1 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
5 * Copyright (C) 2019, Google LLC.
8 #include <linux/debug_locks.h>
9 #include <linux/delay.h>
10 #include <linux/jiffies.h>
11 #include <linux/kallsyms.h>
12 #include <linux/kernel.h>
13 #include <linux/lockdep.h>
14 #include <linux/preempt.h>
15 #include <linux/printk.h>
16 #include <linux/sched.h>
17 #include <linux/spinlock.h>
18 #include <linux/stacktrace.h>
24 * Max. number of stack entries to show in the report.
26 #define NUM_STACK_ENTRIES 64
28 /* Common access info. */
30 const volatile void *ptr;
39 * Other thread info: communicated from other racing thread to thread that set
40 * up the watchpoint, which then prints the complete report atomically.
43 struct access_info ai;
44 unsigned long stack_entries[NUM_STACK_ENTRIES];
45 int num_stack_entries;
48 * Optionally pass @current. Typically we do not need to pass @current
49 * via @other_info since just @task_pid is sufficient. Passing @current
50 * has additional overhead.
52 * To safely pass @current, we must either use get_task_struct/
53 * put_task_struct, or stall the thread that populated @other_info.
55 * We cannot rely on get_task_struct/put_task_struct in case
56 * release_report() races with a task being released, and would have to
57 * free it in release_report(). This may result in deadlock if we want
58 * to use KCSAN on the allocators.
60 * Since we also want to reliably print held locks for
61 * CONFIG_KCSAN_VERBOSE, the current implementation stalls the thread
62 * that populated @other_info until it has been consumed.
64 struct task_struct *task;
68 * To never block any producers of struct other_info, we need as many elements
69 * as we have watchpoints (upper bound on concurrent races to report).
71 static struct other_info other_infos[CONFIG_KCSAN_NUM_WATCHPOINTS + NUM_SLOTS-1];
74 * Information about reported races; used to rate limit reporting.
78 * The last time the race was reported.
83 * The frames of the 2 threads; if only 1 thread is known, one frame
91 * Since we also want to be able to debug allocators with KCSAN, to avoid
92 * deadlock, report_times cannot be dynamically resized with krealloc in
95 * Therefore, we use a fixed-size array, which at most will occupy a page. This
96 * still adequately rate limits reports, assuming that a) number of unique data
97 * races is not excessive, and b) occurrence of unique races within the
98 * same time window is limited.
100 #define REPORT_TIMES_MAX (PAGE_SIZE / sizeof(struct report_time))
101 #define REPORT_TIMES_SIZE \
102 (CONFIG_KCSAN_REPORT_ONCE_IN_MS > REPORT_TIMES_MAX ? \
104 CONFIG_KCSAN_REPORT_ONCE_IN_MS)
105 static struct report_time report_times[REPORT_TIMES_SIZE];
108 * Spinlock serializing report generation, and access to @other_infos. Although
109 * it could make sense to have a finer-grained locking story for @other_infos,
110 * report generation needs to be serialized either way, so not much is gained.
112 static DEFINE_RAW_SPINLOCK(report_lock);
115 * Checks if the race identified by thread frames frame1 and frame2 has
116 * been reported since (now - KCSAN_REPORT_ONCE_IN_MS).
118 static bool rate_limit_report(unsigned long frame1, unsigned long frame2)
120 struct report_time *use_entry = &report_times[0];
121 unsigned long invalid_before;
124 BUILD_BUG_ON(CONFIG_KCSAN_REPORT_ONCE_IN_MS != 0 && REPORT_TIMES_SIZE == 0);
126 if (CONFIG_KCSAN_REPORT_ONCE_IN_MS == 0)
129 invalid_before = jiffies - msecs_to_jiffies(CONFIG_KCSAN_REPORT_ONCE_IN_MS);
131 /* Check if a matching race report exists. */
132 for (i = 0; i < REPORT_TIMES_SIZE; ++i) {
133 struct report_time *rt = &report_times[i];
136 * Must always select an entry for use to store info as we
137 * cannot resize report_times; at the end of the scan, use_entry
138 * will be the oldest entry, which ideally also happened before
139 * KCSAN_REPORT_ONCE_IN_MS ago.
141 if (time_before(rt->time, use_entry->time))
145 * Initially, no need to check any further as this entry as well
146 * as following entries have never been used.
