
81 template<typename T> octonion<T> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_non_mem.binary_multiplication_operators operator *]`` (octonion<T> const & lhs, T const & rhs);
82 template<typename T> octonion<T> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_non_mem.binary_multiplication_operators operator *]`` (::std::complex<T> const & lhs, octonion<T> const & rhs);
83 template<typename T> octonion<T> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_non_mem.binary_multiplication_operators operator *]`` (octonion<T> const & lhs, ::std::complex<T> const & rhs);
84 template<typename T> octonion<T> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_non_mem.binary_multiplication_operators operator *]`` (::boost::math::quaternion<T> const & lhs, octonion<T> const & rhs);
85 template<typename T> octonion<T> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_non_mem.binary_multiplication_operators operator *]`` (octonion<T> const & lhs, ::boost::math::quaternion<T> const & rhs);
86 template<typename T> octonion<T> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_non_mem.binary_multiplication_operators operator *]`` (octonion<T> const & lhs, octonion<T> const & rhs);
88 template<typename T> octonion<T> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_non_mem.binary_division_operators operator /]`` (T const & lhs, octonion<T> const & rhs);
89 template<typename T> octonion<T> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_non_mem.binary_division_operators operator /]`` (octonion<T> const & lhs, T const & rhs);
90 template<typename T> octonion<T> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_non_mem.binary_division_operators operator /]`` (::std::complex<T> const & lhs, octonion<T> const & rhs);
91 template<typename T> octonion<T> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_non_mem.binary_division_operators operator /]`` (octonion<T> const & lhs, ::std::complex<T> const & rhs);
92 template<typename T> octonion<T> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_non_mem.binary_division_operators operator /]`` (::boost::math::quaternion<T> const & lhs, octonion<T> const & rhs);
93 template<typename T> octonion<T> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_non_mem.binary_division_operators operator /]`` (octonion<T> const & lhs, ::boost::math::quaternion<T> const & rhs);
94 template<typename T> octonion<T> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_non_mem.binary_division_operators operator /]`` (octonion<T> const & lhs, octonion<T> const & rhs);
96 template<typename T> octonion<T> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_non_mem.unary_plus_and_minus_operators operator +]`` (octonion<T> const & o);
97 template<typename T> octonion<T> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_non_mem.unary_plus_and_minus_operators operator -]`` (octonion<T> const & o);
99 template<typename T> bool ``[link math_toolkit.oct_non_mem.binary_equality_operators operator ==]`` (T const & lhs, octonion<T> const & rhs);
100 template<typename T> bool ``[link math_toolkit.oct_non_mem.binary_equality_operators operator ==]`` (octonion<T> const & lhs, T const & rhs);
101 template<typename T> bool ``[link math_toolkit.oct_non_mem.binary_equality_operators operator ==]`` (::std::complex<T> const & lhs, octonion<T> const & rhs);
102 template<typename T> bool ``[link math_toolkit.oct_non_mem.binary_equality_operators operator ==]`` (octonion<T> const & lhs, ::std::complex<T> const & rhs);
103 template<typename T> bool ``[link math_toolkit.oct_non_mem.binary_equality_operators operator ==]`` (::boost::math::quaternion<T> const & lhs, octonion<T> const & rhs);
104 template<typename T> bool ``[link math_toolkit.oct_non_mem.binary_equality_operators operator ==]`` (octonion<T> const & lhs, ::boost::math::quaternion<T> const & rhs);
105 template<typename T> bool ``[link math_toolkit.oct_non_mem.binary_equality_operators operator ==]`` (octonion<T> const & lhs, octonion<T> const & rhs);
107 template<typename T> bool ``[link math_toolkit.oct_non_mem.binary_inequality_operators operator !=]`` (T const & lhs, octonion<T> const & rhs);
108 template<typename T> bool ``[link math_toolkit.oct_non_mem.binary_inequality_operators operator !=]`` (octonion<T> const & lhs, T const & rhs);
109 template<typename T> bool ``[link math_toolkit.oct_non_mem.binary_inequality_operators operator !=]`` (::std::complex<T> const & lhs, octonion<T> const & rhs);
110 template<typename T> bool ``[link math_toolkit.oct_non_mem.binary_inequality_operators operator !=]`` (octonion<T> const & lhs, ::std::complex<T> const & rhs);
111 template<typename T> bool ``[link math_toolkit.oct_non_mem.binary_inequality_operators operator !=]`` (::boost::math::quaternion<T> const & lhs, octonion<T> const & rhs);
112 template<typename T> bool ``[link math_toolkit.oct_non_mem.binary_inequality_operators operator !=]`` (octonion<T> const & lhs, ::boost::math::quaternion<T> const & rhs);
113 template<typename T> bool ``[link math_toolkit.oct_non_mem.binary_inequality_operators operator !=]`` (octonion<T> const & lhs, octonion<T> const & rhs);
115 template<typename T, typename charT, class traits>
116 ::std::basic_istream<charT,traits> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_non_mem.stream_extractor operator >>]`` (::std::basic_istream<charT,traits> & is, octonion<T> & o);
118 template<typename T, typename charT, class traits>
119 ::std::basic_ostream<charT,traits> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_non_mem.stream_inserter operator <<]`` (::std::basic_ostream<charT,traits> & os, octonion<T> const & o);
123 template<typename T> T ``[link math_toolkit.oct_value_ops.real_and_unreal real]``(octonion<T> const & o);
124 template<typename T> octonion<T> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_value_ops.real_and_unreal unreal]``(octonion<T> const & o);
126 template<typename T> T ``[link math_toolkit.oct_value_ops.sup sup]``(octonion<T> const & o);
127 template<typename T> T ``[link math_toolkit.oct_value_ops.l1 l1]``(octonion<T>const & o);
128 template<typename T> T ``[link math_toolkit.oct_value_ops.abs abs]``(octonion<T> const & o);
129 template<typename T> T ``[link math_toolkit.oct_value_ops.norm norm]``(octonion<T>const & o);
130 template<typename T> octonion<T> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_value_ops.conj conj]``(octonion<T> const & o);
132 template<typename T> octonion<T> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_create spherical]``(T const & rho, T const & theta, T const & phi1, T const & phi2, T const & phi3, T const & phi4, T const & phi5, T const & phi6);
133 template<typename T> octonion<T> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_create multipolar]``(T const & rho1, T const & theta1, T const & rho2, T const & theta2, T const & rho3, T const & theta3, T const & rho4, T const & theta4);
134 template<typename T> octonion<T> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_create cylindrical]``(T const & r, T const & angle, T const & h1, T const & h2, T const & h3, T const & h4, T const & h5, T const & h6);
138 template<typename T> octonion<T> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_trans.exp exp]``(octonion<T> const & o);
139 template<typename T> octonion<T> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_trans.cos cos]``(octonion<T> const & o);
140 template<typename T> octonion<T> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_trans.sin sin]``(octonion<T> const & o);
141 template<typename T> octonion<T> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_trans.tan tan]``(octonion<T> const & o);
142 template<typename T> octonion<T> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_trans.cosh cosh]``(octonion<T> const & o);
143 template<typename T> octonion<T> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_trans.sinh sinh]``(octonion<T> const & o);
