3 * Add support for the Texas Instruments MSP430X processor.
5 * Add support for Altera Nios II.
7 * Add support for the V850E3V5 architecture.
9 * Add support for the Imagination Technologies Meta processor.
11 * --enable-new-dtags no longer generates old dtags in addition to new dtags.
13 * Remove linker support for MIPS ECOFF targets.
17 * Enable compressed debug section feature for x86/x86_64 pe-coff.
19 * Add support for the 64-bit ARM architecture: AArch64.
21 * Added SORT_NONE to the linker script language to disable section sorting.
23 * Add a linker-provided symbol when producing ELF output, '__ehdr_start'
24 to point to the ELF file header (and nearby program headers) in the
25 program's memory image.
27 * Add support for S12X processor.
29 * Add support for the VLE extension to the PowerPC architecture.
31 * Add support for the Freescale XGATE architecture.
33 * Add option -f FILE on AIX (for response file).
35 * Add support for the Renesas RL78 architecture.
37 * Add support for the Adapteva EPIPHANY architecture.
41 * --copy-dt-needed-entries is no longer enabled by default. Instead
42 --no-copy-dt-needed-entries is the default.
44 * INPUT_SECTION_FLAGS has been added to the linker script language
45 to allow selection of input sections by section header section flags.
47 * Add support for the Tilera TILEPro and TILE-Gx architectures.
49 * Added SORT_BY_INIT_PRIORITY to the linker script language to permit
50 sorting sections by numerical value of the GCC init_priority attribute
51 encoded in the section name.
55 * Linker script expression evaluation is somewhat more sane. This may
56 break scripts that depend on quirks of the old expression evaluation.
58 * Turn off underscoring for x86_64 PE+-COFF targets. For old behavior the
59 option --enable-leading-mingw64-underscores can be used on configure of
62 * Add support for the TMS320C6000 (TI C6X) processor family.
64 * --add-needed renamed to --copy-dt-needed-entries in order to avoid confusion
65 with --as-needed option.
67 * Extend .def file syntax by '== <ID>' for imports and exports. This allows
68 to alias the import/export table name written in PE image.
70 * Add --exclude-all-symbols option to PE based linkers. This prevents all
71 symbols from automatically being exported.
73 * Add support for the Renesas RX processor.
75 * Add support for alpha-vms target.
79 * GNU/Linux targets now support the STB_GNU_UNIQUE symbol binding. This is a
80 GNU extension to the standard set of ELF symbol bindings. The binding will
81 be passed on to the dynamic linker which will make sure that in the entire
82 process there is just one symbol with the given name and type in use.
84 * PE targets now support a GNU extension to allow the alignment of common
85 common symbols to be specified. This support uses custom options in
86 the .drectve section, which will be disregarded by the native tools.
88 * PE targets now add primitive support for ELF version scripts; symbols
89 are not versioned, but the local and global symbol visibility directives
90 are respected when filtering symbols in auto-export mode.
92 * New option --no-export-dynamic to undo the effect of the -E and
93 --export-dynamic options.
95 * ELF: --warn-alternate-em option to warn if an object has alternate
98 * New script function REGION_ALIAS to add alias names to memory regions.
100 * PE targets no longer make use of the long section names PE extension to
101 the COFF format when generating executable images, by default. The old
102 (slightly non-conformant) behaviour can still be invoked by using the
103 new '--enable-long-section-names' command-line option. It is also enabled
104 automatically in the presence of un-stripped debug information, as GDB
105 needs to be able to find the debug info sections by their full names.
107 * For GNU/Linux systems the linker will now avoid processing any relocations
108 made against symbols of the STT_GNU_IFUNC type and instead emit them into
109 the resulting binary for processing by the loader.
111 * --as-needed now links in a dynamic library if it satisfies undefined
112 symbols in regular objects, or in other dynamic libraries. In the
113 latter case the library is not linked if it is found in a DT_NEEDED
114 entry of one of the libraries already linked.
116 * Add a new command line option, -Ttext-segment ADDR, for ELF targets
117 to set the address of the first byte of the text segment.
