1 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
5 * Copyright (C) 1991, 1992 Linus Torvalds
9 * This function is used through-out the kernel (including mm and fs)
10 * to indicate a major problem.
12 #include <linux/debug_locks.h>
13 #include <linux/sched/debug.h>
14 #include <linux/interrupt.h>
15 #include <linux/kgdb.h>
16 #include <linux/kmsg_dump.h>
17 #include <linux/kallsyms.h>
18 #include <linux/notifier.h>
19 #include <linux/vt_kern.h>
20 #include <linux/module.h>
21 #include <linux/random.h>
22 #include <linux/ftrace.h>
23 #include <linux/reboot.h>
24 #include <linux/delay.h>
25 #include <linux/kexec.h>
26 #include <linux/panic_notifier.h>
27 #include <linux/sched.h>
28 #include <linux/sysrq.h>
29 #include <linux/init.h>
30 #include <linux/nmi.h>
31 #include <linux/console.h>
32 #include <linux/bug.h>
33 #include <linux/ratelimit.h>
34 #include <linux/debugfs.h>
35 #include <asm/sections.h>
37 #define PANIC_TIMER_STEP 100
38 #define PANIC_BLINK_SPD 18
42 * Should we dump all CPUs backtraces in an oops event?
43 * Defaults to 0, can be changed via sysctl.
45 unsigned int __read_mostly sysctl_oops_all_cpu_backtrace;
46 #endif /* CONFIG_SMP */
48 int panic_on_oops = CONFIG_PANIC_ON_OOPS_VALUE;
49 static unsigned long tainted_mask =
50 IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_GCC_PLUGIN_RANDSTRUCT) ? (1 << TAINT_RANDSTRUCT) : 0;
51 static int pause_on_oops;
52 static int pause_on_oops_flag;
53 static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(pause_on_oops_lock);
54 bool crash_kexec_post_notifiers;
55 int panic_on_warn __read_mostly;
56 unsigned long panic_on_taint;
57 bool panic_on_taint_nousertaint = false;
59 int panic_timeout = CONFIG_PANIC_TIMEOUT;
60 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(panic_timeout);
62 #define PANIC_PRINT_TASK_INFO 0x00000001
63 #define PANIC_PRINT_MEM_INFO 0x00000002
64 #define PANIC_PRINT_TIMER_INFO 0x00000004
65 #define PANIC_PRINT_LOCK_INFO 0x00000008
66 #define PANIC_PRINT_FTRACE_INFO 0x00000010
67 #define PANIC_PRINT_ALL_PRINTK_MSG 0x00000020
68 unsigned long panic_print;
70 ATOMIC_NOTIFIER_HEAD(panic_notifier_list);
72 EXPORT_SYMBOL(panic_notifier_list);
74 static long no_blink(int state)
79 /* Returns how long it waited in ms */
80 long (*panic_blink)(int state);
81 EXPORT_SYMBOL(panic_blink);
84 * Stop ourself in panic -- architecture code may override this
86 void __weak panic_smp_self_stop(void)
93 * Stop ourselves in NMI context if another CPU has already panicked. Arch code
94 * may override this to prepare for crash dumping, e.g. save regs info.
96 void __weak nmi_panic_self_stop(struct pt_regs *regs)
98 panic_smp_self_stop();
102 * Stop other CPUs in panic. Architecture dependent code may override this
103 * with more suitable version. For example, if the architecture supports
104 * crash dump, it should save registers of each stopped CPU and disable
105 * per-CPU features such as virtualization extensions.
107 void __weak crash_smp_send_stop(void)
109 static int cpus_stopped;
112 * This function can be called twice in panic path, but obviously
113 * we execute this only once.
119 * Note smp_send_stop is the usual smp shutdown function, which
120 * unfortunately means it may not be hardened to work in a panic
127 atomic_t panic_cpu = ATOMIC_INIT(PANIC_CPU_INVALID);
130 * A variant of panic() called from NMI context. We return if we've already
131 * panicked on this CPU. If another CPU already panicked, loop in
132 * nmi_panic_self_stop() which can provide architecture dependent code such
133 * as saving register state for crash dump.
