1 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
3 * A fast, small, non-recursive O(n log n) sort for the Linux kernel
5 * This performs n*log2(n) + 0.37*n + o(n) comparisons on average,
6 * and 1.5*n*log2(n) + O(n) in the (very contrived) worst case.
8 * Glibc qsort() manages n*log2(n) - 1.26*n for random inputs (1.63*n
9 * better) at the expense of stack usage and much larger code to avoid
10 * quicksort's O(n^2) worst case.
13 #define pr_fmt(fmt) KBUILD_MODNAME ": " fmt
15 #include <linux/types.h>
16 #include <linux/export.h>
17 #include <linux/sort.h>
20 * is_aligned - is this pointer & size okay for word-wide copying?
21 * @base: pointer to data
22 * @size: size of each element
23 * @align: required alignment (typically 4 or 8)
25 * Returns true if elements can be copied using word loads and stores.
26 * The size must be a multiple of the alignment, and the base address must
27 * be if we do not have CONFIG_HAVE_EFFICIENT_UNALIGNED_ACCESS.
29 * For some reason, gcc doesn't know to optimize "if (a & mask || b & mask)"
30 * to "if ((a | b) & mask)", so we do that by hand.
32 __attribute_const__ __always_inline
33 static bool is_aligned(const void *base, size_t size, unsigned char align)
35 unsigned char lsbits = (unsigned char)size;
38 #ifndef CONFIG_HAVE_EFFICIENT_UNALIGNED_ACCESS
39 lsbits |= (unsigned char)(uintptr_t)base;
41 return (lsbits & (align - 1)) == 0;
45 * swap_words_32 - swap two elements in 32-bit chunks
46 * @a: pointer to the first element to swap
47 * @b: pointer to the second element to swap
48 * @n: element size (must be a multiple of 4)
50 * Exchange the two objects in memory. This exploits base+index addressing,
51 * which basically all CPUs have, to minimize loop overhead computations.
53 * For some reason, on x86 gcc 7.3.0 adds a redundant test of n at the
54 * bottom of the loop, even though the zero flag is stil valid from the
55 * subtract (since the intervening mov instructions don't alter the flags).
56 * Gcc 8.1.0 doesn't have that problem.
58 static void swap_words_32(void *a, void *b, size_t n)
61 u32 t = *(u32 *)(a + (n -= 4));
62 *(u32 *)(a + n) = *(u32 *)(b + n);
68 * swap_words_64 - swap two elements in 64-bit chunks
69 * @a: pointer to the first element to swap
70 * @b: pointer to the second element to swap
71 * @n: element size (must be a multiple of 8)
73 * Exchange the two objects in memory. This exploits base+index
74 * addressing, which basically all CPUs have, to minimize loop overhead
77 * We'd like to use 64-bit loads if possible. If they're not, emulating
78 * one requires base+index+4 addressing which x86 has but most other
79 * processors do not. If CONFIG_64BIT, we definitely have 64-bit loads,
80 * but it's possible to have 64-bit loads without 64-bit pointers (e.g.
81 * x32 ABI). Are there any cases the kernel needs to worry about?
83 static void swap_words_64(void *a, void *b, size_t n)
87 u64 t = *(u64 *)(a + (n -= 8));
88 *(u64 *)(a + n) = *(u64 *)(b + n);
91 /* Use two 32-bit transfers to avoid base+index+4 addressing */
92 u32 t = *(u32 *)(a + (n -= 4));
93 *(u32 *)(a + n) = *(u32 *)(b + n);
96 t = *(u32 *)(a + (n -= 4));
97 *(u32 *)(a + n) = *(u32 *)(b + n);
104 * swap_bytes - swap two elements a byte at a time
105 * @a: pointer to the first element to swap
106 * @b: pointer to the second element to swap
109 * This is the fallback if alignment doesn't allow using larger chunks.
111 static void swap_bytes(void *a, void *b, size_t n)
114 char t = ((char *)a)[--n];
115 ((char *)a)[n] = ((char *)b)[n];
120 typedef void (*swap_func_t)(void *a, void *b, int size);
123 * The values are arbitrary as long as they can't be confused with
124 * a pointer, but small integers make for the smallest compare
127 #define SWAP_WORDS_64 (swap_func_t)0
128 #define SWAP_WORDS_32 (swap_func_t)1
129 #define SWAP_BYTES (swap_func_t)2
132 * The function pointer is last to make tail calls most efficient if the
133 * compiler decides not to inline this function.
