1 /********************************************************************
3 * THIS FILE IS PART OF THE Ogg Vorbis SOFTWARE CODEC SOURCE CODE. *
4 * USE, DISTRIBUTION AND REPRODUCTION OF THIS SOURCE IS GOVERNED BY *
5 * THE GNU PUBLIC LICENSE 2, WHICH IS INCLUDED WITH THIS SOURCE. *
6 * PLEASE READ THESE TERMS DISTRIBUTING. *
8 * THE OggSQUISH SOURCE CODE IS (C) COPYRIGHT 1994-1999 *
9 * by 1999 Monty <monty@xiph.org> and The XIPHOPHORUS Company *
10 * http://www.xiph.org/ *
12 ********************************************************************
14 function: LPC low level routines
15 author: Monty <monty@xiph.org>
16 modifications by: Monty
17 last modification date: Aug 22 1999
19 ********************************************************************/
21 /* Some of these routines (autocorrelator, LPC coefficient estimator)
22 are derived from code written by Jutta Degener and Carsten Bormann;
23 thus we include their copyright below. The entirety of this file
24 is freely redistributable on the condition that both of these
25 copyright notices are preserved without modification. */
27 /* Preserved Copyright: *********************************************/
29 /* Copyright 1992, 1993, 1994 by Jutta Degener and Carsten Bormann,
30 Technische Universita"t Berlin
32 Any use of this software is permitted provided that this notice is not
33 removed and that neither the authors nor the Technische Universita"t
34 Berlin are deemed to have made any representations as to the
35 suitability of this software for any purpose nor are held responsible
36 for any defects of this software. THERE IS ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY FOR
39 As a matter of courtesy, the authors request to be informed about uses
40 this software has found, about bugs in this software, and about any
41 improvements that may be of general interest.
47 *********************************************************************/
57 /* This is pared down for Vorbis where we only use LPC to encode
58 spectral envelope curves. Thus we only are interested in
59 generating the coefficients and recovering the curve from the
60 coefficients. Autocorrelation LPC coeff generation algorithm
61 invented by N. Levinson in 1947, modified by J. Durbin in 1959. */
63 /* Input : n element envelope curve
64 Output: m lpc coefficients, excitation energy */
66 double vorbis_gen_lpc(double *curve,double *lpc,lpc_lookup *l){
69 double aut[m+1],work[n+n],error;
72 /* input is a real curve. make it complex-real */
79 drft_backward(&l->fft,work);
81 /* The autocorrelation will not be circular. Shift, else we lose
82 most of the power in the edges. */
84 for(i=0,j=n/2;i<n/2;){
90 /* autocorrelation, p+1 lag coefficients */
95 for(i=j;i<n;i++)d+=work[i]*work[i-j];
99 /* Generate lpc coefficients from autocorr values */
103 memset(lpc,0,m*sizeof(double));
110 /* Sum up this iteration's reflection coefficient; note that in
111 Vorbis we don't save it. If anyone wants to recycle this code
112 and needs reflection coefficients, save the results of 'r' from
115 for(j=0;j<i;j++)r-=lpc[j]*aut[i-j];
118 /* Update LPC coefficients and total error */
123 lpc[j]+=r*lpc[i-1-j];
126 if(i%2)lpc[j]+=lpc[j]*r;
131 /* we need the error value to know how big an impulse to hit the
137 /* One can do this the long way by generating the transfer function in
138 the time domain and taking the forward FFT of the result. The
139 results from direct calculation are cleaner and faster. If one
140 looks at the below in the context of the calling function, there's
141 lots of redundant trig, but at least it's clear */
143 double vorbis_lpc_magnitude(double w,double *lpc, int m){
145 double real=1,imag=0;
148 real+=lpc[k]*cos(wn);
149 imag+=lpc[k]*sin(wn);
152 return(1./sqrt(real*real+imag*imag));
155 /* On top of this basic LPC infrastructure we introduce two modifications:
157 1) Filter generation is limited in the resolution of features it
158 can represent (this is more obvious when the filter is looked at as
159 a set of LSP coefficients). Human perception of the audio spectrum
160 is logarithmic not only in amplitude, but also frequency. Because
161 the high frequency features we'll need to encode will be broader
162 than the low frequency features, filter generation will be
163 dominated by higher frequencies (when most of the energy is in the
164 lowest frequencies, and greatest perceived resolution is in the
165 midrange). To avoid this effect, Vorbis encodes the frequency
166 spectrum with a biased log frequency scale. The intent is to
167 roughly equalize the sizes of the octaves (see xlogmap.h)
169 2) When we change the frequency scale, we also change the
170 (apparent) relative energies of the bands; that is, on a log scale
171 covering 5 octaves, the highest octave goes from being represented
172 in half the bins, to only 1/32 of the bins. If the amplitudes
173 remain the same, we have divided the energy represented by the
174 highest octave by 16 (as far as Levinson-Durbin is concerned).
