2 * Generic binary BCH encoding/decoding library
4 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
5 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as published by
6 * the Free Software Foundation.
8 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
9 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
10 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for
13 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
14 * this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51
15 * Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
17 * Copyright © 2011 Parrot S.A.
19 * Author: Ivan Djelic <ivan.djelic@parrot.com>
23 * This library provides runtime configurable encoding/decoding of binary
24 * Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) codes.
26 * Call bch_init to get a pointer to a newly allocated bch_control structure for
27 * the given m (Galois field order), t (error correction capability) and
28 * (optional) primitive polynomial parameters.
30 * Call bch_encode to compute and store ecc parity bytes to a given buffer.
31 * Call bch_decode to detect and locate errors in received data.
33 * On systems supporting hw BCH features, intermediate results may be provided
34 * to bch_decode in order to skip certain steps. See bch_decode() documentation
37 * Option CONFIG_BCH_CONST_PARAMS can be used to force fixed values of
38 * parameters m and t; thus allowing extra compiler optimizations and providing
39 * better (up to 2x) encoding performance. Using this option makes sense when
40 * (m,t) are fixed and known in advance, e.g. when using BCH error correction
41 * on a particular NAND flash device.
43 * Algorithmic details:
45 * Encoding is performed by processing 32 input bits in parallel, using 4
46 * remainder lookup tables.
48 * The final stage of decoding involves the following internal steps:
49 * a. Syndrome computation
50 * b. Error locator polynomial computation using Berlekamp-Massey algorithm
51 * c. Error locator root finding (by far the most expensive step)
53 * In this implementation, step c is not performed using the usual Chien search.
54 * Instead, an alternative approach described in [1] is used. It consists in
55 * factoring the error locator polynomial using the Berlekamp Trace algorithm
56 * (BTA) down to a certain degree (4), after which ad hoc low-degree polynomial
57 * solving techniques [2] are used. The resulting algorithm, called BTZ, yields
58 * much better performance than Chien search for usual (m,t) values (typically
59 * m >= 13, t < 32, see [1]).
61 * [1] B. Biswas, V. Herbert. Efficient root finding of polynomials over fields
62 * of characteristic 2, in: Western European Workshop on Research in Cryptology
63 * - WEWoRC 2009, Graz, Austria, LNCS, Springer, July 2009, to appear.
64 * [2] [Zin96] V.A. Zinoviev. On the solution of equations of degree 10 over
65 * finite fields GF(2^q). In Rapport de recherche INRIA no 2829, 1996.
68 #include <linux/kernel.h>
69 #include <linux/errno.h>
70 #include <linux/init.h>
71 #include <linux/module.h>
72 #include <linux/slab.h>
73 #include <linux/bitops.h>
74 #include <linux/bitrev.h>
75 #include <asm/byteorder.h>
76 #include <linux/bch.h>
78 #if defined(CONFIG_BCH_CONST_PARAMS)
79 #define GF_M(_p) (CONFIG_BCH_CONST_M)
80 #define GF_T(_p) (CONFIG_BCH_CONST_T)
81 #define GF_N(_p) ((1 << (CONFIG_BCH_CONST_M))-1)
82 #define BCH_MAX_M (CONFIG_BCH_CONST_M)
83 #define BCH_MAX_T (CONFIG_BCH_CONST_T)
85 #define GF_M(_p) ((_p)->m)
86 #define GF_T(_p) ((_p)->t)
87 #define GF_N(_p) ((_p)->n)
88 #define BCH_MAX_M 15 /* 2KB */
89 #define BCH_MAX_T 64 /* 64 bit correction */
92 #define BCH_ECC_WORDS(_p) DIV_ROUND_UP(GF_M(_p)*GF_T(_p), 32)
93 #define BCH_ECC_BYTES(_p) DIV_ROUND_UP(GF_M(_p)*GF_T(_p), 8)
95 #define BCH_ECC_MAX_WORDS DIV_ROUND_UP(BCH_MAX_M * BCH_MAX_T, 32)
98 #define dbg(_fmt, args...) do {} while (0)
102 * represent a polynomial over GF(2^m)
105 unsigned int deg; /* polynomial degree */
106 unsigned int c[]; /* polynomial terms */
109 /* given its degree, compute a polynomial size in bytes */
110 #define GF_POLY_SZ(_d) (sizeof(struct gf_poly)+((_d)+1)*sizeof(unsigned int))
112 /* polynomial of degree 1 */
113 struct gf_poly_deg1 {
118 static u8 swap_bits(struct bch_control *bch, u8 in)
127 * same as bch_encode(), but process input data one byte at a time
129 static void bch_encode_unaligned(struct bch_control *bch,
130 const unsigned char *data, unsigned int len,
135 const int l = BCH_ECC_WORDS(bch)-1;