151 /* Check if entry expired. */
152 if (time_before(rt->time, invalid_before))
153 continue; /* before KCSAN_REPORT_ONCE_IN_MS ago */
155 /* Reported recently, check if race matches. */
156 if ((rt->frame1 == frame1 && rt->frame2 == frame2) ||
157 (rt->frame1 == frame2 && rt->frame2 == frame1))
161 use_entry->time = jiffies;
162 use_entry->frame1 = frame1;
163 use_entry->frame2 = frame2;
168 * Special rules to skip reporting.
171 skip_report(enum kcsan_value_change value_change, unsigned long top_frame)
173 /* Should never get here if value_change==FALSE. */
174 WARN_ON_ONCE(value_change == KCSAN_VALUE_CHANGE_FALSE);
177 * The first call to skip_report always has value_change==TRUE, since we
178 * cannot know the value written of an instrumented access. For the 2nd
179 * call there are 6 cases with CONFIG_KCSAN_REPORT_VALUE_CHANGE_ONLY:
181 * 1. read watchpoint, conflicting write (value_change==TRUE): report;
182 * 2. read watchpoint, conflicting write (value_change==MAYBE): skip;
183 * 3. write watchpoint, conflicting write (value_change==TRUE): report;
184 * 4. write watchpoint, conflicting write (value_change==MAYBE): skip;
185 * 5. write watchpoint, conflicting read (value_change==MAYBE): skip;
186 * 6. write watchpoint, conflicting read (value_change==TRUE): report;
188 * Cases 1-4 are intuitive and expected; case 5 ensures we do not report
189 * data races where the write may have rewritten the same value; case 6
190 * is possible either if the size is larger than what we check value
191 * changes for or the access type is KCSAN_ACCESS_ASSERT.
193 if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_KCSAN_REPORT_VALUE_CHANGE_ONLY) &&
194 value_change == KCSAN_VALUE_CHANGE_MAYBE) {
196 * The access is a write, but the data value did not change.
198 * We opt-out of this filter for certain functions at request of
202 int len = scnprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%ps", (void *)top_frame);
204 if (!strnstr(buf, "rcu_", len) &&
205 !strnstr(buf, "_rcu", len) &&
206 !strnstr(buf, "_srcu", len))
210 return kcsan_skip_report_debugfs(top_frame);
213 static const char *get_access_type(int type)
215 if (type & KCSAN_ACCESS_ASSERT) {
216 if (type & KCSAN_ACCESS_SCOPED) {
217 if (type & KCSAN_ACCESS_WRITE)
218 return "assert no accesses (reordered)";
220 return "assert no writes (reordered)";
222 if (type & KCSAN_ACCESS_WRITE)
223 return "assert no accesses";
225 return "assert no writes";
232 case KCSAN_ACCESS_ATOMIC:
233 return "read (marked)";
234 case KCSAN_ACCESS_WRITE:
236 case KCSAN_ACCESS_WRITE | KCSAN_ACCESS_ATOMIC:
237 return "write (marked)";
238 case KCSAN_ACCESS_COMPOUND | KCSAN_ACCESS_WRITE:
240 case KCSAN_ACCESS_COMPOUND | KCSAN_ACCESS_WRITE | KCSAN_ACCESS_ATOMIC:
241 return "read-write (marked)";
242 case KCSAN_ACCESS_SCOPED:
243 return "read (reordered)";
244 case KCSAN_ACCESS_SCOPED | KCSAN_ACCESS_ATOMIC:
245 return "read (marked, reordered)";
246 case KCSAN_ACCESS_SCOPED | KCSAN_ACCESS_WRITE:
247 return "write (reordered)";
248 case KCSAN_ACCESS_SCOPED | KCSAN_ACCESS_WRITE | KCSAN_ACCESS_ATOMIC:
249 return "write (marked, reordered)";
250 case KCSAN_ACCESS_SCOPED | KCSAN_ACCESS_COMPOUND | KCSAN_ACCESS_WRITE:
251 return "read-write (reordered)";
252 case KCSAN_ACCESS_SCOPED | KCSAN_ACCESS_COMPOUND | KCSAN_ACCESS_WRITE | KCSAN_ACCESS_ATOMIC:
253 return "read-write (marked, reordered)";
259 static const char *get_bug_type(int type)
261 return (type & KCSAN_ACCESS_ASSERT) != 0 ? "assert: race" : "data-race";
264 /* Return thread description: in task or interrupt. */
265 static const char *get_thread_desc(int task_id)
268 static char buf[32]; /* safe: protected by report_lock */
270 snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "task %i", task_id);
276 /* Helper to skip KCSAN-related functions in stack-trace. */
277 static int get_stack_skipnr(const unsigned long stack_entries[], int num_entries)
283 for (skip = 0; skip < num_entries; ++skip) {
284 len = scnprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%ps", (void *)stack_entries[skip]);
286 /* Never show tsan_* or {read,write}_once_size. */
287 if (strnstr(buf, "tsan_", len) ||
288 strnstr(buf, "_once_size", len))
291 cur = strnstr(buf, "kcsan_", len);
293 cur += strlen("kcsan_");
294 if (!str_has_prefix(cur, "test"))
295 continue; /* KCSAN runtime function. */
296 /* KCSAN related test. */
300 * No match for runtime functions -- @skip entries to skip to
301 * get to first frame of interest.
