1 /********************************************************************
3 * THIS FILE IS PART OF THE Ogg Vorbis SOFTWARE CODEC SOURCE CODE. *
4 * USE, DISTRIBUTION AND REPRODUCTION OF THIS SOURCE IS GOVERNED BY *
5 * THE GNU PUBLIC LICENSE 2, WHICH IS INCLUDED WITH THIS SOURCE. *
6 * PLEASE READ THESE TERMS DISTRIBUTING. *
8 * THE OggSQUISH SOURCE CODE IS (C) COPYRIGHT 1994-2000 *
9 * by Monty <monty@xiph.org> and The XIPHOPHORUS Company *
10 * http://www.xiph.org/ *
12 ********************************************************************
14 function: LPC low level routines
15 last mod: $Id: lpc.c,v 1.11 1999/12/31 12:35:14 xiphmont Exp $
17 ********************************************************************/
19 /* Some of these routines (autocorrelator, LPC coefficient estimator)
20 are derived from code written by Jutta Degener and Carsten Bormann;
21 thus we include their copyright below. The entirety of this file
22 is freely redistributable on the condition that both of these
23 copyright notices are preserved without modification. */
25 /* Preserved Copyright: *********************************************/
27 /* Copyright 1992, 1993, 1994 by Jutta Degener and Carsten Bormann,
28 Technische Universita"t Berlin
30 Any use of this software is permitted provided that this notice is not
31 removed and that neither the authors nor the Technische Universita"t
32 Berlin are deemed to have made any representations as to the
33 suitability of this software for any purpose nor are held responsible
34 for any defects of this software. THERE IS ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY FOR
37 As a matter of courtesy, the authors request to be informed about uses
38 this software has found, about bugs in this software, and about any
39 improvements that may be of general interest.
45 *********************************************************************/
56 /* Autocorrelation LPC coeff generation algorithm invented by
57 N. Levinson in 1947, modified by J. Durbin in 1959. */
59 /* Input : n elements of time doamin data
60 Output: m lpc coefficients, excitation energy */
62 double vorbis_lpc_from_data(double *data,double *lpc,int n,int m){
63 double *aut=alloca(sizeof(double)*(m+1));
67 /* autocorrelation, p+1 lag coefficients */
72 for(i=j;i<n;i++)d+=data[i]*data[i-j];
76 /* Generate lpc coefficients from autocorr values */
80 memset(lpc,0,m*sizeof(double));
87 /* Sum up this iteration's reflection coefficient; note that in
88 Vorbis we don't save it. If anyone wants to recycle this code
89 and needs reflection coefficients, save the results of 'r' from
92 for(j=0;j<i;j++)r-=lpc[j]*aut[i-j];
95 /* Update LPC coefficients and total error */
100 lpc[j]+=r*lpc[i-1-j];
103 if(i%2)lpc[j]+=lpc[j]*r;
108 /* we need the error value to know how big an impulse to hit the
114 /* Input : n element envelope spectral curve
115 Output: m lpc coefficients, excitation energy */
117 double vorbis_lpc_from_spectrum(double *curve,double *lpc,lpc_lookup *l){
120 double *work=alloca(sizeof(double)*(n+n));
124 /* input is a real curve. make it complex-real */
125 /* This mixes phase, but the LPC generation doesn't care. */
127 work[i*2]=curve[i]*fscale;
132 drft_backward(&l->fft,work);
134 /* The autocorrelation will not be circular. Shift, else we lose
135 most of the power in the edges. */
137 for(i=0,j=n/2;i<n/2;){
143 return(vorbis_lpc_from_data(work,lpc,n,m));
146 /* initialize Bark scale and normalization lookups. We could do this
147 with static tables, but Vorbis allows a number of possible
148 combinations, so it's best to do it computationally.