138 u8 tmp = swap_bits(bch, *data++);
140 p = bch->mod8_tab + (l+1)*(((ecc[0] >> 24)^(tmp)) & 0xff);
142 for (i = 0; i < l; i++)
143 ecc[i] = ((ecc[i] << 8)|(ecc[i+1] >> 24))^(*p++);
145 ecc[l] = (ecc[l] << 8)^(*p);
150 * convert ecc bytes to aligned, zero-padded 32-bit ecc words
152 static void load_ecc8(struct bch_control *bch, uint32_t *dst,
155 uint8_t pad[4] = {0, 0, 0, 0};
156 unsigned int i, nwords = BCH_ECC_WORDS(bch)-1;
158 for (i = 0; i < nwords; i++, src += 4)
159 dst[i] = ((u32)swap_bits(bch, src[0]) << 24) |
160 ((u32)swap_bits(bch, src[1]) << 16) |
161 ((u32)swap_bits(bch, src[2]) << 8) |
162 swap_bits(bch, src[3]);
164 memcpy(pad, src, BCH_ECC_BYTES(bch)-4*nwords);
165 dst[nwords] = ((u32)swap_bits(bch, pad[0]) << 24) |
166 ((u32)swap_bits(bch, pad[1]) << 16) |
167 ((u32)swap_bits(bch, pad[2]) << 8) |
168 swap_bits(bch, pad[3]);
172 * convert 32-bit ecc words to ecc bytes
174 static void store_ecc8(struct bch_control *bch, uint8_t *dst,
178 unsigned int i, nwords = BCH_ECC_WORDS(bch)-1;
180 for (i = 0; i < nwords; i++) {
181 *dst++ = swap_bits(bch, src[i] >> 24);
182 *dst++ = swap_bits(bch, src[i] >> 16);
183 *dst++ = swap_bits(bch, src[i] >> 8);
184 *dst++ = swap_bits(bch, src[i]);
186 pad[0] = swap_bits(bch, src[nwords] >> 24);
187 pad[1] = swap_bits(bch, src[nwords] >> 16);
188 pad[2] = swap_bits(bch, src[nwords] >> 8);
189 pad[3] = swap_bits(bch, src[nwords]);
190 memcpy(dst, pad, BCH_ECC_BYTES(bch)-4*nwords);
194 * bch_encode - calculate BCH ecc parity of data
195 * @bch: BCH control structure
196 * @data: data to encode
197 * @len: data length in bytes
198 * @ecc: ecc parity data, must be initialized by caller
200 * The @ecc parity array is used both as input and output parameter, in order to
201 * allow incremental computations. It should be of the size indicated by member
202 * @ecc_bytes of @bch, and should be initialized to 0 before the first call.
204 * The exact number of computed ecc parity bits is given by member @ecc_bits of
205 * @bch; it may be less than m*t for large values of t.
207 void bch_encode(struct bch_control *bch, const uint8_t *data,
208 unsigned int len, uint8_t *ecc)
210 const unsigned int l = BCH_ECC_WORDS(bch)-1;
211 unsigned int i, mlen;
213 uint32_t w, r[BCH_ECC_MAX_WORDS];
214 const size_t r_bytes = BCH_ECC_WORDS(bch) * sizeof(*r);
215 const uint32_t * const tab0 = bch->mod8_tab;
216 const uint32_t * const tab1 = tab0 + 256*(l+1);
217 const uint32_t * const tab2 = tab1 + 256*(l+1);
218 const uint32_t * const tab3 = tab2 + 256*(l+1);
219 const uint32_t *pdata, *p0, *p1, *p2, *p3;
221 if (WARN_ON(r_bytes > sizeof(r)))
225 /* load ecc parity bytes into internal 32-bit buffer */
226 load_ecc8(bch, bch->ecc_buf, ecc);
228 memset(bch->ecc_buf, 0, r_bytes);
231 /* process first unaligned data bytes */
232 m = ((unsigned long)data) & 3;
234 mlen = (len < (4-m)) ? len : 4-m;
235 bch_encode_unaligned(bch, data, mlen, bch->ecc_buf);
240 /* process 32-bit aligned data words */
241 pdata = (uint32_t *)data;
245 memcpy(r, bch->ecc_buf, r_bytes);
248 * split each 32-bit word into 4 polynomials of weight 8 as follows:
250 * 31 ...24 23 ...16 15 ... 8 7 ... 0
251 * xxxxxxxx yyyyyyyy zzzzzzzz tttttttt
252 * tttttttt mod g = r0 (precomputed)
253 * zzzzzzzz 00000000 mod g = r1 (precomputed)
254 * yyyyyyyy 00000000 00000000 mod g = r2 (precomputed)
255 * xxxxxxxx 00000000 00000000 00000000 mod g = r3 (precomputed)
256 * xxxxxxxx yyyyyyyy zzzzzzzz tttttttt mod g = r0^r1^r2^r3
259 /* input data is read in big-endian format */
260 w = cpu_to_be32(*pdata++);
262 w = (u32)swap_bits(bch, w) |
263 ((u32)swap_bits(bch, w >> 8) << 8) |
264 ((u32)swap_bits(bch, w >> 16) << 16) |
265 ((u32)swap_bits(bch, w >> 24) << 24);
267 p0 = tab0 + (l+1)*((w >> 0) & 0xff);
268 p1 = tab1 + (l+1)*((w >> 8) & 0xff);
269 p2 = tab2 + (l+1)*((w >> 16) & 0xff);
270 p3 = tab3 + (l+1)*((w >> 24) & 0xff);
272 for (i = 0; i < l; i++)
273 r[i] = r[i+1]^p0[i]^p1[i]^p2[i]^p3[i];
275 r[l] = p0[l]^p1[l]^p2[l]^p3[l];
277 memcpy(bch->ecc_buf, r, r_bytes);
279 /* process last unaligned bytes */
281 bch_encode_unaligned(bch, data, len, bch->ecc_buf);
283 /* store ecc parity bytes into original parity buffer */
285 store_ecc8(bch, ecc, bch->ecc_buf);
287 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(bch_encode);
289 static inline int modulo(struct bch_control *bch, unsigned int v)
291 const unsigned int n = GF_N(bch);
294 v = (v & n) + (v >> GF_M(bch));
300 * shorter and faster modulo function, only works when v < 2N.