310 * Skips to the first entry that matches the function of @ip, and then replaces
311 * that entry with @ip, returning the entries to skip with @replaced containing
312 * the replaced entry.
315 replace_stack_entry(unsigned long stack_entries[], int num_entries, unsigned long ip,
316 unsigned long *replaced)
318 unsigned long symbolsize, offset;
319 unsigned long target_func;
322 if (kallsyms_lookup_size_offset(ip, &symbolsize, &offset))
323 target_func = ip - offset;
327 for (skip = 0; skip < num_entries; ++skip) {
328 unsigned long func = stack_entries[skip];
330 if (!kallsyms_lookup_size_offset(func, &symbolsize, &offset))
334 if (func == target_func) {
335 *replaced = stack_entries[skip];
336 stack_entries[skip] = ip;
342 /* Should not happen; the resulting stack trace is likely misleading. */
343 WARN_ONCE(1, "Cannot find frame for %pS in stack trace", (void *)ip);
344 return get_stack_skipnr(stack_entries, num_entries);
348 sanitize_stack_entries(unsigned long stack_entries[], int num_entries, unsigned long ip,
349 unsigned long *replaced)
351 return ip ? replace_stack_entry(stack_entries, num_entries, ip, replaced) :
352 get_stack_skipnr(stack_entries, num_entries);
355 /* Compares symbolized strings of addr1 and addr2. */
356 static int sym_strcmp(void *addr1, void *addr2)
361 snprintf(buf1, sizeof(buf1), "%pS", addr1);
362 snprintf(buf2, sizeof(buf2), "%pS", addr2);
364 return strncmp(buf1, buf2, sizeof(buf1));
368 print_stack_trace(unsigned long stack_entries[], int num_entries, unsigned long reordered_to)
370 stack_trace_print(stack_entries, num_entries, 0);
372 pr_err(" |\n +-> reordered to: %pS\n", (void *)reordered_to);
375 static void print_verbose_info(struct task_struct *task)
380 /* Restore IRQ state trace for printing. */
381 kcsan_restore_irqtrace(task);
384 debug_show_held_locks(task);
385 print_irqtrace_events(task);
388 static void print_report(enum kcsan_value_change value_change,
389 const struct access_info *ai,
390 struct other_info *other_info,
391 u64 old, u64 new, u64 mask)
393 unsigned long reordered_to = 0;
394 unsigned long stack_entries[NUM_STACK_ENTRIES] = { 0 };
395 int num_stack_entries = stack_trace_save(stack_entries, NUM_STACK_ENTRIES, 1);
396 int skipnr = sanitize_stack_entries(stack_entries, num_stack_entries, ai->ip, &reordered_to);
397 unsigned long this_frame = stack_entries[skipnr];
398 unsigned long other_reordered_to = 0;
399 unsigned long other_frame = 0;
400 int other_skipnr = 0; /* silence uninit warnings */
403 * Must check report filter rules before starting to print.
405 if (skip_report(KCSAN_VALUE_CHANGE_TRUE, stack_entries[skipnr]))
409 other_skipnr = sanitize_stack_entries(other_info->stack_entries,
410 other_info->num_stack_entries,
411 other_info->ai.ip, &other_reordered_to);
412 other_frame = other_info->stack_entries[other_skipnr];
414 /* @value_change is only known for the other thread */
415 if (skip_report(value_change, other_frame))
419 if (rate_limit_report(this_frame, other_frame))
422 /* Print report header. */
423 pr_err("==================================================================\n");
428 * Order functions lexographically for consistent bug titles.
429 * Do not print offset of functions to keep title short.
