1 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
3 * Variant of atomic_t specialized for reference counts.
5 * The interface matches the atomic_t interface (to aid in porting) but only
6 * provides the few functions one should use for reference counting.
8 * It differs in that the counter saturates at UINT_MAX and will not move once
9 * there. This avoids wrapping the counter and causing 'spurious'
10 * use-after-free issues.
12 * Memory ordering rules are slightly relaxed wrt regular atomic_t functions
13 * and provide only what is strictly required for refcounts.
15 * The increments are fully relaxed; these will not provide ordering. The
16 * rationale is that whatever is used to obtain the object we're increasing the
17 * reference count on will provide the ordering. For locked data structures,
18 * its the lock acquire, for RCU/lockless data structures its the dependent
21 * Do note that inc_not_zero() provides a control dependency which will order
22 * future stores against the inc, this ensures we'll never modify the object
23 * if we did not in fact acquire a reference.
25 * The decrements will provide release order, such that all the prior loads and
26 * stores will be issued before, it also provides a control dependency, which
27 * will order us against the subsequent free().
29 * The control dependency is against the load of the cmpxchg (ll/sc) that
30 * succeeded. This means the stores aren't fully ordered, but this is fine
31 * because the 1->0 transition indicates no concurrency.
33 * Note that the allocator is responsible for ordering things between free()
38 #include <linux/mutex.h>
39 #include <linux/refcount.h>
40 #include <linux/spinlock.h>
41 #include <linux/bug.h>
44 * refcount_add_not_zero_checked - add a value to a refcount unless it is 0
45 * @i: the value to add to the refcount
48 * Will saturate at UINT_MAX and WARN.
50 * Provides no memory ordering, it is assumed the caller has guaranteed the
51 * object memory to be stable (RCU, etc.). It does provide a control dependency
52 * and thereby orders future stores. See the comment on top.
54 * Use of this function is not recommended for the normal reference counting
55 * use case in which references are taken and released one at a time. In these
56 * cases, refcount_inc(), or one of its variants, should instead be used to
57 * increment a reference count.
59 * Return: false if the passed refcount is 0, true otherwise
61 bool refcount_add_not_zero_checked(unsigned int i, refcount_t *r)
63 unsigned int new, val = atomic_read(&r->refs);
69 if (unlikely(val == UINT_MAX))
76 } while (!atomic_try_cmpxchg_relaxed(&r->refs, &val, new));
78 WARN_ONCE(new == UINT_MAX, "refcount_t: saturated; leaking memory.\n");
82 EXPORT_SYMBOL(refcount_add_not_zero_checked);
85 * refcount_add_checked - add a value to a refcount
86 * @i: the value to add to the refcount
89 * Similar to atomic_add(), but will saturate at UINT_MAX and WARN.
91 * Provides no memory ordering, it is assumed the caller has guaranteed the
92 * object memory to be stable (RCU, etc.). It does provide a control dependency
93 * and thereby orders future stores. See the comment on top.
95 * Use of this function is not recommended for the normal reference counting
96 * use case in which references are taken and released one at a time. In these
97 * cases, refcount_inc(), or one of its variants, should instead be used to
98 * increment a reference count.
100 void refcount_add_checked(unsigned int i, refcount_t *r)
102 WARN_ONCE(!refcount_add_not_zero_checked(i, r), "refcount_t: addition on 0; use-after-free.\n");
104 EXPORT_SYMBOL(refcount_add_checked);
107 * refcount_inc_not_zero_checked - increment a refcount unless it is 0
108 * @r: the refcount to increment
110 * Similar to atomic_inc_not_zero(), but will saturate at UINT_MAX and WARN.
112 * Provides no memory ordering, it is assumed the caller has guaranteed the
113 * object memory to be stable (RCU, etc.). It does provide a control dependency
114 * and thereby orders future stores. See the comment on top.
116 * Return: true if the increment was successful, false otherwise
118 bool refcount_inc_not_zero_checked(refcount_t *r)
120 unsigned int new, val = atomic_read(&r->refs);
131 } while (!atomic_try_cmpxchg_relaxed(&r->refs, &val, new));
133 WARN_ONCE(new == UINT_MAX, "refcount_t: saturated; leaking memory.\n");
137 EXPORT_SYMBOL(refcount_inc_not_zero_checked);
140 * refcount_inc_checked - increment a refcount
141 * @r: the refcount to increment
143 * Similar to atomic_inc(), but will saturate at UINT_MAX and WARN.
145 * Provides no memory ordering, it is assumed the caller already has a
146 * reference on the object.
148 * Will WARN if the refcount is 0, as this represents a possible use-after-free
151 void refcount_inc_checked(refcount_t *r)
153 WARN_ONCE(!refcount_inc_not_zero_checked(r), "refcount_t: increment on 0; use-after-free.\n");
155 EXPORT_SYMBOL(refcount_inc_checked);
158 * refcount_sub_and_test_checked - subtract from a refcount and test if it is 0
159 * @i: amount to subtract from the refcount
162 * Similar to atomic_dec_and_test(), but it will WARN, return false and
163 * ultimately leak on underflow and will fail to decrement when saturated
166 * Provides release memory ordering, such that prior loads and stores are done
167 * before, and provides a control dependency such that free() must come after.
168 * See the comment on top.