302 static inline int mod_s(struct bch_control *bch, unsigned int v)
304 const unsigned int n = GF_N(bch);
305 return (v < n) ? v : v-n;
308 static inline int deg(unsigned int poly)
310 /* polynomial degree is the most-significant bit index */
314 static inline int parity(unsigned int x)
317 * public domain code snippet, lifted from
318 * http://www-graphics.stanford.edu/~seander/bithacks.html
322 x = (x & 0x11111111U) * 0x11111111U;
323 return (x >> 28) & 1;
326 /* Galois field basic operations: multiply, divide, inverse, etc. */
328 static inline unsigned int gf_mul(struct bch_control *bch, unsigned int a,
331 return (a && b) ? bch->a_pow_tab[mod_s(bch, bch->a_log_tab[a]+
332 bch->a_log_tab[b])] : 0;
335 static inline unsigned int gf_sqr(struct bch_control *bch, unsigned int a)
337 return a ? bch->a_pow_tab[mod_s(bch, 2*bch->a_log_tab[a])] : 0;
340 static inline unsigned int gf_div(struct bch_control *bch, unsigned int a,
343 return a ? bch->a_pow_tab[mod_s(bch, bch->a_log_tab[a]+
344 GF_N(bch)-bch->a_log_tab[b])] : 0;
347 static inline unsigned int gf_inv(struct bch_control *bch, unsigned int a)
349 return bch->a_pow_tab[GF_N(bch)-bch->a_log_tab[a]];
352 static inline unsigned int a_pow(struct bch_control *bch, int i)
354 return bch->a_pow_tab[modulo(bch, i)];
357 static inline int a_log(struct bch_control *bch, unsigned int x)
359 return bch->a_log_tab[x];
362 static inline int a_ilog(struct bch_control *bch, unsigned int x)
364 return mod_s(bch, GF_N(bch)-bch->a_log_tab[x]);
368 * compute 2t syndromes of ecc polynomial, i.e. ecc(a^j) for j=1..2t
370 static void compute_syndromes(struct bch_control *bch, uint32_t *ecc,
376 const int t = GF_T(bch);
380 /* make sure extra bits in last ecc word are cleared */
381 m = ((unsigned int)s) & 31;
383 ecc[s/32] &= ~((1u << (32-m))-1);
384 memset(syn, 0, 2*t*sizeof(*syn));
386 /* compute v(a^j) for j=1 .. 2t-1 */
392 for (j = 0; j < 2*t; j += 2)
393 syn[j] ^= a_pow(bch, (j+1)*(i+s));
399 /* v(a^(2j)) = v(a^j)^2 */
400 for (j = 0; j < t; j++)
401 syn[2*j+1] = gf_sqr(bch, syn[j]);
404 static void gf_poly_copy(struct gf_poly *dst, struct gf_poly *src)
406 memcpy(dst, src, GF_POLY_SZ(src->deg));
409 static int compute_error_locator_polynomial(struct bch_control *bch,
410 const unsigned int *syn)
412 const unsigned int t = GF_T(bch);
413 const unsigned int n = GF_N(bch);
414 unsigned int i, j, tmp, l, pd = 1, d = syn[0];
415 struct gf_poly *elp = bch->elp;
416 struct gf_poly *pelp = bch->poly_2t[0];
417 struct gf_poly *elp_copy = bch->poly_2t[1];
420 memset(pelp, 0, GF_POLY_SZ(2*t));
421 memset(elp, 0, GF_POLY_SZ(2*t));
428 /* use simplified binary Berlekamp-Massey algorithm */
429 for (i = 0; (i < t) && (elp->deg <= t); i++) {
432 gf_poly_copy(elp_copy, elp);
433 /* e[i+1](X) = e[i](X)+di*dp^-1*X^2(i-p)*e[p](X) */
434 tmp = a_log(bch, d)+n-a_log(bch, pd);
435 for (j = 0; j <= pelp->deg; j++) {
437 l = a_log(bch, pelp->c[j]);
438 elp->c[j+k] ^= a_pow(bch, tmp+l);
441 /* compute l[i+1] = max(l[i]->c[l[p]+2*(i-p]) */
443 if (tmp > elp->deg) {
445 gf_poly_copy(pelp, elp_copy);
450 /* di+1 = S(2i+3)+elp[i+1].1*S(2i+2)+...+elp[i+1].lS(2i+3-l) */
453 for (j = 1; j <= elp->deg; j++)
454 d ^= gf_mul(bch, elp->c[j], syn[2*i+2-j]);
457 dbg("elp=%s\n", gf_poly_str(elp));
458 return (elp->deg > t) ? -1 : (int)elp->deg;
462 * solve a m x m linear system in GF(2) with an expected number of solutions,
463 * and return the number of found solutions
465 static int solve_linear_system(struct bch_control *bch, unsigned int *rows,
466 unsigned int *sol, int nsol)
468 const int m = GF_M(bch);
469 unsigned int tmp, mask;
470 int rem, c, r, p, k, param[BCH_MAX_M];
475 /* Gaussian elimination */
476 for (c = 0; c < m; c++) {
479 /* find suitable row for elimination */
480 for (r = p; r < m; r++) {
481 if (rows[r] & mask) {
492 /* perform elimination on remaining rows */
494 for (r = rem; r < m; r++) {
499 /* elimination not needed, store defective row index */
504 /* rewrite system, inserting fake parameter rows */
507 for (r = m-1; r >= 0; r--) {
508 if ((r > m-1-k) && rows[r])
509 /* system has no solution */
512 rows[r] = (p && (r == param[p-1])) ?