431 cmp = sym_strcmp((void *)other_frame, (void *)this_frame);
432 pr_err("BUG: KCSAN: %s in %ps / %ps\n",
433 get_bug_type(ai->access_type | other_info->ai.access_type),
434 (void *)(cmp < 0 ? other_frame : this_frame),
435 (void *)(cmp < 0 ? this_frame : other_frame));
437 pr_err("BUG: KCSAN: %s in %pS\n", get_bug_type(ai->access_type),
443 /* Print information about the racing accesses. */
445 pr_err("%s to 0x%px of %zu bytes by %s on cpu %i:\n",
446 get_access_type(other_info->ai.access_type), other_info->ai.ptr,
447 other_info->ai.size, get_thread_desc(other_info->ai.task_pid),
448 other_info->ai.cpu_id);
450 /* Print the other thread's stack trace. */
451 print_stack_trace(other_info->stack_entries + other_skipnr,
452 other_info->num_stack_entries - other_skipnr,
454 if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_KCSAN_VERBOSE))
455 print_verbose_info(other_info->task);
458 pr_err("%s to 0x%px of %zu bytes by %s on cpu %i:\n",
459 get_access_type(ai->access_type), ai->ptr, ai->size,
460 get_thread_desc(ai->task_pid), ai->cpu_id);
462 pr_err("race at unknown origin, with %s to 0x%px of %zu bytes by %s on cpu %i:\n",
463 get_access_type(ai->access_type), ai->ptr, ai->size,
464 get_thread_desc(ai->task_pid), ai->cpu_id);
466 /* Print stack trace of this thread. */
467 print_stack_trace(stack_entries + skipnr, num_stack_entries - skipnr, reordered_to);
468 if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_KCSAN_VERBOSE))
469 print_verbose_info(current);
471 /* Print observed value change. */
473 int hex_len = ai->size * 2;
474 u64 diff = old ^ new;
480 pr_err("value changed: 0x%0*llx -> 0x%0*llx\n",
481 hex_len, old, hex_len, new);
483 pr_err(" bits changed: 0x%0*llx with mask 0x%0*llx\n",
484 hex_len, diff, hex_len, mask);
489 /* Print report footer. */
491 pr_err("Reported by Kernel Concurrency Sanitizer on:\n");
492 dump_stack_print_info(KERN_DEFAULT);
493 pr_err("==================================================================\n");
495 check_panic_on_warn("KCSAN");
498 static void release_report(unsigned long *flags, struct other_info *other_info)
501 * Use size to denote valid/invalid, since KCSAN entirely ignores
504 other_info->ai.size = 0;
505 raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore(&report_lock, *flags);
509 * Sets @other_info->task and awaits consumption of @other_info.
511 * Precondition: report_lock is held.
512 * Postcondition: report_lock is held.
514 static void set_other_info_task_blocking(unsigned long *flags,
515 const struct access_info *ai,
516 struct other_info *other_info)
519 * We may be instrumenting a code-path where current->state is already
520 * something other than TASK_RUNNING.
522 const bool is_running = task_is_running(current);
524 * To avoid deadlock in case we are in an interrupt here and this is a
525 * race with a task on the same CPU (KCSAN_INTERRUPT_WATCHER), provide a
526 * timeout to ensure this works in all contexts.
528 * Await approximately the worst case delay of the reporting thread (if
529 * we are not interrupted).
531 int timeout = max(kcsan_udelay_task, kcsan_udelay_interrupt);
533 other_info->task = current;
537 * Let lockdep know the real task is sleeping, to print
538 * the held locks (recall we turned lockdep off, so
539 * locking/unlocking @report_lock won't be recorded).
541 set_current_state(TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE);
543 raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore(&report_lock, *flags);
545 * We cannot call schedule() since we also cannot reliably
546 * determine if sleeping here is permitted -- see in_atomic().
550 raw_spin_lock_irqsave(&report_lock, *flags);
553 * Abort. Reset @other_info->task to NULL, since it
554 * appears the other thread is still going to consume
555 * it. It will result in no verbose info printed for
558 other_info->task = NULL;
562 * If invalid, or @ptr nor @current matches, then @other_info
563 * has been consumed and we may continue. If not, retry.
565 } while (other_info->ai.size && other_info->ai.ptr == ai->ptr &&
566 other_info->task == current);
568 set_current_state(TASK_RUNNING);
571 /* Populate @other_info; requires that the provided @other_info not in use. */
572 static void prepare_report_producer(unsigned long *flags,
573 const struct access_info *ai,
574 struct other_info *other_info)
576 raw_spin_lock_irqsave(&report_lock, *flags);
579 * The same @other_infos entry cannot be used concurrently, because
580 * there is a one-to-one mapping to watchpoint slots (@watchpoints in
581 * core.c), and a watchpoint is only released for reuse after reporting
582 * is done by the consumer of @other_info. Therefore, it is impossible
583 * for another concurrent prepare_report_producer() to set the same
584 * @other_info, and are guaranteed exclusivity for the @other_infos
585 * entry pointed to by @other_info.