170 * Use of this function is not recommended for the normal reference counting
171 * use case in which references are taken and released one at a time. In these
172 * cases, refcount_dec(), or one of its variants, should instead be used to
173 * decrement a reference count.
175 * Return: true if the resulting refcount is 0, false otherwise
177 bool refcount_sub_and_test_checked(unsigned int i, refcount_t *r)
179 unsigned int new, val = atomic_read(&r->refs);
182 if (unlikely(val == UINT_MAX))
187 WARN_ONCE(new > val, "refcount_t: underflow; use-after-free.\n");
191 } while (!atomic_try_cmpxchg_release(&r->refs, &val, new));
195 EXPORT_SYMBOL(refcount_sub_and_test_checked);
198 * refcount_dec_and_test_checked - decrement a refcount and test if it is 0
201 * Similar to atomic_dec_and_test(), it will WARN on underflow and fail to
202 * decrement when saturated at UINT_MAX.
204 * Provides release memory ordering, such that prior loads and stores are done
205 * before, and provides a control dependency such that free() must come after.
206 * See the comment on top.
208 * Return: true if the resulting refcount is 0, false otherwise
210 bool refcount_dec_and_test_checked(refcount_t *r)
212 return refcount_sub_and_test_checked(1, r);
214 EXPORT_SYMBOL(refcount_dec_and_test_checked);
217 * refcount_dec_checked - decrement a refcount
220 * Similar to atomic_dec(), it will WARN on underflow and fail to decrement
221 * when saturated at UINT_MAX.
223 * Provides release memory ordering, such that prior loads and stores are done
226 void refcount_dec_checked(refcount_t *r)
228 WARN_ONCE(refcount_dec_and_test_checked(r), "refcount_t: decrement hit 0; leaking memory.\n");
230 EXPORT_SYMBOL(refcount_dec_checked);
233 * refcount_dec_if_one - decrement a refcount if it is 1
236 * No atomic_t counterpart, it attempts a 1 -> 0 transition and returns the
239 * Like all decrement operations, it provides release memory order and provides
240 * a control dependency.
242 * It can be used like a try-delete operator; this explicit case is provided
243 * and not cmpxchg in generic, because that would allow implementing unsafe
246 * Return: true if the resulting refcount is 0, false otherwise
248 bool refcount_dec_if_one(refcount_t *r)
252 return atomic_try_cmpxchg_release(&r->refs, &val, 0);
254 EXPORT_SYMBOL(refcount_dec_if_one);
257 * refcount_dec_not_one - decrement a refcount if it is not 1
260 * No atomic_t counterpart, it decrements unless the value is 1, in which case
261 * it will return false.
263 * Was often done like: atomic_add_unless(&var, -1, 1)
265 * Return: true if the decrement operation was successful, false otherwise
267 bool refcount_dec_not_one(refcount_t *r)
269 unsigned int new, val = atomic_read(&r->refs);
272 if (unlikely(val == UINT_MAX))
280 WARN_ONCE(new > val, "refcount_t: underflow; use-after-free.\n");
284 } while (!atomic_try_cmpxchg_release(&r->refs, &val, new));
288 EXPORT_SYMBOL(refcount_dec_not_one);
291 * refcount_dec_and_mutex_lock - return holding mutex if able to decrement
294 * @lock: the mutex to be locked
296 * Similar to atomic_dec_and_mutex_lock(), it will WARN on underflow and fail
297 * to decrement when saturated at UINT_MAX.
299 * Provides release memory ordering, such that prior loads and stores are done
300 * before, and provides a control dependency such that free() must come after.
301 * See the comment on top.
303 * Return: true and hold mutex if able to decrement refcount to 0, false
306 bool refcount_dec_and_mutex_lock(refcount_t *r, struct mutex *lock)
308 if (refcount_dec_not_one(r))
312 if (!refcount_dec_and_test(r)) {
319 EXPORT_SYMBOL(refcount_dec_and_mutex_lock);
322 * refcount_dec_and_lock - return holding spinlock if able to decrement
325 * @lock: the spinlock to be locked
327 * Similar to atomic_dec_and_lock(), it will WARN on underflow and fail to
328 * decrement when saturated at UINT_MAX.
330 * Provides release memory ordering, such that prior loads and stores are done
331 * before, and provides a control dependency such that free() must come after.
332 * See the comment on top.
334 * Return: true and hold spinlock if able to decrement refcount to 0, false
337 bool refcount_dec_and_lock(refcount_t *r, spinlock_t *lock)
339 if (refcount_dec_not_one(r))
343 if (!refcount_dec_and_test(r)) {
350 EXPORT_SYMBOL(refcount_dec_and_lock);
353 * refcount_dec_and_lock_irqsave - return holding spinlock with disabled
354 * interrupts if able to decrement refcount to 0
356 * @lock: the spinlock to be locked
357 * @flags: saved IRQ-flags if the is acquired
359 * Same as refcount_dec_and_lock() above except that the spinlock is acquired
360 * with disabled interupts.
362 * Return: true and hold spinlock if able to decrement refcount to 0, false
365 bool refcount_dec_and_lock_irqsave(refcount_t *r, spinlock_t *lock,
366 unsigned long *flags)
368 if (refcount_dec_not_one(r))
371 spin_lock_irqsave(lock, *flags);
372 if (!refcount_dec_and_test(r)) {
373 spin_unlock_irqrestore(lock, *flags);
379 EXPORT_SYMBOL(refcount_dec_and_lock_irqsave);