513 p--, 1u << (m-r) : rows[r-p];
517 if (nsol != (1 << k))
518 /* unexpected number of solutions */
521 for (p = 0; p < nsol; p++) {
522 /* set parameters for p-th solution */
523 for (c = 0; c < k; c++)
524 rows[param[c]] = (rows[param[c]] & ~1)|((p >> c) & 1);
526 /* compute unique solution */
528 for (r = m-1; r >= 0; r--) {
529 mask = rows[r] & (tmp|1);
530 tmp |= parity(mask) << (m-r);
538 * this function builds and solves a linear system for finding roots of a degree
539 * 4 affine monic polynomial X^4+aX^2+bX+c over GF(2^m).
541 static int find_affine4_roots(struct bch_control *bch, unsigned int a,
542 unsigned int b, unsigned int c,
546 const int m = GF_M(bch);
547 unsigned int mask = 0xff, t, rows[16] = {0,};
553 /* build linear system to solve X^4+aX^2+bX+c = 0 */
554 for (i = 0; i < m; i++) {
555 rows[i+1] = bch->a_pow_tab[4*i]^
556 (a ? bch->a_pow_tab[mod_s(bch, k)] : 0)^
557 (b ? bch->a_pow_tab[mod_s(bch, j)] : 0);
562 * transpose 16x16 matrix before passing it to linear solver
563 * warning: this code assumes m < 16
565 for (j = 8; j != 0; j >>= 1, mask ^= (mask << j)) {
566 for (k = 0; k < 16; k = (k+j+1) & ~j) {
567 t = ((rows[k] >> j)^rows[k+j]) & mask;
572 return solve_linear_system(bch, rows, roots, 4);
576 * compute root r of a degree 1 polynomial over GF(2^m) (returned as log(1/r))
578 static int find_poly_deg1_roots(struct bch_control *bch, struct gf_poly *poly,
584 /* poly[X] = bX+c with c!=0, root=c/b */
585 roots[n++] = mod_s(bch, GF_N(bch)-bch->a_log_tab[poly->c[0]]+
586 bch->a_log_tab[poly->c[1]]);
591 * compute roots of a degree 2 polynomial over GF(2^m)
593 static int find_poly_deg2_roots(struct bch_control *bch, struct gf_poly *poly,
596 int n = 0, i, l0, l1, l2;
597 unsigned int u, v, r;
599 if (poly->c[0] && poly->c[1]) {
601 l0 = bch->a_log_tab[poly->c[0]];
602 l1 = bch->a_log_tab[poly->c[1]];
603 l2 = bch->a_log_tab[poly->c[2]];
605 /* using z=a/bX, transform aX^2+bX+c into z^2+z+u (u=ac/b^2) */
606 u = a_pow(bch, l0+l2+2*(GF_N(bch)-l1));
608 * let u = sum(li.a^i) i=0..m-1; then compute r = sum(li.xi):
609 * r^2+r = sum(li.(xi^2+xi)) = sum(li.(a^i+Tr(a^i).a^k)) =
610 * u + sum(li.Tr(a^i).a^k) = u+a^k.Tr(sum(li.a^i)) = u+a^k.Tr(u)
611 * i.e. r and r+1 are roots iff Tr(u)=0
621 if ((gf_sqr(bch, r)^r) == u) {
622 /* reverse z=a/bX transformation and compute log(1/r) */
623 roots[n++] = modulo(bch, 2*GF_N(bch)-l1-
624 bch->a_log_tab[r]+l2);
625 roots[n++] = modulo(bch, 2*GF_N(bch)-l1-
626 bch->a_log_tab[r^1]+l2);
633 * compute roots of a degree 3 polynomial over GF(2^m)
635 static int find_poly_deg3_roots(struct bch_control *bch, struct gf_poly *poly,
639 unsigned int a, b, c, a2, b2, c2, e3, tmp[4];
642 /* transform polynomial into monic X^3 + a2X^2 + b2X + c2 */
644 c2 = gf_div(bch, poly->c[0], e3);
645 b2 = gf_div(bch, poly->c[1], e3);
646 a2 = gf_div(bch, poly->c[2], e3);
648 /* (X+a2)(X^3+a2X^2+b2X+c2) = X^4+aX^2+bX+c (affine) */
649 c = gf_mul(bch, a2, c2); /* c = a2c2 */
650 b = gf_mul(bch, a2, b2)^c2; /* b = a2b2 + c2 */
651 a = gf_sqr(bch, a2)^b2; /* a = a2^2 + b2 */
653 /* find the 4 roots of this affine polynomial */
654 if (find_affine4_roots(bch, a, b, c, tmp) == 4) {
655 /* remove a2 from final list of roots */
656 for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
658 roots[n++] = a_ilog(bch, tmp[i]);
666 * compute roots of a degree 4 polynomial over GF(2^m)
668 static int find_poly_deg4_roots(struct bch_control *bch, struct gf_poly *poly,
672 unsigned int a, b, c, d, e = 0, f, a2, b2, c2, e4;
677 /* transform polynomial into monic X^4 + aX^3 + bX^2 + cX + d */
679 d = gf_div(bch, poly->c[0], e4);
680 c = gf_div(bch, poly->c[1], e4);
681 b = gf_div(bch, poly->c[2], e4);
682 a = gf_div(bch, poly->c[3], e4);
684 /* use Y=1/X transformation to get an affine polynomial */
686 /* first, eliminate cX by using z=X+e with ae^2+c=0 */