144 template<typename T> octonion<T> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_trans.tanh tanh]``(octonion<T> const & o);
146 template<typename T> octonion<T> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_trans.pow pow]``(octonion<T> const & o, int n);
150 [endsect] [/section:oct_header Header File]
152 [section:octonion Template Class octonion]
154 namespace boost{ namespace math {
160 typedef T value_type;
162 explicit ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.constructors octonion]``(T const & requested_a = T(), T const & requested_b = T(), T const & requested_c = T(), T const & requested_d = T(), T const & requested_e = T(), T const & requested_f = T(), T const & requested_g = T(), T const & requested_h = T());
163 explicit ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.constructors octonion]``(::std::complex<T> const & z0, ::std::complex<T> const & z1 = ::std::complex<T>(), ::std::complex<T> const & z2 = ::std::complex<T>(), ::std::complex<T> const & z3 = ::std::complex<T>());
164 explicit ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.constructors octonion]``(::boost::math::quaternion<T> const & q0, ::boost::math::quaternion<T> const & q1 = ::boost::math::quaternion<T>());
166 explicit ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.constructors octonion]``(octonion<X> const & a_recopier);
168 T ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.real_and_unreal_parts real]``() const;
169 octonion<T> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.real_and_unreal_parts unreal]``() const;
171 T ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_real_components R_component_1]``() const;
172 T ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_real_components R_component_2]``() const;
173 T ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_real_components R_component_3]``() const;
174 T ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_real_components R_component_4]``() const;
175 T ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_real_components R_component_5]``() const;
176 T ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_real_components R_component_6]``() const;
177 T ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_real_components R_component_7]``() const;
178 T ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_real_components R_component_8]``() const;
180 ::std::complex<T> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_complex_components C_component_1]``() const;
181 ::std::complex<T> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_complex_components C_component_2]``() const;
182 ::std::complex<T> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_complex_components C_component_3]``() const;
183 ::std::complex<T> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_complex_components C_component_4]``() const;
185 ::boost::math::quaternion<T> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_quaternion_components H_component_1]``() const;
186 ::boost::math::quaternion<T> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_quaternion_components H_component_2]``() const;
188 octonion<T> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.assignment_operators operator =]`` (octonion<T> const & a_affecter);
190 octonion<T> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.assignment_operators operator =]`` (octonion<X> const & a_affecter);
191 octonion<T> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.assignment_operators operator =]`` (T const & a_affecter);
192 octonion<T> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.assignment_operators operator =]`` (::std::complex<T> const & a_affecter);
193 octonion<T> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.assignment_operators operator =]`` (::boost::math::quaternion<T> const & a_affecter);
195 octonion<T> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator +=]`` (T const & rhs);
196 octonion<T> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator +=]`` (::std::complex<T> const & rhs);
197 octonion<T> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator +=]`` (::boost::math::quaternion<T> const & rhs);
199 octonion<T> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator +=]`` (octonion<X> const & rhs);
201 octonion<T> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator -=]`` (T const & rhs);
202 octonion<T> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator -=]`` (::std::complex<T> const & rhs);
203 octonion<T> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator -=]`` (::boost::math::quaternion<T> const & rhs);
205 octonion<T> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator -=]`` (octonion<X> const & rhs);
207 octonion<T> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator *=]`` (T const & rhs);
208 octonion<T> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator *=]`` (::std::complex<T> const & rhs);
209 octonion<T> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator *=]`` (::boost::math::quaternion<T> const & rhs);
211 octonion<T> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator *=]`` (octonion<X> const & rhs);
213 octonion<T> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator /=]`` (T const & rhs);
214 octonion<T> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator /=]`` (::std::complex<T> const & rhs);
215 octonion<T> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator /=]`` (::boost::math::quaternion<T> const & rhs);
217 octonion<T> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator /=]`` (octonion<X> const & rhs);
222 [endsect] [/section:octonion Template Class octonion]
224 [section:oct_specialization Octonion Specializations]
226 namespace boost{ namespace math{
229 class octonion<float>
232 typedef float value_type;
234 explicit ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.constructors octonion]``(float const & requested_a = 0.0f, float const & requested_b = 0.0f, float const & requested_c = 0.0f, float const & requested_d = 0.0f, float const & requested_e = 0.0f, float const & requested_f = 0.0f, float const & requested_g = 0.0f, float const & requested_h = 0.0f);
235 explicit ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.constructors octonion]``(::std::complex<float> const & z0, ::std::complex<float> const & z1 = ::std::complex<float>(), ::std::complex<float> const & z2 = ::std::complex<float>(), ::std::complex<float> const & z3 = ::std::complex<float>());
236 explicit ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.constructors octonion]``(::boost::math::quaternion<float> const & q0, ::boost::math::quaternion<float> const & q1 = ::boost::math::quaternion<float>());
237 explicit ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.constructors octonion]``(octonion<double> const & a_recopier);
238 explicit ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.constructors octonion]``(octonion<long double> const & a_recopier);
240 float ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.real_and_unreal_parts real]``() const;
241 octonion<float> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.real_and_unreal_parts unreal]``() const;
243 float ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_real_components R_component_1]``() const;
244 float ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_real_components R_component_2]``() const;
245 float ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_real_components R_component_3]``() const;
246 float ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_real_components R_component_4]``() const;
247 float ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_real_components R_component_5]``() const;
248 float ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_real_components R_component_6]``() const;