135 void nmi_panic(struct pt_regs *regs, const char *msg)
139 cpu = raw_smp_processor_id();
140 old_cpu = atomic_cmpxchg(&panic_cpu, PANIC_CPU_INVALID, cpu);
142 if (old_cpu == PANIC_CPU_INVALID)
144 else if (old_cpu != cpu)
145 nmi_panic_self_stop(regs);
147 EXPORT_SYMBOL(nmi_panic);
149 static void panic_print_sys_info(void)
151 if (panic_print & PANIC_PRINT_ALL_PRINTK_MSG)
152 console_flush_on_panic(CONSOLE_REPLAY_ALL);
154 if (panic_print & PANIC_PRINT_TASK_INFO)
157 if (panic_print & PANIC_PRINT_MEM_INFO)
160 if (panic_print & PANIC_PRINT_TIMER_INFO)
161 sysrq_timer_list_show();
163 if (panic_print & PANIC_PRINT_LOCK_INFO)
164 debug_show_all_locks();
166 if (panic_print & PANIC_PRINT_FTRACE_INFO)
167 ftrace_dump(DUMP_ALL);
171 * panic - halt the system
172 * @fmt: The text string to print
174 * Display a message, then perform cleanups.
176 * This function never returns.
178 void panic(const char *fmt, ...)
180 static char buf[1024];
182 long i, i_next = 0, len;
184 int old_cpu, this_cpu;
185 bool _crash_kexec_post_notifiers = crash_kexec_post_notifiers;
188 * Disable local interrupts. This will prevent panic_smp_self_stop
189 * from deadlocking the first cpu that invokes the panic, since
190 * there is nothing to prevent an interrupt handler (that runs
191 * after setting panic_cpu) from invoking panic() again.
194 preempt_disable_notrace();
197 * It's possible to come here directly from a panic-assertion and
198 * not have preempt disabled. Some functions called from here want
199 * preempt to be disabled. No point enabling it later though...
201 * Only one CPU is allowed to execute the panic code from here. For
202 * multiple parallel invocations of panic, all other CPUs either
203 * stop themself or will wait until they are stopped by the 1st CPU
204 * with smp_send_stop().
206 * `old_cpu == PANIC_CPU_INVALID' means this is the 1st CPU which
207 * comes here, so go ahead.
208 * `old_cpu == this_cpu' means we came from nmi_panic() which sets
209 * panic_cpu to this CPU. In this case, this is also the 1st CPU.
211 this_cpu = raw_smp_processor_id();
212 old_cpu = atomic_cmpxchg(&panic_cpu, PANIC_CPU_INVALID, this_cpu);
214 if (old_cpu != PANIC_CPU_INVALID && old_cpu != this_cpu)
215 panic_smp_self_stop();
220 len = vscnprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), fmt, args);
223 if (len && buf[len - 1] == '\n')
226 pr_emerg("Kernel panic - not syncing: %s\n", buf);
227 #ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_BUGVERBOSE
229 * Avoid nested stack-dumping if a panic occurs during oops processing
231 if (!test_taint(TAINT_DIE) && oops_in_progress <= 1)
236 * If kgdb is enabled, give it a chance to run before we stop all
237 * the other CPUs or else we won't be able to debug processes left
243 * If we have crashed and we have a crash kernel loaded let it handle
245 * If we want to run this after calling panic_notifiers, pass
246 * the "crash_kexec_post_notifiers" option to the kernel.
248 * Bypass the panic_cpu check and call __crash_kexec directly.
250 if (!_crash_kexec_post_notifiers) {
254 * Note smp_send_stop is the usual smp shutdown function, which
255 * unfortunately means it may not be hardened to work in a
261 * If we want to do crash dump after notifier calls and
262 * kmsg_dump, we will need architecture dependent extra
263 * works in addition to stopping other CPUs.
265 crash_smp_send_stop();
269 * Run any panic handlers, including those that might need to
270 * add information to the kmsg dump output.