688 /* compute e such that e^2 = c/a */
689 f = gf_div(bch, c, a);
691 l += (l & 1) ? GF_N(bch) : 0;
694 * use transformation z=X+e:
695 * z^4+e^4 + a(z^3+ez^2+e^2z+e^3) + b(z^2+e^2) +cz+ce+d
696 * z^4 + az^3 + (ae+b)z^2 + (ae^2+c)z+e^4+be^2+ae^3+ce+d
697 * z^4 + az^3 + (ae+b)z^2 + e^4+be^2+d
698 * z^4 + az^3 + b'z^2 + d'
700 d = a_pow(bch, 2*l)^gf_mul(bch, b, f)^d;
701 b = gf_mul(bch, a, e)^b;
703 /* now, use Y=1/X to get Y^4 + b/dY^2 + a/dY + 1/d */
705 /* assume all roots have multiplicity 1 */
709 b2 = gf_div(bch, a, d);
710 a2 = gf_div(bch, b, d);
712 /* polynomial is already affine */
717 /* find the 4 roots of this affine polynomial */
718 if (find_affine4_roots(bch, a2, b2, c2, roots) == 4) {
719 for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
720 /* post-process roots (reverse transformations) */
721 f = a ? gf_inv(bch, roots[i]) : roots[i];
722 roots[i] = a_ilog(bch, f^e);
730 * build monic, log-based representation of a polynomial
732 static void gf_poly_logrep(struct bch_control *bch,
733 const struct gf_poly *a, int *rep)
735 int i, d = a->deg, l = GF_N(bch)-a_log(bch, a->c[a->deg]);
737 /* represent 0 values with -1; warning, rep[d] is not set to 1 */
738 for (i = 0; i < d; i++)
739 rep[i] = a->c[i] ? mod_s(bch, a_log(bch, a->c[i])+l) : -1;
743 * compute polynomial Euclidean division remainder in GF(2^m)[X]
745 static void gf_poly_mod(struct bch_control *bch, struct gf_poly *a,
746 const struct gf_poly *b, int *rep)
749 unsigned int i, j, *c = a->c;
750 const unsigned int d = b->deg;
755 /* reuse or compute log representation of denominator */
758 gf_poly_logrep(bch, b, rep);
761 for (j = a->deg; j >= d; j--) {
763 la = a_log(bch, c[j]);
765 for (i = 0; i < d; i++, p++) {
768 c[p] ^= bch->a_pow_tab[mod_s(bch,
774 while (!c[a->deg] && a->deg)
779 * compute polynomial Euclidean division quotient in GF(2^m)[X]
781 static void gf_poly_div(struct bch_control *bch, struct gf_poly *a,
782 const struct gf_poly *b, struct gf_poly *q)
784 if (a->deg >= b->deg) {
785 q->deg = a->deg-b->deg;
786 /* compute a mod b (modifies a) */
787 gf_poly_mod(bch, a, b, NULL);
788 /* quotient is stored in upper part of polynomial a */
789 memcpy(q->c, &a->c[b->deg], (1+q->deg)*sizeof(unsigned int));
797 * compute polynomial GCD (Greatest Common Divisor) in GF(2^m)[X]
799 static struct gf_poly *gf_poly_gcd(struct bch_control *bch, struct gf_poly *a,
804 dbg("gcd(%s,%s)=", gf_poly_str(a), gf_poly_str(b));
806 if (a->deg < b->deg) {
813 gf_poly_mod(bch, a, b, NULL);
819 dbg("%s\n", gf_poly_str(a));
825 * Given a polynomial f and an integer k, compute Tr(a^kX) mod f
826 * This is used in Berlekamp Trace algorithm for splitting polynomials
828 static void compute_trace_bk_mod(struct bch_control *bch, int k,
829 const struct gf_poly *f, struct gf_poly *z,
832 const int m = GF_M(bch);
835 /* z contains z^2j mod f */
838 z->c[1] = bch->a_pow_tab[k];
841 memset(out, 0, GF_POLY_SZ(f->deg));
843 /* compute f log representation only once */
844 gf_poly_logrep(bch, f, bch->cache);
846 for (i = 0; i < m; i++) {
847 /* add a^(k*2^i)(z^(2^i) mod f) and compute (z^(2^i) mod f)^2 */
848 for (j = z->deg; j >= 0; j--) {
849 out->c[j] ^= z->c[j];
850 z->c[2*j] = gf_sqr(bch, z->c[j]);
853 if (z->deg > out->deg)
858 /* z^(2(i+1)) mod f = (z^(2^i) mod f)^2 mod f */
859 gf_poly_mod(bch, z, f, bch->cache);
862 while (!out->c[out->deg] && out->deg)
865 dbg("Tr(a^%d.X) mod f = %s\n", k, gf_poly_str(out));
869 * factor a polynomial using Berlekamp Trace algorithm (BTA)
871 static void factor_polynomial(struct bch_control *bch, int k, struct gf_poly *f,
872 struct gf_poly **g, struct gf_poly **h)
874 struct gf_poly *f2 = bch->poly_2t[0];
875 struct gf_poly *q = bch->poly_2t[1];
876 struct gf_poly *tk = bch->poly_2t[2];
877 struct gf_poly *z = bch->poly_2t[3];
880 dbg("factoring %s...\n", gf_poly_str(f));