249 float ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_real_components R_component_7]``() const;
250 float ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_real_components R_component_8]``() const;
252 ::std::complex<float> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_complex_components C_component_1]``() const;
253 ::std::complex<float> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_complex_components C_component_2]``() const;
254 ::std::complex<float> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_complex_components C_component_3]``() const;
255 ::std::complex<float> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_complex_components C_component_4]``() const;
257 ::boost::math::quaternion<float> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_quaternion_components H_component_1]``() const;
258 ::boost::math::quaternion<float> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_quaternion_components H_component_2]``() const;
260 octonion<float> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.assignment_operators operator =]`` (octonion<float> const & a_affecter);
262 octonion<float> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.assignment_operators operator =]`` (octonion<X> const & a_affecter);
263 octonion<float> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.assignment_operators operator =]`` (float const & a_affecter);
264 octonion<float> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.assignment_operators operator =]`` (::std::complex<float> const & a_affecter);
265 octonion<float> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.assignment_operators operator =]`` (::boost::math::quaternion<float> const & a_affecter);
267 octonion<float> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator +=]`` (float const & rhs);
268 octonion<float> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator +=]`` (::std::complex<float> const & rhs);
269 octonion<float> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator +=]`` (::boost::math::quaternion<float> const & rhs);
271 octonion<float> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator +=]`` (octonion<X> const & rhs);
273 octonion<float> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator -=]`` (float const & rhs);
274 octonion<float> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator -=]`` (::std::complex<float> const & rhs);
275 octonion<float> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator -=]`` (::boost::math::quaternion<float> const & rhs);
277 octonion<float> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator -=]`` (octonion<X> const & rhs);
279 octonion<float> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator *=]`` (float const & rhs);
280 octonion<float> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator *=]`` (::std::complex<float> const & rhs);
281 octonion<float> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator *=]`` (::boost::math::quaternion<float> const & rhs);
283 octonion<float> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator *=]`` (octonion<X> const & rhs);
285 octonion<float> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator /=]`` (float const & rhs);
286 octonion<float> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator /=]`` (::std::complex<float> const & rhs);
287 octonion<float> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator /=]`` (::boost::math::quaternion<float> const & rhs);
289 octonion<float> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator /=]`` (octonion<X> const & rhs);
292 [#math_octonion_double]
295 class octonion<double>
298 typedef double value_type;
300 explicit ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.constructors octonion]``(double const & requested_a = 0.0, double const & requested_b = 0.0, double const & requested_c = 0.0, double const & requested_d = 0.0, double const & requested_e = 0.0, double const & requested_f = 0.0, double const & requested_g = 0.0, double const & requested_h = 0.0);
301 explicit ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.constructors octonion]``(::std::complex<double> const & z0, ::std::complex<double> const & z1 = ::std::complex<double>(), ::std::complex<double> const & z2 = ::std::complex<double>(), ::std::complex<double> const & z3 = ::std::complex<double>());
302 explicit ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.constructors octonion]``(::boost::math::quaternion<double> const & q0, ::boost::math::quaternion<double> const & q1 = ::boost::math::quaternion<double>());
303 explicit ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.constructors octonion]``(octonion<float> const & a_recopier);
304 explicit ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.constructors octonion]``(octonion<long double> const & a_recopier);
306 double ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.real_and_unreal_parts real]``() const;
307 octonion<double> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.real_and_unreal_parts unreal]``() const;
309 double ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_real_components R_component_1]``() const;
310 double ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_real_components R_component_2]``() const;
311 double ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_real_components R_component_3]``() const;
312 double ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_real_components R_component_4]``() const;
313 double ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_real_components R_component_5]``() const;
314 double ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_real_components R_component_6]``() const;
315 double ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_real_components R_component_7]``() const;
316 double ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_real_components R_component_8]``() const;
318 ::std::complex<double> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_complex_components C_component_1]``() const;
319 ::std::complex<double> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_complex_components C_component_2]``() const;
320 ::std::complex<double> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_complex_components C_component_3]``() const;
321 ::std::complex<double> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_complex_components C_component_4]``() const;
323 ::boost::math::quaternion<double> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_quaternion_components H_component_1]``() const;
324 ::boost::math::quaternion<double> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_quaternion_components H_component_2]``() const;
326 octonion<double> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.assignment_operators operator =]`` (octonion<double> const & a_affecter);
328 octonion<double> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.assignment_operators operator =]`` (octonion<X> const & a_affecter);
329 octonion<double> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.assignment_operators operator =]`` (double const & a_affecter);
330 octonion<double> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.assignment_operators operator =]`` (::std::complex<double> const & a_affecter);
331 octonion<double> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.assignment_operators operator =]`` (::boost::math::quaternion<double> const & a_affecter);
333 octonion<double> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator +=]`` (double const & rhs);
334 octonion<double> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator +=]`` (::std::complex<double> const & rhs);
335 octonion<double> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator +=]`` (::boost::math::quaternion<double> const & rhs);
337 octonion<double> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator +=]`` (octonion<X> const & rhs);