119 * Add support for Sunplus score architecture.
121 * Add new option --use-nul-prefixed-import-tables to ld for PE targets to
122 allow fallback to old import table generation with null element prefix.
124 * Windows PE systems now support a new --exclude-modules-for-implib option,
125 allowing users to partition object files and archive members between a DLL
126 and its associated import library as they are generated during linking.
128 * Add support for Lattice Mico32 (lm32) architecture.
130 * Add CR16 ELF --embedded-relocs (used to embedded relocations into binaries
131 for Embedded-PIC code) option.
133 * Add to the PE/PE+ targets the support of two different kinds of
134 pseudo-relocations. They can be selected by the switches
135 --enable-runtime-pseudo-reloc-v1 and --enable-runtime-pseudo-reloc-v2.
136 For the switch --enable-runtime-pseudo-reloc it uses for 32-bit
137 runtime pseudo relocation version one, for 64-bit the version two.
141 * Linker scripts support a new INSERT command that makes it easier to
142 augment the default script.
144 * Linker script input section filespecs may now specify a file within an
145 archive by writing "archive:file".
147 * The --sort-common switch now has an optional argument which specifies the
148 direction of sorting.
150 * The M68K linker now supports multiple GOT generation schemes controlled via
151 the --got=<type> command line option.
153 * The ARM EABI linker will now generate stubs for function calls to symbols
154 that are too far away. The placement of the stubs is controlled by a new
155 linker command line option: --stub-group-size=N.
159 * Linker sources now released under version 3 of the GNU General Public
162 * ELF: New --build-id option to generate a unique per-binary identifier
163 embedded in a note section.
165 * Added support for National Semicondutor CompactRISC (ie CR16) target.
167 * -l:foo now searches the library path for a filename called foo,
168 without converting it to libfoo.a or libfoo.so.
170 * Add a new command line option '--default-script=FILE' or '-dT FILE'
171 which specifies a replacement for the built in, default linker
174 * ELF: Add -Bsymbolic-functions, --dynamic-list-cpp-new, which puts C++
175 operator new and delete on the dynamic list, and --dynamic-list-data,
176 builtin list for --dynamic-list, which puts global data symbols on the
179 * Add support for x86_64 PE+ target.
181 * Add support for Score target.
183 * ELF: Add --dynamic-list option to specify a list of global symbols
184 whose references shouldn't be bound to the definition within the
185 shared library, or a list of symbols which should be added to the
186 symbol table in the executable.
188 * The default output section LMA has changed for allocatable sections from
189 being equal to VMA, to keeping the difference between LMA and VMA the same as
190 the previous output section in the same region. This is a more useful
191 default when using overlays and other cases where you specify an LMA
192 differing from the VMA for some sections.
194 * New switch: --print-gc-sections to list any sections removed by garabge
197 * ARM: Added --vfp11-denorm-fix option to work around an erratum in current
202 * Support for the Infineon XC16X has been added by KPIT Cummins Infosystems.
204 * Modify the Linux linker search order to better match ld.so search order.
205 Look for DT_NEEDED libraries in paths specified by ld.so.conf before
206 searching the default directories, rather than vice versa.
207 Use $prefix/etc/ld.so.conf if it exists, otherwise /etc/ld.so.conf.
209 * PE-COFF: Forward exports from DLL's can now be specified in .def files
210 passed directly to ld.
212 * Support for the Z80 processor family has been added.
214 * Add support for the "@<file>" syntax to the command line, so that extra
215 switches can be read from <file>.
219 * Support for the R_ARM_V4BX relocation as defined in the ARM AAELF
220 specification has been added via the --fix-v4bx command-line option.
222 * New linker script construct AS_NEEDED(), which sets the --as-needed flag
223 for input files listed inside of it.
225 * A new command-line option, --sysroot, can be used to override the
226 default sysroot location. It only applies to toolchains that were
227 configured using --with-sysroot.
229 * New linker script functions: ORIGIN() and LENGTH() which return information
230 about a specified memory region.
232 * Port to MAXQ processor contributed by HCL Tech.