885 /* tk = Tr(a^k.X) mod f */
886 compute_trace_bk_mod(bch, k, f, z, tk);
889 /* compute g = gcd(f, tk) (destructive operation) */
891 gcd = gf_poly_gcd(bch, f2, tk);
892 if (gcd->deg < f->deg) {
893 /* compute h=f/gcd(f,tk); this will modify f and q */
894 gf_poly_div(bch, f, gcd, q);
895 /* store g and h in-place (clobbering f) */
896 *h = &((struct gf_poly_deg1 *)f)[gcd->deg].poly;
897 gf_poly_copy(*g, gcd);
904 * find roots of a polynomial, using BTZ algorithm; see the beginning of this
907 static int find_poly_roots(struct bch_control *bch, unsigned int k,
908 struct gf_poly *poly, unsigned int *roots)
911 struct gf_poly *f1, *f2;
914 /* handle low degree polynomials with ad hoc techniques */
916 cnt = find_poly_deg1_roots(bch, poly, roots);
919 cnt = find_poly_deg2_roots(bch, poly, roots);
922 cnt = find_poly_deg3_roots(bch, poly, roots);
925 cnt = find_poly_deg4_roots(bch, poly, roots);
928 /* factor polynomial using Berlekamp Trace Algorithm (BTA) */
930 if (poly->deg && (k <= GF_M(bch))) {
931 factor_polynomial(bch, k, poly, &f1, &f2);
933 cnt += find_poly_roots(bch, k+1, f1, roots);
935 cnt += find_poly_roots(bch, k+1, f2, roots+cnt);
942 #if defined(USE_CHIEN_SEARCH)
944 * exhaustive root search (Chien) implementation - not used, included only for
945 * reference/comparison tests
947 static int chien_search(struct bch_control *bch, unsigned int len,
948 struct gf_poly *p, unsigned int *roots)
951 unsigned int i, j, syn, syn0, count = 0;
952 const unsigned int k = 8*len+bch->ecc_bits;
954 /* use a log-based representation of polynomial */
955 gf_poly_logrep(bch, p, bch->cache);
956 bch->cache[p->deg] = 0;
957 syn0 = gf_div(bch, p->c[0], p->c[p->deg]);
959 for (i = GF_N(bch)-k+1; i <= GF_N(bch); i++) {
960 /* compute elp(a^i) */
961 for (j = 1, syn = syn0; j <= p->deg; j++) {
964 syn ^= a_pow(bch, m+j*i);
967 roots[count++] = GF_N(bch)-i;
972 return (count == p->deg) ? count : 0;
974 #define find_poly_roots(_p, _k, _elp, _loc) chien_search(_p, len, _elp, _loc)
975 #endif /* USE_CHIEN_SEARCH */
978 * bch_decode - decode received codeword and find bit error locations
979 * @bch: BCH control structure
980 * @data: received data, ignored if @calc_ecc is provided
981 * @len: data length in bytes, must always be provided
982 * @recv_ecc: received ecc, if NULL then assume it was XORed in @calc_ecc
983 * @calc_ecc: calculated ecc, if NULL then calc_ecc is computed from @data
984 * @syn: hw computed syndrome data (if NULL, syndrome is calculated)
985 * @errloc: output array of error locations
988 * The number of errors found, or -EBADMSG if decoding failed, or -EINVAL if
989 * invalid parameters were provided
991 * Depending on the available hw BCH support and the need to compute @calc_ecc
992 * separately (using bch_encode()), this function should be called with one of
993 * the following parameter configurations -
995 * by providing @data and @recv_ecc only:
996 * bch_decode(@bch, @data, @len, @recv_ecc, NULL, NULL, @errloc)
998 * by providing @recv_ecc and @calc_ecc:
999 * bch_decode(@bch, NULL, @len, @recv_ecc, @calc_ecc, NULL, @errloc)
1001 * by providing ecc = recv_ecc XOR calc_ecc:
1002 * bch_decode(@bch, NULL, @len, NULL, ecc, NULL, @errloc)
1004 * by providing syndrome results @syn:
1005 * bch_decode(@bch, NULL, @len, NULL, NULL, @syn, @errloc)
1007 * Once bch_decode() has successfully returned with a positive value, error
1008 * locations returned in array @errloc should be interpreted as follows -
1010 * if (errloc[n] >= 8*len), then n-th error is located in ecc (no need for
1013 * if (errloc[n] < 8*len), then n-th error is located in data and can be
1014 * corrected with statement data[errloc[n]/8] ^= 1 << (errloc[n] % 8);
1016 * Note that this function does not perform any data correction by itself, it
1017 * merely indicates error locations.