339 octonion<double> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator -=]`` (double const & rhs);
340 octonion<double> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator -=]`` (::std::complex<double> const & rhs);
341 octonion<double> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator -=]`` (::boost::math::quaternion<double> const & rhs);
343 octonion<double> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator -=]`` (octonion<X> const & rhs);
345 octonion<double> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator *=]`` (double const & rhs);
346 octonion<double> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator *=]`` (::std::complex<double> const & rhs);
347 octonion<double> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator *=]`` (::boost::math::quaternion<double> const & rhs);
349 octonion<double> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator *=]`` (octonion<X> const & rhs);
351 octonion<double> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator /=]`` (double const & rhs);
352 octonion<double> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator /=]`` (::std::complex<double> const & rhs);
353 octonion<double> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator /=]`` (::boost::math::quaternion<double> const & rhs);
355 octonion<double> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator /=]`` (octonion<X> const & rhs);
358 [#math_octonion_long_double]
361 class octonion<long double>
364 typedef long double value_type;
366 explicit ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.constructors octonion]``(long double const & requested_a = 0.0L, long double const & requested_b = 0.0L, long double const & requested_c = 0.0L, long double const & requested_d = 0.0L, long double const & requested_e = 0.0L, long double const & requested_f = 0.0L, long double const & requested_g = 0.0L, long double const & requested_h = 0.0L);
367 explicit ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.constructors octonion]``( ::std::complex<long double> const & z0, ::std::complex<long double> const & z1 = ::std::complex<long double>(), ::std::complex<long double> const & z2 = ::std::complex<long double>(), ::std::complex<long double> const & z3 = ::std::complex<long double>());
368 explicit ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.constructors octonion]``( ::boost::math::quaternion<long double> const & q0, ::boost::math::quaternion<long double> const & z1 = ::boost::math::quaternion<long double>());
369 explicit ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.constructors octonion]``(octonion<float> const & a_recopier);
370 explicit ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.constructors octonion]``(octonion<double> const & a_recopier);
372 long double ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.real_and_unreal_parts real]``() const;
373 octonion<long double> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.real_and_unreal_parts unreal]``() const;
375 long double ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_real_components R_component_1]``() const;
376 long double ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_real_components R_component_2]``() const;
377 long double ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_real_components R_component_3]``() const;
378 long double ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_real_components R_component_4]``() const;
379 long double ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_real_components R_component_5]``() const;
380 long double ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_real_components R_component_6]``() const;
381 long double ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_real_components R_component_7]``() const;
382 long double ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_real_components R_component_8]``() const;
384 ::std::complex<long double> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_complex_components C_component_1]``() const;
385 ::std::complex<long double> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_complex_components C_component_2]``() const;
386 ::std::complex<long double> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_complex_components C_component_3]``() const;
387 ::std::complex<long double> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_complex_components C_component_4]``() const;
389 ::boost::math::quaternion<long double> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_quaternion_components H_component_1]``() const;
390 ::boost::math::quaternion<long double> ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.individual_quaternion_components H_component_2]``() const;
392 octonion<long double> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.assignment_operators operator =]`` (octonion<long double> const & a_affecter);
394 octonion<long double> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.assignment_operators operator =]`` (octonion<X> const & a_affecter);
395 octonion<long double> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.assignment_operators operator =]`` (long double const & a_affecter);
396 octonion<long double> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.assignment_operators operator =]`` (::std::complex<long double> const & a_affecter);
397 octonion<long double> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.assignment_operators operator =]`` (::boost::math::quaternion<long double> const & a_affecter);
399 octonion<long double> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator +=]`` (long double const & rhs);
400 octonion<long double> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator +=]`` (::std::complex<long double> const & rhs);
401 octonion<long double> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator +=]`` (::boost::math::quaternion<long double> const & rhs);
403 octonion<long double> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator +=]`` (octonion<X> const & rhs);
405 octonion<long double> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator -=]`` (long double const & rhs);
406 octonion<long double> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator -=]`` (::std::complex<long double> const & rhs);
407 octonion<long double> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator -=]`` (::boost::math::quaternion<long double> const & rhs);
409 octonion<long double> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator -=]`` (octonion<X> const & rhs);
411 octonion<long double> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator *=]`` (long double const & rhs);
412 octonion<long double> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator *=]`` (::std::complex<long double> const & rhs);
413 octonion<long double> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator *=]`` (::boost::math::quaternion<long double> const & rhs);
415 octonion<long double> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator *=]`` (octonion<X> const & rhs);
417 octonion<long double> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator /=]`` (long double const & rhs);
418 octonion<long double> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator /=]`` (::std::complex<long double> const & rhs);
419 octonion<long double> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator /=]`` (::boost::math::quaternion<long double> const & rhs);
421 octonion<long double> & ``[link math_toolkit.oct_mem_fun.other_member_operators operator /=]`` (octonion<X> const & rhs);
426 [endsect] [/section:oct_specialization Octonion Specializations]
428 [section:oct_typedefs Octonion Member Typedefs]
434 typedef T value_type;
436 Float specialization version:
438 typedef float value_type;
440 Double specialization version:
442 typedef double value_type;
444 Long double specialization version:
446 typedef long double value_type;