234 * Added SEGMENT_START to the linker script language to permit the user to
235 override the base address for a segment from the command-line.
237 * ELF: --warn-shared-textrel option to warn if adding a DT_TEXTREL to a shared
240 * Added SORT_BY_NAME and SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT to the linker script
241 language to permit sorting sections by section name or section
244 * Added a new linker command line switch, --sort-section name|alignment,
245 to sort sections by section name or maximum alignment.
247 * ELF: --add-needed/--no-add-needed options to control if a DT_NEEDED tag
248 should be added when a shared library comes from DT_NEEDED tags.
250 * Support for the crx-elf target added.
252 * Support for the sh-symbianelf target added.
254 * A new linker command line switch has been added which allows the hash table
255 size to be set to a suitable prime value near to its argument. This switch
256 is --hash-size=<NUMBER>. Also if the switch --reduce-memory-overheads is
257 used, and --hash-size has not been used, then the default value will be set
260 * Linker map files are now generated with an O(N) algorithm for finding symbols
261 that are defined in each section. This uses about 40% more memory for
262 symbols than the old O(N^2) algorithm. You can use the new
263 --reduce-memory-overheads option to select the old algorithm; this option
264 might also be used in the future to select similar tradeoffs.
268 * ELF: --as-needed/--no-as-needed options to control if a DT_NEEDED tag should
269 be added only when a shared library is referenced.
271 * PE: --large-address-aware option to indicate executables support virtual
272 addresses greater than 2 gigabytes.
274 * DWARF 2 support for i386pe added.
276 * The linker script operator DEFINED() will now yield 1 only for a symbol that
277 is defined before the statement where DEFINED is used.
279 * The MIPS --embedded-relocs (used to embed relocations into binaries for
280 Embedded-PIC code) is deprecated and will be removed in a future release.
282 * cr16c support added by NSC.
284 * m32r Linux (ELF) support added by Renesas.
286 * Improved linker's handling of unresolved symbols. The switch
287 --unresolved-symbols=<method> has been added to tell the linker when it
288 should report them and the switch --warn-unresolved-symbols has been added to
289 make reports be issued as warning messages rather than errors.
293 * Added support for Xtensa architecture.
295 * Added --with-sysroot configure switch to specify a target system root, for
296 linking against a target filesystem image.
298 * Added --accept-unknown-linker-format to restore old linker behaviour (pre
299 2.14) of silently accepting and linking in any files in an unknown binary
302 * Added --no-omagic to undo the effects of the -N option.
304 * Support for Texas Instruments TMS320C4x and TMS320C3x series of
305 DSP's contributed by Michael Hayes and Svein E. Seldal.
307 * Added --with-lib-path configure switch to specify default value for
310 * ARM port to QNX operating system added by Graeme Peterson.
312 * IP2K support added by Denis Chertykov.
316 * Support for the Fujitsu FRV architecture added by Red Hat. Models for FR400
319 Changes in version 2.13:
321 * DEC VAX ELF support, by Matt Thomas.
323 Changes in version 2.12:
325 * Support for Don Knuth's MMIX, by Hans-Peter Nilsson.
327 * Support for the OpenRISC 32-bit embedded processor by OpenCores.
329 * Support for -z nocopyreloc in the x86 ELF linker, which disables
330 production of copy relocs. Warning: using this option may result in
331 non-sharable applications.
333 * Support for -z combreloc in the ELF linker, which puts dynamic
334 relocations against the same symbol together, so that dynamic linker
335 can use an one-entry symbol lookup cache.
337 * Support for ELF SHF_MERGE section merging, by Jakub Jelinek.
339 Changes in version 2.11:
341 * Support for AMD x86-64 architecture, by Jan Hubicka, SuSE Labs.
343 * Support added for eliminating duplicate DWARF2 debug information by
344 having the compiler generate the information in sections called
345 .gnu.linkonce.wi.XXXX where XXXX is a checksum for the contents. The
346 linker then merges these sections together into the normal .debug_info
349 * The native ELF linker now searches the directories in DT_RUNPATH or
350 DT_RPATH of a shared library for shared libraries needed by it.
352 * TI C54x support, by Timothy Wall.