1019 int bch_decode(struct bch_control *bch, const uint8_t *data, unsigned int len,
1020 const uint8_t *recv_ecc, const uint8_t *calc_ecc,
1021 const unsigned int *syn, unsigned int *errloc)
1023 const unsigned int ecc_words = BCH_ECC_WORDS(bch);
1028 /* sanity check: make sure data length can be handled */
1029 if (8*len > (bch->n-bch->ecc_bits))
1032 /* if caller does not provide syndromes, compute them */
1035 /* compute received data ecc into an internal buffer */
1036 if (!data || !recv_ecc)
1038 bch_encode(bch, data, len, NULL);
1040 /* load provided calculated ecc */
1041 load_ecc8(bch, bch->ecc_buf, calc_ecc);
1043 /* load received ecc or assume it was XORed in calc_ecc */
1045 load_ecc8(bch, bch->ecc_buf2, recv_ecc);
1046 /* XOR received and calculated ecc */
1047 for (i = 0, sum = 0; i < (int)ecc_words; i++) {
1048 bch->ecc_buf[i] ^= bch->ecc_buf2[i];
1049 sum |= bch->ecc_buf[i];
1052 /* no error found */
1055 compute_syndromes(bch, bch->ecc_buf, bch->syn);
1059 err = compute_error_locator_polynomial(bch, syn);
1061 nroots = find_poly_roots(bch, 1, bch->elp, errloc);
1066 /* post-process raw error locations for easier correction */
1067 nbits = (len*8)+bch->ecc_bits;
1068 for (i = 0; i < err; i++) {
1069 if (errloc[i] >= nbits) {
1073 errloc[i] = nbits-1-errloc[i];
1074 if (!bch->swap_bits)
1075 errloc[i] = (errloc[i] & ~7) |
1076 (7-(errloc[i] & 7));
1079 return (err >= 0) ? err : -EBADMSG;
1081 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(bch_decode);
1084 * generate Galois field lookup tables
1086 static int build_gf_tables(struct bch_control *bch, unsigned int poly)
1088 unsigned int i, x = 1;
1089 const unsigned int k = 1 << deg(poly);
1091 /* primitive polynomial must be of degree m */
1092 if (k != (1u << GF_M(bch)))
1095 for (i = 0; i < GF_N(bch); i++) {
1096 bch->a_pow_tab[i] = x;
1097 bch->a_log_tab[x] = i;
1099 /* polynomial is not primitive (a^i=1 with 0<i<2^m-1) */
1105 bch->a_pow_tab[GF_N(bch)] = 1;
1106 bch->a_log_tab[0] = 0;
1112 * compute generator polynomial remainder tables for fast encoding
1114 static void build_mod8_tables(struct bch_control *bch, const uint32_t *g)
1117 uint32_t data, hi, lo, *tab;
1118 const int l = BCH_ECC_WORDS(bch);
1119 const int plen = DIV_ROUND_UP(bch->ecc_bits+1, 32);
1120 const int ecclen = DIV_ROUND_UP(bch->ecc_bits, 32);
1122 memset(bch->mod8_tab, 0, 4*256*l*sizeof(*bch->mod8_tab));
1124 for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
1125 /* p(X)=i is a small polynomial of weight <= 8 */
1126 for (b = 0; b < 4; b++) {
1127 /* we want to compute (p(X).X^(8*b+deg(g))) mod g(X) */
1128 tab = bch->mod8_tab + (b*256+i)*l;
1132 /* subtract X^d.g(X) from p(X).X^(8*b+deg(g)) */
1133 data ^= g[0] >> (31-d);
1134 for (j = 0; j < ecclen; j++) {
1135 hi = (d < 31) ? g[j] << (d+1) : 0;
1137 g[j+1] >> (31-d) : 0;
1146 * build a base for factoring degree 2 polynomials
1148 static int build_deg2_base(struct bch_control *bch)
1150 const int m = GF_M(bch);
1152 unsigned int sum, x, y, remaining, ak = 0, xi[BCH_MAX_M];
1154 /* find k s.t. Tr(a^k) = 1 and 0 <= k < m */
1155 for (i = 0; i < m; i++) {
1156 for (j = 0, sum = 0; j < m; j++)
1157 sum ^= a_pow(bch, i*(1 << j));
1160 ak = bch->a_pow_tab[i];
1164 /* find xi, i=0..m-1 such that xi^2+xi = a^i+Tr(a^i).a^k */
1166 memset(xi, 0, sizeof(xi));
1168 for (x = 0; (x <= GF_N(bch)) && remaining; x++) {
1169 y = gf_sqr(bch, x)^x;
1170 for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
1172 if (y && (r < m) && !xi[r]) {
1176 dbg("x%d = %x\n", r, x);
1182 /* should not happen but check anyway */
1183 return remaining ? -1 : 0;
1186 static void *bch_alloc(size_t size, int *err)
1190 ptr = kmalloc(size, GFP_KERNEL);
1197 * compute generator polynomial for given (m,t) parameters.