448 These provide easy access to the type the template is built upon.
450 [endsect] [/section:oct_typedefs Octonion Member Typedefs]
452 [section:oct_mem_fun Octonion Member Functions]
458 explicit octonion(T const & requested_a = T(), T const & requested_b = T(), T const & requested_c = T(), T const & requested_d = T(), T const & requested_e = T(), T const & requested_f = T(), T const & requested_g = T(), T const & requested_h = T());
459 explicit octonion(::std::complex<T> const & z0, ::std::complex<T> const & z1 = ::std::complex<T>(), ::std::complex<T> const & z2 = ::std::complex<T>(), ::std::complex<T> const & z3 = ::std::complex<T>());
460 explicit octonion(::boost::math::quaternion<T> const & q0, ::boost::math::quaternion<T> const & q1 = ::boost::math::quaternion<T>());
462 explicit octonion(octonion<X> const & a_recopier);
464 Float specialization version:
466 explicit octonion(float const & requested_a = 0.0f, float const & requested_b = 0.0f, float const & requested_c = 0.0f, float const & requested_d = 0.0f, float const & requested_e = 0.0f, float const & requested_f = 0.0f, float const & requested_g = 0.0f, float const & requested_h = 0.0f);
467 explicit octonion(::std::complex<float> const & z0, ::std::complex<float> const & z1 = ::std::complex<float>(), ::std::complex<float> const & z2 = ::std::complex<float>(), ::std::complex<float> const & z3 = ::std::complex<float>());
468 explicit octonion(::boost::math::quaternion<float> const & q0, ::boost::math::quaternion<float> const & q1 = ::boost::math::quaternion<float>());
469 explicit octonion(octonion<double> const & a_recopier);
470 explicit octonion(octonion<long double> const & a_recopier);
472 Double specialization version:
474 explicit octonion(double const & requested_a = 0.0, double const & requested_b = 0.0, double const & requested_c = 0.0, double const & requested_d = 0.0, double const & requested_e = 0.0, double const & requested_f = 0.0, double const & requested_g = 0.0, double const & requested_h = 0.0);
475 explicit octonion(::std::complex<double> const & z0, ::std::complex<double> const & z1 = ::std::complex<double>(), ::std::complex<double> const & z2 = ::std::complex<double>(), ::std::complex<double> const & z3 = ::std::complex<double>());
476 explicit octonion(::boost::math::quaternion<double> const & q0, ::boost::math::quaternion<double> const & q1 = ::boost::math::quaternion<double>());
477 explicit octonion(octonion<float> const & a_recopier);
478 explicit octonion(octonion<long double> const & a_recopier);
480 Long double specialization version:
482 explicit octonion(long double const & requested_a = 0.0L, long double const & requested_b = 0.0L, long double const & requested_c = 0.0L, long double const & requested_d = 0.0L, long double const & requested_e = 0.0L, long double const & requested_f = 0.0L, long double const & requested_g = 0.0L, long double const & requested_h = 0.0L);
483 explicit octonion( ::std::complex<long double> const & z0, ::std::complex<long double> const & z1 = ::std::complex<long double>(), ::std::complex<long double> const & z2 = ::std::complex<long double>(), ::std::complex<long double> const & z3 = ::std::complex<long double>());
484 explicit octonion(::boost::math::quaternion<long double> const & q0, ::boost::math::quaternion<long double> const & q1 = ::boost::math::quaternion<long double>());
485 explicit octonion(octonion<float> const & a_recopier);
486 explicit octonion(octonion<double> const & a_recopier);
488 A default constructor is provided for each form, which initializes each component
489 to the default values for their type (i.e. zero for floating numbers).
490 This constructor can also accept one to eight base type arguments.
491 A constructor is also provided to build octonions from one to four complex numbers
492 sharing the same base type, and another taking one or two quaternions
493 sharing the same base type. The unspecialized template also sports a
494 templarized copy constructor, while the specialized forms have copy
495 constructors from the other two specializations, which are explicit
496 when a risk of precision loss exists. For the unspecialized form,
497 the base type's constructors must not throw.
499 Destructors and untemplated copy constructors (from the same type)
500 are provided by the compiler. Converting copy constructors make use
501 of a templated helper function in a "detail" subnamespace.
503 [h3 Other member functions]
505 [h4 Real and Unreal Parts]
508 octonion<T> unreal() const;
510 Like complex number, octonions do have a meaningful notion of "real part",
511 but unlike them there is no meaningful notion of "imaginary part".
512 Instead there is an "unreal part" which itself is a octonion,
513 and usually nothing simpler (as opposed to the complex number case).
514 These are returned by the first two functions.
516 [h4 Individual Real Components]
518 T R_component_1() const;
519 T R_component_2() const;
520 T R_component_3() const;
521 T R_component_4() const;
522 T R_component_5() const;
523 T R_component_6() const;
524 T R_component_7() const;
525 T R_component_8() const;
527 A octonion having eight real components, these are returned by
528 these eight functions. Hence real and R_component_1 return the same value.
530 [h4 Individual Complex Components]
532 ::std::complex<T> C_component_1() const;
533 ::std::complex<T> C_component_2() const;
534 ::std::complex<T> C_component_3() const;
535 ::std::complex<T> C_component_4() const;
537 A octonion likewise has four complex components. Actually, octonions
538 are indeed a (left) vector field over the complexes, but beware, as
539 for any octonion __oct_formula we also have __oct_complex_formula
540 (note the [*minus] sign in the last factor).
541 What the C_component_n functions return, however, are the complexes
542 which could be used to build the octonion using the constructor, and
543 [*not] the components of the octonion on the basis ['[^(1, j, e', j')]].
545 [h4 Individual Quaternion Components]
547 ::boost::math::quaternion<T> H_component_1() const;
548 ::boost::math::quaternion<T> H_component_2() const;
550 Likewise, for any octonion __oct_formula we also have __oct_quat_formula, though there
551 is no meaningful vector-space-like structure based on the quaternions.
552 What the H_component_n functions return are the quaternions which
553 could be used to build the octonion using the constructor.
555 [h3 Octonion Member Operators]
556 [h4 Assignment Operators]
558 octonion<T> & operator = (octonion<T> const & a_affecter);
560 octonion<T> & operator = (octonion<X> const & a_affecter);
561 octonion<T> & operator = (T const & a_affecter);
562 octonion<T> & operator = (::std::complex<T> const & a_affecter);
563 octonion<T> & operator = (::boost::math::quaternion<T> const & a_affecter);
565 These perform the expected assignment, with type modification if
566 necessary (for instance, assigning from a base type will set the
567 real part to that value, and all other components to zero).
568 For the unspecialized form, the base type's assignment operators must not throw.
570 [h4 Other Member Operators]
572 octonion<T> & operator += (T const & rhs)
573 octonion<T> & operator += (::std::complex<T> const & rhs);
574 octonion<T> & operator += (::boost::math::quaternion<T> const & rhs);
576 octonion<T> & operator += (octonion<X> const & rhs);
578 These perform the mathematical operation `(*this)+rhs` and store the result in
579 `*this`. The unspecialized form has exception guards, which the specialized
580 forms do not, so as to insure exception safety. For the unspecialized form,
581 the base type's assignment operators must not throw.
583 octonion<T> & operator -= (T const & rhs)
584 octonion<T> & operator -= (::std::complex<T> const & rhs);
585 octonion<T> & operator -= (::boost::math::quaternion<T> const & rhs);
587 octonion<T> & operator -= (octonion<X> const & rhs);
589 These perform the mathematical operation `(*this)-rhs` and store the result
590 in `*this`. The unspecialized form has exception guards, which the
591 specialized forms do not, so as to insure exception safety.