354 * Added command line switch --section-start to set the start address of any
357 * Added ability to emit full relocation information in linked executables,
358 enabled by --emit-relocs. Some post-linkage optimization tools need
359 this information in order to be able to correctly identify and perform
360 symbol relative addressing in the event of changes in section contents
361 (instructions being added or deleted, extending data sections, etc.)
363 * Support for i860, by Jason Eckhardt (preliminary, alpha quality).
365 * Support for CRIS (Axis Communications ETRAX series).
367 * Support for PDP-11 and 2.11BSD a.out format, by Lars Brinkhoff.
369 Changes in version 2.10:
371 * Added AT> to the linker script language to allow load-time allocation of
372 sections into regions.
374 * Added garbage collection of unused sections, enabled by --gc-sections.
375 It does require a bit of backend support; currently implemented are
376 arm-elf, avr-elf, d10v-elf, fr30-elf, i386-elf, m32r-elf, m68k-elf,
377 mcore-elf, mips-elf, mn10300-elf, ppc-elf, sh-elf, sparc-elf, and v850-elf.
378 Others will ignore the option.
380 * Added SORT to the linker script language to permit sorting sections by file
381 name or section name.
383 * Added EXTERN to the linker script language as an equivalent to the -u
386 * Added ASSERT to the linker script language.
388 * Added EXCLUDE_FILE to the linker script language for further control over
391 * Added -O option to optimize linker output (as of this writing, this only
392 affects ELF shared library generation).
394 * The -e option now accepts a number as well as a symbol name.
396 * Added --no-undefined option to disallow undefined symbols when creating a
399 * The linker now issues a warning, not an error, for an undefined symbol when
400 using -Bsymbolic; use the new --no-undefined option to get the old
403 * Added --demangle and --no-demangle options.
405 Changes in version 2.9:
407 * Added SQUAD to the linker script language.
409 * New option --no-warn-mismatch.
411 * The MEMORY command now parses the attributes to determine where sections that
412 are not placed in a specific memory region are placed.
414 Changes in version 2.8:
416 * Linker scripts may now contain shell wildcard characters for file and section
419 * The linker now supports symbol versions in ELF.
421 * The NOCROSSREFS command was added to the linker script language.
423 * The LOADADDR expression was added to the linker script language.
425 * MAX and MIN functions were added to the linker script language.
427 * The OVERLAY construct was added to the linker script language.
429 * New option --warn-section-align to warn when the address of an output section
430 changes due to alignment of an input section.
432 * New options --filter/-F and --auxiliary/-f.
434 Changes in version 2.7:
436 * New option --cref to print out a cross reference table.
438 * New option --wrap SYMBOL.
440 * New option --no-whole-archive, to turn off the effect of --whole-archive.
442 * Input sections assigned to the output section /DISCARD/ in the linker script
443 are not included in the output file.
445 * The SunOS and ELF linkers now merge stabs debugging information which uses
446 the N_BINCL and N_EINCL stab types. This reduces the amount of debugging
447 information generated.
449 Changes in version 2.6:
451 * When an ELF section name is representable as a C identifier (this is not true
452 of most ELF section names), the linker will automatically define symbols
453 __start_SECNAME and __stop_SECNAME, where SECNAME is the section name, at the
454 beginning and the end of the section. This is used by glibc.
456 Addendum: Current versions of the linker (at least for version 2.18 onwards
457 and possibly much earlier as well) place two restrictions on this feature: The
458 symbols are only implemented for orphaned sections, not for explicitly placed
459 sections and they are PROVIDEd rather than being defined.
461 * When an ELF section named .gnu.warning is encountered in an input file, the
462 contents of the section are displayed as an error message, and the section is
463 not copied into the output file. This is used by glibc.
465 * When an ELF section named .gnu.warning.SYMBOL is encountered in an input
466 file, and the symbol SYMBOL is referenced by some object file, the contents of
467 the section are displayed as an error message. The section is not copied into
468 the output file, unless doing a relocatable or shared link. This is used by
471 * New options -split-by-reloc and -split-by-file.