272 atomic_notifier_call_chain(&panic_notifier_list, 0, buf);
274 kmsg_dump(KMSG_DUMP_PANIC);
277 * If you doubt kdump always works fine in any situation,
278 * "crash_kexec_post_notifiers" offers you a chance to run
279 * panic_notifiers and dumping kmsg before kdump.
280 * Note: since some panic_notifiers can make crashed kernel
281 * more unstable, it can increase risks of the kdump failure too.
283 * Bypass the panic_cpu check and call __crash_kexec directly.
285 if (_crash_kexec_post_notifiers)
294 * We may have ended up stopping the CPU holding the lock (in
295 * smp_send_stop()) while still having some valuable data in the console
296 * buffer. Try to acquire the lock then release it regardless of the
297 * result. The release will also print the buffers out. Locks debug
298 * should be disabled to avoid reporting bad unlock balance when
299 * panic() is not being callled from OOPS.
302 console_flush_on_panic(CONSOLE_FLUSH_PENDING);
304 panic_print_sys_info();
307 panic_blink = no_blink;
309 if (panic_timeout > 0) {
311 * Delay timeout seconds before rebooting the machine.
312 * We can't use the "normal" timers since we just panicked.
314 pr_emerg("Rebooting in %d seconds..\n", panic_timeout);
316 for (i = 0; i < panic_timeout * 1000; i += PANIC_TIMER_STEP) {
317 touch_nmi_watchdog();
319 i += panic_blink(state ^= 1);
320 i_next = i + 3600 / PANIC_BLINK_SPD;
322 mdelay(PANIC_TIMER_STEP);
325 if (panic_timeout != 0) {
327 * This will not be a clean reboot, with everything
328 * shutting down. But if there is a chance of
329 * rebooting the system it will be rebooted.
331 if (panic_reboot_mode != REBOOT_UNDEFINED)
332 reboot_mode = panic_reboot_mode;
337 extern int stop_a_enabled;
338 /* Make sure the user can actually press Stop-A (L1-A) */
340 pr_emerg("Press Stop-A (L1-A) from sun keyboard or send break\n"
341 "twice on console to return to the boot prom\n");
344 #if defined(CONFIG_S390)
347 pr_emerg("---[ end Kernel panic - not syncing: %s ]---\n", buf);
349 /* Do not scroll important messages printed above */
352 for (i = 0; ; i += PANIC_TIMER_STEP) {
353 touch_softlockup_watchdog();
355 i += panic_blink(state ^= 1);
356 i_next = i + 3600 / PANIC_BLINK_SPD;
358 mdelay(PANIC_TIMER_STEP);
362 EXPORT_SYMBOL(panic);
365 * TAINT_FORCED_RMMOD could be a per-module flag but the module
366 * is being removed anyway.
368 const struct taint_flag taint_flags[TAINT_FLAGS_COUNT] = {
369 [ TAINT_PROPRIETARY_MODULE ] = { 'P', 'G', true },
370 [ TAINT_FORCED_MODULE ] = { 'F', ' ', true },
371 [ TAINT_CPU_OUT_OF_SPEC ] = { 'S', ' ', false },
372 [ TAINT_FORCED_RMMOD ] = { 'R', ' ', false },
373 [ TAINT_MACHINE_CHECK ] = { 'M', ' ', false },
374 [ TAINT_BAD_PAGE ] = { 'B', ' ', false },
375 [ TAINT_USER ] = { 'U', ' ', false },
376 [ TAINT_DIE ] = { 'D', ' ', false },
377 [ TAINT_OVERRIDDEN_ACPI_TABLE ] = { 'A', ' ', false },
378 [ TAINT_WARN ] = { 'W', ' ', false },
379 [ TAINT_CRAP ] = { 'C', ' ', true },
380 [ TAINT_FIRMWARE_WORKAROUND ] = { 'I', ' ', false },
381 [ TAINT_OOT_MODULE ] = { 'O', ' ', true },
382 [ TAINT_UNSIGNED_MODULE ] = { 'E', ' ', true },
383 [ TAINT_SOFTLOCKUP ] = { 'L', ' ', false },
384 [ TAINT_LIVEPATCH ] = { 'K', ' ', true },
385 [ TAINT_AUX ] = { 'X', ' ', true },
386 [ TAINT_RANDSTRUCT ] = { 'T', ' ', true },
390 * print_tainted - return a string to represent the kernel taint state.