592 For the unspecialized form, the base type's assignment operators must not throw.
594 octonion<T> & operator *= (T const & rhs)
595 octonion<T> & operator *= (::std::complex<T> const & rhs);
596 octonion<T> & operator *= (::boost::math::quaternion<T> const & rhs);
598 octonion<T> & operator *= (octonion<X> const & rhs);
600 These perform the mathematical operation `(*this)*rhs` in this order
601 (order is important as multiplication is not commutative for octonions)
602 and store the result in `*this`. The unspecialized form has exception guards,
603 which the specialized forms do not, so as to insure exception safety.
604 For the unspecialized form, the base type's assignment operators must
605 not throw. Also, for clarity's sake, you should always group the
606 factors in a multiplication by groups of two, as the multiplication is
607 not even associative on the octonions (though there are of course cases
608 where this does not matter, it usually does).
610 octonion<T> & operator /= (T const & rhs)
611 octonion<T> & operator /= (::std::complex<T> const & rhs);
612 octonion<T> & operator /= (::boost::math::quaternion<T> const & rhs);
614 octonion<T> & operator /= (octonion<X> const & rhs);
616 These perform the mathematical operation `(*this)*inverse_of(rhs)`
617 in this order (order is important as multiplication is not commutative
618 for octonions) and store the result in `*this`. The unspecialized form
619 has exception guards, which the specialized forms do not, so as to
620 insure exception safety. For the unspecialized form, the base
621 type's assignment operators must not throw. As for the multiplication,
622 remember to group any two factors using parenthesis.
624 [endsect] [/section:oct_mem_fun Octonion Member Functions]
626 [section:oct_non_mem Octonion Non-Member Operators]
628 [h4 Unary Plus and Minus Operators]
630 template<typename T> octonion<T> operator + (octonion<T> const & o);
632 This unary operator simply returns o.
634 template<typename T> octonion<T> operator - (octonion<T> const & o);
636 This unary operator returns the opposite of o.
638 [h4 Binary Addition Operators]
640 template<typename T> octonion<T> operator + (T const & lhs, octonion<T> const & rhs);
641 template<typename T> octonion<T> operator + (octonion<T> const & lhs, T const & rhs);
642 template<typename T> octonion<T> operator + (::std::complex<T> const & lhs, octonion<T> const & rhs);
643 template<typename T> octonion<T> operator + (octonion<T> const & lhs, ::std::complex<T> const & rhs);
644 template<typename T> octonion<T> operator + (::boost::math::quaternion<T> const & lhs, octonion<T> const & rhs);
645 template<typename T> octonion<T> operator + (octonion<T> const & lhs, ::boost::math::quaternion<T> const & rhs);
646 template<typename T> octonion<T> operator + (octonion<T> const & lhs, octonion<T> const & rhs);
648 These operators return `octonion<T>(lhs) += rhs`.
650 [h4 Binary Subtraction Operators]
652 template<typename T> octonion<T> operator - (T const & lhs, octonion<T> const & rhs);
653 template<typename T> octonion<T> operator - (octonion<T> const & lhs, T const & rhs);
654 template<typename T> octonion<T> operator - (::std::complex<T> const & lhs, octonion<T> const & rhs);
655 template<typename T> octonion<T> operator - (octonion<T> const & lhs, ::std::complex<T> const & rhs);
656 template<typename T> octonion<T> operator - (::boost::math::quaternion<T> const & lhs, octonion<T> const & rhs);
657 template<typename T> octonion<T> operator - (octonion<T> const & lhs, ::boost::math::quaternion<T> const & rhs);
658 template<typename T> octonion<T> operator - (octonion<T> const & lhs, octonion<T> const & rhs);
660 These operators return `octonion<T>(lhs) -= rhs`.
662 [h4 Binary Multiplication Operators]
664 template<typename T> octonion<T> operator * (T const & lhs, octonion<T> const & rhs);
665 template<typename T> octonion<T> operator * (octonion<T> const & lhs, T const & rhs);
666 template<typename T> octonion<T> operator * (::std::complex<T> const & lhs, octonion<T> const & rhs);
667 template<typename T> octonion<T> operator * (octonion<T> const & lhs, ::std::complex<T> const & rhs);
668 template<typename T> octonion<T> operator * (::boost::math::quaternion<T> const & lhs, octonion<T> const & rhs);
669 template<typename T> octonion<T> operator * (octonion<T> const & lhs, ::boost::math::quaternion<T> const & rhs);
670 template<typename T> octonion<T> operator * (octonion<T> const & lhs, octonion<T> const & rhs);
672 These operators return `octonion<T>(lhs) *= rhs`.
674 [h4 Binary Division Operators]
676 template<typename T> octonion<T> operator / (T const & lhs, octonion<T> const & rhs);
677 template<typename T> octonion<T> operator / (octonion<T> const & lhs, T const & rhs);
678 template<typename T> octonion<T> operator / (::std::complex<T> const & lhs, octonion<T> const & rhs);
679 template<typename T> octonion<T> operator / (octonion<T> const & lhs, ::std::complex<T> const & rhs);
680 template<typename T> octonion<T> operator / (::boost::math::quaternion<T> const & lhs, octonion<T> const & rhs);
681 template<typename T> octonion<T> operator / (octonion<T> const & lhs, ::boost::math::quaternion<T> const & rhs);
682 template<typename T> octonion<T> operator / (octonion<T> const & lhs, octonion<T> const & rhs);
684 These operators return `octonion<T>(lhs) /= rhs`. It is of course still an
685 error to divide by zero...
687 [h4 Binary Equality Operators]
689 template<typename T> bool operator == (T const & lhs, octonion<T> const & rhs);
690 template<typename T> bool operator == (octonion<T> const & lhs, T const & rhs);
691 template<typename T> bool operator == (::std::complex<T> const & lhs, octonion<T> const & rhs);
692 template<typename T> bool operator == (octonion<T> const & lhs, ::std::complex<T> const & rhs);
693 template<typename T> bool operator == (::boost::math::quaternion<T> const & lhs, octonion<T> const & rhs);
694 template<typename T> bool operator == (octonion<T> const & lhs, ::boost::math::quaternion<T> const & rhs);
695 template<typename T> bool operator == (octonion<T> const & lhs, octonion<T> const & rhs);
697 These return true if and only if the four components of `octonion<T>(lhs)`
698 are equal to their counterparts in `octonion<T>(rhs)`. As with any
699 floating-type entity, this is essentially meaningless.
