3 * Exponential function, minus 1
4 * 128-bit __float128 precision
10 * __float128 x, y, expm1l();
18 * Returns e (2.71828...) raised to the x power, minus one.
20 * Range reduction is accomplished by separating the argument
21 * into an integer k and fraction f such that
26 * An expansion x + .5 x^2 + x^3 R(x) approximates exp(f) - 1
27 * in the basic range [-0.5 ln 2, 0.5 ln 2].
33 * arithmetic domain # trials peak rms
34 * IEEE -79,+MAXLOG 100,000 1.7e-34 4.5e-35
38 /* Copyright 2001 by Stephen L. Moshier
40 This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
41 modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
42 License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
43 version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
45 This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
46 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
47 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
48 Lesser General Public License for more details.
50 You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
51 License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
52 Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA */
57 #include "quadmath-imp.h"
59 /* exp(x) - 1 = x + 0.5 x^2 + x^3 P(x)/Q(x)
60 -.5 ln 2 < x < .5 ln 2
61 Theoretical peak relative error = 8.1e-36 */
63 static const __float128
64 P0 = 2.943520915569954073888921213330863757240E8Q,
65 P1 = -5.722847283900608941516165725053359168840E7Q,
66 P2 = 8.944630806357575461578107295909719817253E6Q,
67 P3 = -7.212432713558031519943281748462837065308E5Q,
68 P4 = 4.578962475841642634225390068461943438441E4Q,
69 P5 = -1.716772506388927649032068540558788106762E3Q,
70 P6 = 4.401308817383362136048032038528753151144E1Q,
71 P7 = -4.888737542888633647784737721812546636240E-1Q,
72 Q0 = 1.766112549341972444333352727998584753865E9Q,
73 Q1 = -7.848989743695296475743081255027098295771E8Q,
74 Q2 = 1.615869009634292424463780387327037251069E8Q,
75 Q3 = -2.019684072836541751428967854947019415698E7Q,
76 Q4 = 1.682912729190313538934190635536631941751E6Q,
77 Q5 = -9.615511549171441430850103489315371768998E4Q,
78 Q6 = 3.697714952261803935521187272204485251835E3Q,
79 Q7 = -8.802340681794263968892934703309274564037E1Q,
80 /* Q8 = 1.000000000000000000000000000000000000000E0 */
83 C1 = 6.93145751953125E-1Q,
84 C2 = 1.428606820309417232121458176568075500134E-6Q,
85 /* ln (2^16384 * (1 - 2^-113)) */
86 maxlog = 1.1356523406294143949491931077970764891253E4Q,
88 minarg = -7.9018778583833765273564461846232128760607E1Q;
94 __float128 px, qx, xx;
99 /* Detect infinity and NaN. */
102 sign = ix & 0x80000000;
104 if (!sign && ix >= 0x40060000)
106 /* If num is positive and exp >= 6 use plain exp. */
109 if (ix >= 0x7fff0000)
112 if (((ix & 0xffff) | u.words32.w1 | u.words32.w2 | u.words32.w3) == 0)
119 /* NaN. No invalid exception. */
123 /* expm1(+- 0) = +- 0. */
124 if ((ix == 0) && (u.words32.w1 | u.words32.w2 | u.words32.w3) == 0)
131 return (HUGE_VALQ * HUGE_VALQ);
136 return (4.0/HUGE_VALQ - 1.0Q);
138 /* Express x = ln 2 (k + remainder), remainder not exceeding 1/2. */
139 xx = C1 + C2; /* ln 2. */
140 px = floorq (0.5 + x / xx);
142 /* remainder times ln 2 */
146 /* Approximate exp(remainder ln 2). */
149 + P5) * x + P4) * x + P3) * x + P2) * x + P1) * x + P0) * x;
153 + Q6) * x + Q5) * x + Q4) * x + Q3) * x + Q2) * x + Q1) * x + Q0;
156 qx = x + (0.5 * xx + xx * px / qx);
158 /* exp(x) = exp(k ln 2) exp(remainder ln 2) = 2^k exp(remainder ln 2).
160 We have qx = exp(remainder ln 2) - 1, so
161 exp(x) - 1 = 2^k (qx + 1) - 1
162 = 2^k qx + 2^k - 1. */
164 px = ldexpq (1.0Q, k);
165 x = px * qx + (px - 1.0);