392 * For individual taint flag meanings, see Documentation/admin-guide/sysctl/kernel.rst
394 * The string is overwritten by the next call to print_tainted(),
395 * but is always NULL terminated.
397 const char *print_tainted(void)
399 static char buf[TAINT_FLAGS_COUNT + sizeof("Tainted: ")];
401 BUILD_BUG_ON(ARRAY_SIZE(taint_flags) != TAINT_FLAGS_COUNT);
407 s = buf + sprintf(buf, "Tainted: ");
408 for (i = 0; i < TAINT_FLAGS_COUNT; i++) {
409 const struct taint_flag *t = &taint_flags[i];
410 *s++ = test_bit(i, &tainted_mask) ?
411 t->c_true : t->c_false;
415 snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "Not tainted");
420 int test_taint(unsigned flag)
422 return test_bit(flag, &tainted_mask);
424 EXPORT_SYMBOL(test_taint);
426 unsigned long get_taint(void)
432 * add_taint: add a taint flag if not already set.
433 * @flag: one of the TAINT_* constants.
434 * @lockdep_ok: whether lock debugging is still OK.
436 * If something bad has gone wrong, you'll want @lockdebug_ok = false, but for
437 * some notewortht-but-not-corrupting cases, it can be set to true.
439 void add_taint(unsigned flag, enum lockdep_ok lockdep_ok)
441 if (lockdep_ok == LOCKDEP_NOW_UNRELIABLE && __debug_locks_off())
442 pr_warn("Disabling lock debugging due to kernel taint\n");
444 set_bit(flag, &tainted_mask);
446 if (tainted_mask & panic_on_taint) {
448 panic("panic_on_taint set ...");
451 EXPORT_SYMBOL(add_taint);
453 static void spin_msec(int msecs)
457 for (i = 0; i < msecs; i++) {
458 touch_nmi_watchdog();
464 * It just happens that oops_enter() and oops_exit() are identically
467 static void do_oops_enter_exit(void)
470 static int spin_counter;
475 spin_lock_irqsave(&pause_on_oops_lock, flags);
476 if (pause_on_oops_flag == 0) {
477 /* This CPU may now print the oops message */
478 pause_on_oops_flag = 1;
480 /* We need to stall this CPU */
482 /* This CPU gets to do the counting */
483 spin_counter = pause_on_oops;
485 spin_unlock(&pause_on_oops_lock);
486 spin_msec(MSEC_PER_SEC);
487 spin_lock(&pause_on_oops_lock);
488 } while (--spin_counter);
489 pause_on_oops_flag = 0;
491 /* This CPU waits for a different one */
492 while (spin_counter) {
493 spin_unlock(&pause_on_oops_lock);
495 spin_lock(&pause_on_oops_lock);
499 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&pause_on_oops_lock, flags);
503 * Return true if the calling CPU is allowed to print oops-related info.
504 * This is a bit racy..
506 bool oops_may_print(void)
508 return pause_on_oops_flag == 0;
512 * Called when the architecture enters its oops handler, before it prints
513 * anything. If this is the first CPU to oops, and it's oopsing the first
514 * time then let it proceed.
516 * This is all enabled by the pause_on_oops kernel boot option. We do all
517 * this to ensure that oopses don't scroll off the screen. It has the
518 * side-effect of preventing later-oopsing CPUs from mucking up the display,
521 * It turns out that the CPU which is allowed to print ends up pausing for
522 * the right duration, whereas all the other CPUs pause for twice as long:
523 * once in oops_enter(), once in oops_exit().