701 [h4 Binary Inequality Operators]
703 template<typename T> bool operator != (T const & lhs, octonion<T> const & rhs);
704 template<typename T> bool operator != (octonion<T> const & lhs, T const & rhs);
705 template<typename T> bool operator != (::std::complex<T> const & lhs, octonion<T> const & rhs);
706 template<typename T> bool operator != (octonion<T> const & lhs, ::std::complex<T> const & rhs);
707 template<typename T> bool operator != (::boost::math::quaternion<T> const & lhs, octonion<T> const & rhs);
708 template<typename T> bool operator != (octonion<T> const & lhs, ::boost::math::quaternion<T> const & rhs);
709 template<typename T> bool operator != (octonion<T> const & lhs, octonion<T> const & rhs);
711 These return true if and only if `octonion<T>(lhs) == octonion<T>(rhs)`
712 is false. As with any floating-type entity, this is essentially meaningless.
714 [h4 Stream Extractor]
716 template<typename T, typename charT, class traits>
717 ::std::basic_istream<charT,traits> & operator >> (::std::basic_istream<charT,traits> & is, octonion<T> & o);
719 Extracts an octonion `o`. We accept any format which seems reasonable.
720 However, since this leads to a great many ambiguities, decisions were made
721 to lift these. In case of doubt, stick to lists of reals.
723 The input values must be convertible to T. If bad input is encountered,
724 calls `is.setstate(ios::failbit)` (which may throw `ios::failure` (27.4.5.3)).
730 template<typename T, typename charT, class traits>
731 ::std::basic_ostream<charT,traits> & operator << (::std::basic_ostream<charT,traits> & os, octonion<T> const & o);
733 Inserts the octonion `o` onto the stream `os` as if it were implemented as follows:
735 template<typename T, typename charT, class traits>
736 ::std::basic_ostream<charT,traits> & operator << ( ::std::basic_ostream<charT,traits> & os,
737 octonion<T> const & o)
739 ::std::basic_ostringstream<charT,traits> s;
742 s.imbue(os.getloc());
743 s.precision(os.precision());
745 s << '(' << o.R_component_1() << ','
746 << o.R_component_2() << ','
747 << o.R_component_3() << ','
748 << o.R_component_4() << ','
749 << o.R_component_5() << ','
750 << o.R_component_6() << ','
751 << o.R_component_7() << ','
752 << o.R_component_8() << ')';
754 return os << s.str();
757 [endsect] [/section:oct_non_mem Octonion Non-Member Operators]
759 [section:oct_value_ops Octonion Value Operations]
763 template<typename T> T real(octonion<T> const & o);
764 template<typename T> octonion<T> unreal(octonion<T> const & o);
766 These return `o.real()` and `o.unreal()` respectively.
770 template<typename T> octonion<T> conj(octonion<T> const & o);
772 This returns the conjugate of the octonion.
776 template<typename T> T sup(octonion<T> const & o);
778 This return the sup norm (the greatest among
779 `abs(o.R_component_1())...abs(o.R_component_8()))` of the octonion.
783 template<typename T> T l1(octonion<T> const & o);
785 This return the l1 norm (`abs(o.R_component_1())+...+abs(o.R_component_8())`)
790 template<typename T> T abs(octonion<T> const & o);
792 This return the magnitude (Euclidian norm) of the octonion.
796 template<typename T> T norm(octonion<T>const & o);
798 This return the (Cayley) norm of the octonion. The term "norm" might
799 be confusing, as most people associate it with the Euclidian norm
800 (and quadratic functionals). For this version of (the mathematical
801 objects known as) octonions, the Euclidian norm (also known as
802 magnitude) is the square root of the Cayley norm.
804 [endsect] [/section:oct_value_ops Octonion Value Operations]
806 [section:oct_create Octonion Creation Functions]
808 template<typename T> octonion<T> spherical(T const & rho, T const & theta, T const & phi1, T const & phi2, T const & phi3, T const & phi4, T const & phi5, T const & phi6);
809 template<typename T> octonion<T> multipolar(T const & rho1, T const & theta1, T const & rho2, T const & theta2, T const & rho3, T const & theta3, T const & rho4, T const & theta4);
810 template<typename T> octonion<T> cylindrical(T const & r, T const & angle, T const & h1, T const & h2, T const & h3, T const & h4, T const & h5, T const & h6);
812 These build octonions in a way similar to the way polar builds
813 complex numbers, as there is no strict equivalent to
814 polar coordinates for octonions.
816 `spherical` is a simple transposition of `polar`, it takes as inputs a
817 (positive) magnitude and a point on the hypersphere, given
818 by three angles. The first of these, ['theta] has a natural range of
819 -pi to +pi, and the other two have natural ranges of
820 -pi/2 to +pi/2 (as is the case with the usual spherical
821 coordinates in __R3). Due to the many symmetries and periodicities,
822 nothing untoward happens if the magnitude is negative or the angles are
823 outside their natural ranges. The expected degeneracies (a magnitude of
824 zero ignores the angles settings...) do happen however.
826 `cylindrical` is likewise a simple transposition of the usual
827 cylindrical coordinates in __R3, which in turn is another derivative of
828 planar polar coordinates. The first two inputs are the polar
829 coordinates of the first __C component of the octonion. The third and
830 fourth inputs are placed into the third and fourth __R components of the
831 octonion, respectively.
833 `multipolar` is yet another simple generalization of polar coordinates.
834 This time, both __C components of the octonion are given in polar coordinates.
836 In this version of our implementation of octonions, there is no
837 analogue of the complex value operation arg as the situation is
838 somewhat more complicated.