135 static void do_swap(void *a, void *b, size_t size, swap_func_t swap_func)
137 if (swap_func == SWAP_WORDS_64)
138 swap_words_64(a, b, size);
139 else if (swap_func == SWAP_WORDS_32)
140 swap_words_32(a, b, size);
141 else if (swap_func == SWAP_BYTES)
142 swap_bytes(a, b, size);
144 swap_func(a, b, (int)size);
148 * parent - given the offset of the child, find the offset of the parent.
149 * @i: the offset of the heap element whose parent is sought. Non-zero.
150 * @lsbit: a precomputed 1-bit mask, equal to "size & -size"
151 * @size: size of each element
153 * In terms of array indexes, the parent of element j = @i/@size is simply
154 * (j-1)/2. But when working in byte offsets, we can't use implicit
155 * truncation of integer divides.
157 * Fortunately, we only need one bit of the quotient, not the full divide.
158 * @size has a least significant bit. That bit will be clear if @i is
159 * an even multiple of @size, and set if it's an odd multiple.
161 * Logically, we're doing "if (i & lsbit) i -= size;", but since the
162 * branch is unpredictable, it's done with a bit of clever branch-free
165 __attribute_const__ __always_inline
166 static size_t parent(size_t i, unsigned int lsbit, size_t size)
169 i -= size & -(i & lsbit);
174 * sort - sort an array of elements
175 * @base: pointer to data to sort
176 * @num: number of elements
177 * @size: size of each element
178 * @cmp_func: pointer to comparison function
179 * @swap_func: pointer to swap function or NULL
181 * This function does a heapsort on the given array. You may provide
182 * a swap_func function if you need to do something more than a memory
183 * copy (e.g. fix up pointers or auxiliary data), but the built-in swap
184 * avoids a slow retpoline and so is significantly faster.
186 * Sorting time is O(n log n) both on average and worst-case. While
187 * quicksort is slightly faster on average, it suffers from exploitable
188 * O(n*n) worst-case behavior and extra memory requirements that make
189 * it less suitable for kernel use.
191 void sort(void *base, size_t num, size_t size,
192 int (*cmp_func)(const void *, const void *),
193 void (*swap_func)(void *, void *, int size))
195 /* pre-scale counters for performance */
196 size_t n = num * size, a = (num/2) * size;
197 const unsigned int lsbit = size & -size; /* Used to find parent */
199 if (!a) /* num < 2 || size == 0 */
203 if (is_aligned(base, size, 8))
204 swap_func = SWAP_WORDS_64;
205 else if (is_aligned(base, size, 4))
206 swap_func = SWAP_WORDS_32;
208 swap_func = SWAP_BYTES;
213 * 1. elements [a,n) satisfy the heap property (compare greater than
214 * all of their children),
215 * 2. elements [n,num*size) are sorted, and
216 * 3. a <= b <= c <= d <= n (whenever they are valid).
221 if (a) /* Building heap: sift down --a */
223 else if (n -= size) /* Sorting: Extract root to --n */
224 do_swap(base, base + n, size, swap_func);
225 else /* Sort complete */
229 * Sift element at "a" down into heap. This is the
230 * "bottom-up" variant, which significantly reduces
231 * calls to cmp_func(): we find the sift-down path all
232 * the way to the leaves (one compare per level), then
233 * backtrack to find where to insert the target element.
235 * Because elements tend to sift down close to the leaves,
236 * this uses fewer compares than doing two per level
237 * on the way down. (A bit more than half as many on
238 * average, 3/4 worst-case.)
240 for (b = a; c = 2*b + size, (d = c + size) < n;)
241 b = cmp_func(base + c, base + d) >= 0 ? c : d;
242 if (d == n) /* Special case last leaf with no sibling */
245 /* Now backtrack from "b" to the correct location for "a" */
246 while (b != a && cmp_func(base + a, base + b) >= 0)
247 b = parent(b, lsbit, size);
248 c = b; /* Where "a" belongs */
249 while (b != a) { /* Shift it into place */
250 b = parent(b, lsbit, size);
251 do_swap(base + b, base + c, size, swap_func);