150 The below is authoritative in terms of defining scale mapping.
151 Note that the scale depends on the sampling rate as well as the
152 linear block and mapping sizes (note that for a given sample rate
153 and block size, there's generally a fairly obviously optimal
156 void lpc_init(lpc_lookup *l,int n, long mapped, long rate, int m){
159 memset(l,0,sizeof(lpc_lookup));
165 l->linearmap=malloc(n*sizeof(int));
166 l->barknorm=malloc(mapped*sizeof(double));
168 /* we choose a scaling constant so that:
169 floor(bark(rate-1)*C)=mapped-1
170 floor(bark(rate)*C)=mapped */
172 scale=mapped/fBARK(rate);
174 /* the mapping from a linear scale to a smaller bark scale is
175 straightforward with a single catch; make sure not to skip any
176 bark-scale bins. In order to do this, we assign map_N = min
177 (map_N-1 + 1, bark(N)) */
181 int val=floor( fBARK(((double)rate)/n*i) *scale); /* bark numbers
184 if(val>=mapped)val=mapped; /* guard against the approximation */
185 if(val>last+1)val=last+1;
191 /* 'Normalization' is just making sure that power isn't lost in the
192 log scale by virtue of compressing the scale in higher
193 frequencies. We figure the weight of bands in proportion to
194 their linear/bark width ratio below, again, authoritatively. We
195 use computed width (not the number of actual bins above) for
196 smoothness in the scale; they should agree closely unless the
197 encoder chose parameters poorly (and got a bark scale that would
198 have had lots of skipped bins) */
200 for(i=0;i<mapped;i++)
201 l->barknorm[i]=iBARK((i+1)/scale)-iBARK(i/scale);
203 /* we cheat decoding the LPC spectrum via FFTs */
205 drft_init(&l->fft,mapped*2);
209 void lpc_clear(lpc_lookup *l){
211 if(l->barknorm)free(l->barknorm);
212 if(l->linearmap)free(l->linearmap);
218 /* less efficient than the decode side (written for clarity). We're
219 not bottlenecked here anyway */
221 double vorbis_curve_to_lpc(double *curve,double *lpc,lpc_lookup *l){
222 /* map the input curve to a bark-scale curve for encoding */
225 double *work=alloca(sizeof(double)*mapped);
228 memset(work,0,sizeof(double)*mapped);
230 /* Only the decode side is behavior-specced; for now in the encoder,
231 we select the maximum value of each band as representative (this
232 helps make sure peaks don't go out of range. In error terms,
233 selecting min would make more sense, but the codebook is trained
234 numerically, so we don't lose in encoding. We'd still want to
235 use the original curve for error and noise estimation */
238 int bark=l->linearmap[i];
239 if(work[bark]<curve[i])work[bark]=curve[i];
241 for(i=0;i<mapped;i++)work[i]*=l->barknorm[i];
248 static int frameno=0;
250 sprintf(buffer,"prelpc%d.m",frameno);
251 out=fopen(buffer,"w+");
253 fprintf(out,"%g\n",curve[j]);
255 sprintf(buffer,"preloglpc%d.m",frameno++);
256 out=fopen(buffer,"w+");
258 fprintf(out,"%g\n",work[j]);
263 return vorbis_lpc_from_spectrum(work,lpc,l);
267 /* One can do this the long way by generating the transfer function in
268 the time domain and taking the forward FFT of the result. The
269 results from direct calculation are cleaner and faster.
271 This version does a linear curve generation and then later
272 interpolates the log curve from the linear curve. This could stand
273 optimization; it could both be more precise as well as not compute
274 quite a few unused values */
276 void _vlpc_de_helper(double *curve,double *lpc,double amp,
279 memset(curve,0,sizeof(double)*l->ln*2);
283 curve[i*2+1]=lpc[i]/4/amp;
284 curve[i*2+2]=-lpc[i]/4/amp;
287 drft_backward(&l->fft,curve); /* reappropriated ;-) */
292 curve[0]=(1./(curve[0]*2+unit));
293 for(i=1;i<l->ln;i++){
294 double real=(curve[i]+curve[l2-i]);
295 double imag=(curve[i]-curve[l2-i]);
296 curve[i]=(1./hypot(real+unit,imag));
302 /* generate the whole freq response curve of an LPC IIR filter */
304 void vorbis_lpc_to_curve(double *curve,double *lpc,double amp,lpc_lookup *l){
305 double *lcurve=alloca(sizeof(double)*(l->ln*2));
307 static int frameno=0;
309 _vlpc_de_helper(lcurve,lpc,amp,l);
317 sprintf(buffer,"loglpc%d.m",frameno++);
318 out=fopen(buffer,"w+");
320 fprintf(out,"%g\n",lcurve[j]);
327 for(i=0;i<l->ln;i++)lcurve[i]/=l->barknorm[i];
328 for(i=0;i<l->n;i++)curve[i]=lcurve[l->linearmap[i]];
336 sprintf(buffer,"lpc%d.m",frameno-1);
337 out=fopen(buffer,"w+");
339 fprintf(out,"%g\n",curve[j]);
345 void vorbis_lpc_apply(double *residue,double *lpc,double amp,lpc_lookup *l){
346 double *lcurve=alloca(sizeof(double)*((l->ln+l->n)*2));
348 static int frameno=0;
351 memset(residue,0,l->n*sizeof(double));
354 _vlpc_de_helper(lcurve,lpc,amp,l);
362 sprintf(buffer,"loglpc%d.m",frameno++);
363 out=fopen(buffer,"w+");
365 fprintf(out,"%g\n",lcurve[j]);
370 for(i=0;i<l->ln;i++)lcurve[i]/=l->barknorm[i];
373 residue[i]*=lcurve[l->linearmap[i]];
377 /* subtract or add an lpc filter to data. Vorbis doesn't actually use this. */
379 void vorbis_lpc_residue(double *coeff,double *prime,int m,
380 double *data,long n){
382 /* in: coeff[0...m-1] LPC coefficients
383 prime[0...m-1] initial values
384 data[0...n-1] data samples
385 out: data[0...n-1] residuals from LPC prediction */
388 double *work=alloca(sizeof(double)*(m+n));
401 y-=work[i+j]*coeff[m-j-1];
409 void vorbis_lpc_predict(double *coeff,double *prime,int m,
410 double *data,long n){
412 /* in: coeff[0...m-1] LPC coefficients
413 prime[0...m-1] initial values (allocated size of n+m-1)
414 data[0...n-1] residuals from LPC prediction
415 out: data[0...n-1] data samples */
419 double *work=alloca(sizeof(double)*(m+n));
433 y-=work[o++]*coeff[--p];