587 * To check this property holds, size should never be non-zero here,
588 * because every consumer of struct other_info resets size to 0 in
591 WARN_ON(other_info->ai.size);
593 other_info->ai = *ai;
594 other_info->num_stack_entries = stack_trace_save(other_info->stack_entries, NUM_STACK_ENTRIES, 2);
596 if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_KCSAN_VERBOSE))
597 set_other_info_task_blocking(flags, ai, other_info);
599 raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore(&report_lock, *flags);
602 /* Awaits producer to fill @other_info and then returns. */
603 static bool prepare_report_consumer(unsigned long *flags,
604 const struct access_info *ai,
605 struct other_info *other_info)
608 raw_spin_lock_irqsave(&report_lock, *flags);
609 while (!other_info->ai.size) { /* Await valid @other_info. */
610 raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore(&report_lock, *flags);
612 raw_spin_lock_irqsave(&report_lock, *flags);
615 /* Should always have a matching access based on watchpoint encoding. */
616 if (WARN_ON(!matching_access((unsigned long)other_info->ai.ptr & WATCHPOINT_ADDR_MASK, other_info->ai.size,
617 (unsigned long)ai->ptr & WATCHPOINT_ADDR_MASK, ai->size)))
620 if (!matching_access((unsigned long)other_info->ai.ptr, other_info->ai.size,
621 (unsigned long)ai->ptr, ai->size)) {
623 * If the actual accesses to not match, this was a false
624 * positive due to watchpoint encoding.
626 atomic_long_inc(&kcsan_counters[KCSAN_COUNTER_ENCODING_FALSE_POSITIVES]);
633 release_report(flags, other_info);
637 static struct access_info prepare_access_info(const volatile void *ptr, size_t size,
638 int access_type, unsigned long ip)
640 return (struct access_info) {
643 .access_type = access_type,
644 .task_pid = in_task() ? task_pid_nr(current) : -1,
645 .cpu_id = raw_smp_processor_id(),
646 /* Only replace stack entry with @ip if scoped access. */
647 .ip = (access_type & KCSAN_ACCESS_SCOPED) ? ip : 0,
651 void kcsan_report_set_info(const volatile void *ptr, size_t size, int access_type,
652 unsigned long ip, int watchpoint_idx)
654 const struct access_info ai = prepare_access_info(ptr, size, access_type, ip);
657 kcsan_disable_current();
658 lockdep_off(); /* See kcsan_report_known_origin(). */
660 prepare_report_producer(&flags, &ai, &other_infos[watchpoint_idx]);
663 kcsan_enable_current();
666 void kcsan_report_known_origin(const volatile void *ptr, size_t size, int access_type,
667 unsigned long ip, enum kcsan_value_change value_change,
668 int watchpoint_idx, u64 old, u64 new, u64 mask)
670 const struct access_info ai = prepare_access_info(ptr, size, access_type, ip);
671 struct other_info *other_info = &other_infos[watchpoint_idx];
672 unsigned long flags = 0;
674 kcsan_disable_current();
676 * Because we may generate reports when we're in scheduler code, the use
677 * of printk() could deadlock. Until such time that all printing code
678 * called in print_report() is scheduler-safe, accept the risk, and just
679 * get our message out. As such, also disable lockdep to hide the
680 * warning, and avoid disabling lockdep for the rest of the kernel.
684 if (!prepare_report_consumer(&flags, &ai, other_info))
687 * Never report if value_change is FALSE, only when it is
688 * either TRUE or MAYBE. In case of MAYBE, further filtering may
689 * be done once we know the full stack trace in print_report().
691 if (value_change != KCSAN_VALUE_CHANGE_FALSE)
692 print_report(value_change, &ai, other_info, old, new, mask);
694 release_report(&flags, other_info);
697 kcsan_enable_current();
700 void kcsan_report_unknown_origin(const volatile void *ptr, size_t size, int access_type,
701 unsigned long ip, u64 old, u64 new, u64 mask)
703 const struct access_info ai = prepare_access_info(ptr, size, access_type, ip);
706 kcsan_disable_current();
707 lockdep_off(); /* See kcsan_report_known_origin(). */
709 raw_spin_lock_irqsave(&report_lock, flags);
710 print_report(KCSAN_VALUE_CHANGE_TRUE, &ai, NULL, old, new, mask);
711 raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore(&report_lock, flags);
714 kcsan_enable_current();