473 * The linker now supports linking PIC compiled code on SPARC SunOS. It can
474 also create SPARC SunOS shared libraries, and, like the native SunOS linker,
475 will do so whenever there is an undefined symbol in the link and neither the -e
476 nor the -r option was used.
478 * The -rpath option may be used on SunOS to set the list of directories to be
479 searched at run time. This overrides the default of building the list from the
482 * The COFF linker now combines debugging information for structs, unions, and
483 enums, so that even if the same type is defined in multiple input files it will
484 only be defined once in the output file. The --traditional-format switch will
485 prevent this optimization.
487 Changes in version 2.5:
489 * The linker now supports linking against SunOS shared libraries. It still can
490 not link SunOS PIC (Position Independent Code) files, so it can not be used to
491 generate shared libraries.
493 * The linker now supports linking against ELF shared libraries for the i386
494 (UnixWare) and SPARC (Solaris). It can also link ELF PIC files, and can be
495 used to generate shared libraries. Shared library generation is not well
496 tested; please report any problems encountered. The linker is now enabled for
499 * Eric Youngdale has contributed Linux support code, including linking against
500 Linux a.out shared libraries. The linker produces Linux QMAGIC binaries.
502 * The ELF backend has been converted to the new linker code. To use the new
503 ELF linker, each particular target requires a relocation function. So far,
504 this function has been written for i386 (UnixWare), SPARC (Solaris) MIPS (Irix
505 5), and HPPA ELF targets.
507 * The -( (--start-group) and -) (--end-group) options have been added to
508 support searching a group of archives as though they were a single archive.
509 This can also be used in a linker script, as GROUP ( files ).
511 * When a file is named on the command line, and the linker does not recognize
512 it as an object file, the linker will now treat the file as a linker script
513 file. A linker script named in this way augments, but does not replace, the
514 default linker script.
516 * The -warn-once option was added. It causes the linker to only warn once per
517 undefined symbol, rather than once per reference.
519 * The COFF backend has been converted to the new linker code. As with ELF, to
520 use the new linker, each particular target requires a relocation function. So
521 far, this function has been written for the i386, m68k, a29k and SH targets.
523 * The -V flag was made a synonym for -v, for SVR4 compatibility. The old -V
524 behaviour is available via --verbose.
526 Changes in version 2.4:
528 * New linker code, by Steve Chamberlain and Ian Taylor. For a.out and ecoff
529 formats (so far), this should result in considerable savings in time
530 and memory used while linking; slightly poorer performance than
531 before for formats not converted yet.
533 * Command-line parsing is no longer done with flex. This means
534 oddball characters in filenames won't get treated as argument
537 * HP-PA ELF support, by Jeff Law. (No SOM support yet.)
539 * Mach i386 support, by David Mackenzie.
541 * Irix 4 shared libraries are now supported (Irix 5 uses ELF, and ELF shared
542 libraries are not yet supported).
544 * COFF shared libraries (as on SCO) should work as well.
546 * The linker is disabled for Solaris. (Actually, it was in 2.3 also, I just
547 forgot to note it.) Some of their C library routines don't work when
548 statically linked, and the GNU linker doesn't support dynamic linking yet.
550 Changes in version 2.3:
552 * Weak symbols are now supported.
554 * ELF support has been added. The linker has been bootstrapped on
555 UnixWare and Solaris.
557 * Alpha OSF/1 support has been added (non dynamic linking only).
559 Changes in version 2.2:
561 * The `bfd' library has been updated to reduce a.out-format string
562 table size. The effect of this is that files linked from many input
563 files with duplicate symbols (`-g' debugging records, or identical
564 static symbols) should be much smaller.
566 Changes in version 2.1:
568 * The ld -ySYMBOL flag (to trace references to SYMBOL) is now implemented.
570 * There is now support for writing ECOFF files, so ld and the
571 other utilities should work on Risc/Ultrix and Irix.
574 Copyright (C) 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
576 Copying and distribution of this file, with or without modification,
577 are permitted in any medium without royalty provided the copyright
578 notice and this notice are preserved.