175 This will seriously skew filter generation, which bases calculation
176 on the mean square error with respect to energy. Thus, Vorbis
177 normalizes the amplitudes of the log spectrum frequencies to keep
178 the relative octave energies correct. */
180 /* n == size of vector to be used for filter, m == order of filter,
181 oct == octaves in normalized scale, encode_p == encode (1) or
184 void lpc_init(lpc_lookup *l,int n, int mapped, int m, int oct, int encode_p){
185 double bias=LOG_BIAS(n,oct);
186 double scale=(float)mapped/(float)oct; /* where n==mapped */
189 memset(l,0,sizeof(lpc_lookup));
194 l->dscale=malloc(n*sizeof(double));
195 l->norm=malloc(n*sizeof(double));
198 /* how much 'real estate' in the log domain does the bin in the
199 linear domain represent? */
200 double logA=LOG_X(i-.5,bias);
201 double logB=LOG_X(i+.5,bias);
202 l->norm[i]=logB-logA; /* this much */
205 /* the scale is encode/decode specific for algebraic simplicity */
209 l->bscale=malloc(n*sizeof(int));
210 l->escale=malloc(n*sizeof(double));
213 l->escale[i]=LINEAR_X(i/scale,bias);
214 l->bscale[i]=rint(LOG_X(i,bias)*scale);
217 drft_init(&l->fft,mapped*2);
219 /* decode; encode may use this too */
222 double w=1./oct*M_PI;
224 l->dscale[i]=LOG_X(i,bias)*w;
228 void lpc_clear(lpc_lookup *l){
230 if(l->bscale)free(l->bscale);
231 if(l->escale)free(l->escale);
239 /* less efficient than the decode side (written for clarity). We're
240 not bottlenecked here anyway */
242 double vorbis_curve_to_lpc(double *curve,double *lpc,lpc_lookup *l){
243 /* map the input curve to a log curve for encoding */
245 /* for clarity, mapped and n are both represented although setting
246 'em equal is a decent rule of thumb. The below must be reworked
247 slightly if mapped != n */
254 /* fairly correct for low frequencies, naieve for high frequencies
255 (suffers from undersampling) */
257 for(i=0;i<mapped;i++){
258 double lin=l->escale[i];
261 double del=lin-floor(lin);
263 work[i]=(curve[a]/l->norm[a]*(1.-del)+
264 curve[b]/l->norm[b]*del);
268 memcpy(curve,work,sizeof(work));
270 return vorbis_gen_lpc(work,lpc,l);
273 /* generate the whole freq response curve on an LPC IIR filter */
275 void vorbis_lpc_to_curve(double *curve,double *lpc,double amp,lpc_lookup *l){
278 curve[i]=vorbis_lpc_magnitude(l->dscale[i],lpc,l->m)*amp*l->norm[i];
281 /* find frequency response of LPC filter only at nonsero residue
282 points and apply the envelope to the residue */
284 void vorbis_lpc_apply(double *residue,double *lpc,double amp,lpc_lookup *l){
288 residue[i]*=vorbis_lpc_magnitude(l->dscale[i],lpc,l->m)*amp*l->norm[i];