1199 static uint32_t *compute_generator_polynomial(struct bch_control *bch)
1201 const unsigned int m = GF_M(bch);
1202 const unsigned int t = GF_T(bch);
1204 unsigned int i, j, nbits, r, word, *roots;
1208 g = bch_alloc(GF_POLY_SZ(m*t), &err);
1209 roots = bch_alloc((bch->n+1)*sizeof(*roots), &err);
1210 genpoly = bch_alloc(DIV_ROUND_UP(m*t+1, 32)*sizeof(*genpoly), &err);
1218 /* enumerate all roots of g(X) */
1219 memset(roots , 0, (bch->n+1)*sizeof(*roots));
1220 for (i = 0; i < t; i++) {
1221 for (j = 0, r = 2*i+1; j < m; j++) {
1223 r = mod_s(bch, 2*r);
1226 /* build generator polynomial g(X) */
1229 for (i = 0; i < GF_N(bch); i++) {
1231 /* multiply g(X) by (X+root) */
1232 r = bch->a_pow_tab[i];
1234 for (j = g->deg; j > 0; j--)
1235 g->c[j] = gf_mul(bch, g->c[j], r)^g->c[j-1];
1237 g->c[0] = gf_mul(bch, g->c[0], r);
1241 /* store left-justified binary representation of g(X) */
1246 nbits = (n > 32) ? 32 : n;
1247 for (j = 0, word = 0; j < nbits; j++) {
1249 word |= 1u << (31-j);
1251 genpoly[i++] = word;
1254 bch->ecc_bits = g->deg;
1264 * bch_init - initialize a BCH encoder/decoder
1265 * @m: Galois field order, should be in the range 5-15
1266 * @t: maximum error correction capability, in bits
1267 * @prim_poly: user-provided primitive polynomial (or 0 to use default)
1268 * @swap_bits: swap bits within data and syndrome bytes
1271 * a newly allocated BCH control structure if successful, NULL otherwise
1273 * This initialization can take some time, as lookup tables are built for fast
1274 * encoding/decoding; make sure not to call this function from a time critical
1275 * path. Usually, bch_init() should be called on module/driver init and
1276 * bch_free() should be called to release memory on exit.
1278 * You may provide your own primitive polynomial of degree @m in argument
1279 * @prim_poly, or let bch_init() use its default polynomial.
1281 * Once bch_init() has successfully returned a pointer to a newly allocated
1282 * BCH control structure, ecc length in bytes is given by member @ecc_bytes of
1285 struct bch_control *bch_init(int m, int t, unsigned int prim_poly,
1289 unsigned int i, words;
1291 struct bch_control *bch = NULL;
1293 const int min_m = 5;
1295 /* default primitive polynomials */
1296 static const unsigned int prim_poly_tab[] = {
1297 0x25, 0x43, 0x83, 0x11d, 0x211, 0x409, 0x805, 0x1053, 0x201b,
1301 #if defined(CONFIG_BCH_CONST_PARAMS)
1302 if ((m != (CONFIG_BCH_CONST_M)) || (t != (CONFIG_BCH_CONST_T))) {
1303 printk(KERN_ERR "bch encoder/decoder was configured to support "
1304 "parameters m=%d, t=%d only!\n",
1305 CONFIG_BCH_CONST_M, CONFIG_BCH_CONST_T);
1309 if ((m < min_m) || (m > BCH_MAX_M))
1311 * values of m greater than 15 are not currently supported;
1312 * supporting m > 15 would require changing table base type
1313 * (uint16_t) and a small patch in matrix transposition
1319 * we can support larger than 64 bits if necessary, at the
1320 * cost of higher stack usage.
1325 if ((t < 1) || (m*t >= ((1 << m)-1)))
1326 /* invalid t value */
1329 /* select a primitive polynomial for generating GF(2^m) */
1331 prim_poly = prim_poly_tab[m-min_m];
1333 bch = kzalloc(sizeof(*bch), GFP_KERNEL);
1339 bch->n = (1 << m)-1;
1340 words = DIV_ROUND_UP(m*t, 32);
1341 bch->ecc_bytes = DIV_ROUND_UP(m*t, 8);
1342 bch->a_pow_tab = bch_alloc((1+bch->n)*sizeof(*bch->a_pow_tab), &err);
1343 bch->a_log_tab = bch_alloc((1+bch->n)*sizeof(*bch->a_log_tab), &err);
1344 bch->mod8_tab = bch_alloc(words*1024*sizeof(*bch->mod8_tab), &err);
1345 bch->ecc_buf = bch_alloc(words*sizeof(*bch->ecc_buf), &err);
1346 bch->ecc_buf2 = bch_alloc(words*sizeof(*bch->ecc_buf2), &err);
1347 bch->xi_tab = bch_alloc(m*sizeof(*bch->xi_tab), &err);
1348 bch->syn = bch_alloc(2*t*sizeof(*bch->syn), &err);
1349 bch->cache = bch_alloc(2*t*sizeof(*bch->cache), &err);
1350 bch->elp = bch_alloc((t+1)*sizeof(struct gf_poly_deg1), &err);
1351 bch->swap_bits = swap_bits;
1353 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(bch->poly_2t); i++)
1354 bch->poly_2t[i] = bch_alloc(GF_POLY_SZ(2*t), &err);
1359 err = build_gf_tables(bch, prim_poly);
1363 /* use generator polynomial for computing encoding tables */
1364 genpoly = compute_generator_polynomial(bch);
1365 if (genpoly == NULL)
1368 build_mod8_tables(bch, genpoly);
1371 err = build_deg2_base(bch);
1381 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(bch_init);
1384 * bch_free - free the BCH control structure
1385 * @bch: BCH control structure to release
1387 void bch_free(struct bch_control *bch)
1392 kfree(bch->a_pow_tab);
1393 kfree(bch->a_log_tab);
1394 kfree(bch->mod8_tab);
1395 kfree(bch->ecc_buf);
1396 kfree(bch->ecc_buf2);
1402 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(bch->poly_2t); i++)
1403 kfree(bch->poly_2t[i]);
1408 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(bch_free);
1410 MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
1411 MODULE_AUTHOR("Ivan Djelic <ivan.djelic@parrot.com>");
1412 MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Binary BCH encoder/decoder");