525 void oops_enter(void)
528 /* can't trust the integrity of the kernel anymore: */
530 do_oops_enter_exit();
532 if (sysctl_oops_all_cpu_backtrace)
533 trigger_all_cpu_backtrace();
537 * 64-bit random ID for oopses:
541 static int init_oops_id(void)
544 get_random_bytes(&oops_id, sizeof(oops_id));
550 late_initcall(init_oops_id);
552 static void print_oops_end_marker(void)
555 pr_warn("---[ end trace %016llx ]---\n", (unsigned long long)oops_id);
559 * Called when the architecture exits its oops handler, after printing
564 do_oops_enter_exit();
565 print_oops_end_marker();
566 kmsg_dump(KMSG_DUMP_OOPS);
574 void __warn(const char *file, int line, void *caller, unsigned taint,
575 struct pt_regs *regs, struct warn_args *args)
577 disable_trace_on_warning();
580 pr_warn("WARNING: CPU: %d PID: %d at %s:%d %pS\n",
581 raw_smp_processor_id(), current->pid, file, line,
584 pr_warn("WARNING: CPU: %d PID: %d at %pS\n",
585 raw_smp_processor_id(), current->pid, caller);
588 vprintk(args->fmt, args->args);
597 * This thread may hit another WARN() in the panic path.
598 * Resetting this prevents additional WARN() from panicking the
599 * system on this thread. Other threads are blocked by the
600 * panic_mutex in panic().
603 panic("panic_on_warn set ...\n");
609 print_irqtrace_events(current);
611 print_oops_end_marker();
613 /* Just a warning, don't kill lockdep. */
614 add_taint(taint, LOCKDEP_STILL_OK);
618 void warn_slowpath_fmt(const char *file, int line, unsigned taint,
619 const char *fmt, ...)
621 struct warn_args args;
626 __warn(file, line, __builtin_return_address(0), taint,
632 va_start(args.args, fmt);
633 __warn(file, line, __builtin_return_address(0), taint, NULL, &args);
636 EXPORT_SYMBOL(warn_slowpath_fmt);
638 void __warn_printk(const char *fmt, ...)
648 EXPORT_SYMBOL(__warn_printk);
653 /* Support resetting WARN*_ONCE state */
655 static int clear_warn_once_set(void *data, u64 val)
657 generic_bug_clear_once();
658 memset(__start_once, 0, __end_once - __start_once);
662 DEFINE_DEBUGFS_ATTRIBUTE(clear_warn_once_fops, NULL, clear_warn_once_set,
665 static __init int register_warn_debugfs(void)
667 /* Don't care about failure */
668 debugfs_create_file_unsafe("clear_warn_once", 0200, NULL, NULL,
669 &clear_warn_once_fops);
673 device_initcall(register_warn_debugfs);
676 #ifdef CONFIG_STACKPROTECTOR
679 * Called when gcc's -fstack-protector feature is used, and
680 * gcc detects corruption of the on-stack canary value
682 __visible noinstr void __stack_chk_fail(void)
684 instrumentation_begin();
685 panic("stack-protector: Kernel stack is corrupted in: %pB",
686 __builtin_return_address(0));
687 instrumentation_end();
689 EXPORT_SYMBOL(__stack_chk_fail);
693 core_param(panic, panic_timeout, int, 0644);
694 core_param(panic_print, panic_print, ulong, 0644);
695 core_param(pause_on_oops, pause_on_oops, int, 0644);
696 core_param(panic_on_warn, panic_on_warn, int, 0644);
697 core_param(crash_kexec_post_notifiers, crash_kexec_post_notifiers, bool, 0644);
699 static int __init oops_setup(char *s)
703 if (!strcmp(s, "panic"))
707 early_param("oops", oops_setup);
709 static int __init panic_on_taint_setup(char *s)
716 taint_str = strsep(&s, ",");
717 if (kstrtoul(taint_str, 16, &panic_on_taint))
720 /* make sure panic_on_taint doesn't hold out-of-range TAINT flags */
721 panic_on_taint &= TAINT_FLAGS_MAX;
726 if (s && !strcmp(s, "nousertaint"))
727 panic_on_taint_nousertaint = true;
729 pr_info("panic_on_taint: bitmask=0x%lx nousertaint_mode=%sabled\n",
730 panic_on_taint, panic_on_taint_nousertaint ? "en" : "dis");
734 early_param("panic_on_taint", panic_on_taint_setup);