840 [endsect] [/section:oct_create Octonion Creation Functions]
842 [section:oct_trans Octonions Transcendentals]
844 There is no `log` or `sqrt` provided for octonions in this implementation,
845 and `pow` is likewise restricted to integral powers of the exponent.
846 There are several reasons to this: on the one hand, the equivalent of
847 analytic continuation for octonions ("branch cuts") remains to be
848 investigated thoroughly (by me, at any rate...), and we wish to avoid
849 the nonsense introduced in the standard by exponentiations of
850 complexes by complexes (which is well defined, but not in the standard...).
851 Talking of nonsense, saying that `pow(0,0)` is "implementation defined" is
852 just plain brain-dead...
854 We do, however provide several transcendentals, chief among which is
855 the exponential. That it allows for a "closed formula" is a result
856 of the author (the existence and definition of the exponential, on the
857 octonions among others, on the other hand, is a few centuries old).
858 Basically, any converging power series with real coefficients which
859 allows for a closed formula in __C can be transposed to __O. More
860 transcendentals of this type could be added in a further revision upon
861 request. It should be noted that it is these functions which force the
863 [@../../../../boost/math/special_functions/sinc.hpp boost/math/special_functions/sinc.hpp]
865 [@../../../../boost/math/special_functions/sinhc.hpp boost/math/special_functions/sinhc.hpp]
871 octonion<T> exp(octonion<T> const & o);
873 Computes the exponential of the octonion.
878 octonion<T> cos(octonion<T> const & o);
880 Computes the cosine of the octonion
885 octonion<T> sin(octonion<T> const & o);
887 Computes the sine of the octonion.
892 octonion<T> tan(octonion<T> const & o);
894 Computes the tangent of the octonion.
899 octonion<T> cosh(octonion<T> const & o);
901 Computes the hyperbolic cosine of the octonion.
906 octonion<T> sinh(octonion<T> const & o);
908 Computes the hyperbolic sine of the octonion.
913 octonion<T> tanh(octonion<T> const & o);
915 Computes the hyperbolic tangent of the octonion.
920 octonion<T> pow(octonion<T> const & o, int n);
922 Computes the n-th power of the octonion q.
926 [section:oct_tests Test Program]
928 The [@../../test/octonion_test.cpp octonion_test.cpp]
929 test program tests octonions specialisations for float, double and long double
930 ([@../octonion/output.txt sample output]).
932 If you define the symbol BOOST_OCTONION_TEST_VERBOSE, you will get additional
933 output ([@../octonion/output_more.txt verbose output]); this will
934 only be helpfull if you enable message output at the same time, of course
935 (by uncommenting the relevant line in the test or by adding --log_level=messages
936 to your command line,...). In that case, and if you are running interactively,
937 you may in addition define the symbol BOOST_INTERACTIVE_TEST_INPUT_ITERATOR to
938 interactively test the input operator with input of your choice from the
939 standard input (instead of hard-coding it in the test).
941 [endsect] [/section:oct_trans Octonions Transcendentals]
943 [section:acknowledgements Acknowledgements]
945 The mathematical text has been typeset with
946 [@http://www.nisus-soft.com/ Nisus Writer].
947 Jens Maurer has helped with portability and standard adherence, and was the
948 Review Manager for this library. More acknowledgements in the
949 History section. Thank you to all who contributed to the discussion about this library.
951 [endsect] [/section:acknowledgements Acknowledgements]
953 [section:oct_history History]
955 * 1.5.9 - 13/5/2013: Incorporated into Boost.Math.
956 * 1.5.8 - 17/12/2005: Converted documentation to Quickbook Format.
957 * 1.5.7 - 25/02/2003: transitionned to the unit test framework; <boost/config.hpp> now included by the library header (rather than the test files), via <boost/math/quaternion.hpp>.
958 * 1.5.6 - 15/10/2002: Gcc2.95.x and stlport on linux compatibility by Alkis Evlogimenos (alkis@routescience.com).
959 * 1.5.5 - 27/09/2002: Microsoft VCPP 7 compatibility, by Michael Stevens (michael@acfr.usyd.edu.au); requires the /Za compiler option.
960 * 1.5.4 - 19/09/2002: fixed problem with multiple inclusion (in different translation units); attempt at an improved compatibility with Microsoft compilers, by Michael Stevens (michael@acfr.usyd.edu.au) and Fredrik Blomqvist; other compatibility fixes.
961 * 1.5.3 - 01/02/2002: bugfix and Gcc 2.95.3 compatibility by Douglas Gregor (gregod@cs.rpi.edu).
962 * 1.5.2 - 07/07/2001: introduced namespace math.
963 * 1.5.1 - 07/06/2001: (end of Boost review) now includes <boost/math/special_functions/sinc.hpp> and <boost/math/special_functions/sinhc.hpp> instead of <boost/special_functions.hpp>; corrected bug in sin (Daryle Walker); removed check for self-assignment (Gary Powel); made converting functions explicit (Gary Powel); added overflow guards for division operators and abs (Peter Schmitteckert); added sup and l1; used Vesa Karvonen's CPP metaprograming technique to simplify code.
964 * 1.5.0 - 23/03/2001: boostification, inlining of all operators except input, output and pow, fixed exception safety of some members (template version).
965 * 1.4.0 - 09/01/2001: added tan and tanh.
966 * 1.3.1 - 08/01/2001: cosmetic fixes.
967 * 1.3.0 - 12/07/2000: pow now uses Maarten Hilferink's (mhilferink@tip.nl) algorithm.
968 * 1.2.0 - 25/05/2000: fixed the division operators and output; changed many signatures.
969 * 1.1.0 - 23/05/2000: changed sinc into sinc_pi; added sin, cos, sinh, cosh.
970 * 1.0.0 - 10/08/1999: first public version.
972 [endsect] [/section:oct_history History]
974 [section:oct_todo To Do]
977 * Rewrite input operators using Spirit (creates a dependency).
978 * Put in place an Expression Template mechanism (perhaps borrowing from uBlas).
980 [endsect] [/section:oct_todo To Do]
986 Copyright 1999, 2005, 2013 Hubert Holin.
987 Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
988 (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
989 http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt).