1 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
3 * Process number limiting controller for cgroups.
5 * Used to allow a cgroup hierarchy to stop any new processes from fork()ing
6 * after a certain limit is reached.
8 * Since it is trivial to hit the task limit without hitting any kmemcg limits
9 * in place, PIDs are a fundamental resource. As such, PID exhaustion must be
10 * preventable in the scope of a cgroup hierarchy by allowing resource limiting
11 * of the number of tasks in a cgroup.
13 * In order to use the `pids` controller, set the maximum number of tasks in
14 * pids.max (this is not available in the root cgroup for obvious reasons). The
15 * number of processes currently in the cgroup is given by pids.current.
16 * Organisational operations are not blocked by cgroup policies, so it is
17 * possible to have pids.current > pids.max. However, it is not possible to
18 * violate a cgroup policy through fork(). fork() will return -EAGAIN if forking
19 * would cause a cgroup policy to be violated.
21 * To set a cgroup to have no limit, set pids.max to "max". This is the default
22 * for all new cgroups (N.B. that PID limits are hierarchical, so the most
23 * stringent limit in the hierarchy is followed).
25 * pids.current tracks all child cgroup hierarchies, so parent/pids.current is
26 * a superset of parent/child/pids.current.
28 * Copyright (C) 2015 Aleksa Sarai <cyphar@cyphar.com>
31 #include <linux/kernel.h>
32 #include <linux/threads.h>
33 #include <linux/atomic.h>
34 #include <linux/cgroup.h>
35 #include <linux/slab.h>
36 #include <linux/sched/task.h>
38 #define PIDS_MAX (PID_MAX_LIMIT + 1ULL)
39 #define PIDS_MAX_STR "max"
42 struct cgroup_subsys_state css;
45 * Use 64-bit types so that we can safely represent "max" as
46 * %PIDS_MAX = (%PID_MAX_LIMIT + 1).
52 /* Handle for "pids.events" */
53 struct cgroup_file events_file;
55 /* Number of times fork failed because limit was hit. */
56 atomic64_t events_limit;
59 static struct pids_cgroup *css_pids(struct cgroup_subsys_state *css)
61 return container_of(css, struct pids_cgroup, css);
64 static struct pids_cgroup *parent_pids(struct pids_cgroup *pids)
66 return css_pids(pids->css.parent);
69 static struct cgroup_subsys_state *
70 pids_css_alloc(struct cgroup_subsys_state *parent)
72 struct pids_cgroup *pids;
74 pids = kzalloc(sizeof(struct pids_cgroup), GFP_KERNEL);
76 return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
78 atomic64_set(&pids->counter, 0);
79 atomic64_set(&pids->limit, PIDS_MAX);
80 atomic64_set(&pids->events_limit, 0);
84 static void pids_css_free(struct cgroup_subsys_state *css)
89 static void pids_update_watermark(struct pids_cgroup *p, int64_t nr_pids)
92 * This is racy, but we don't need perfectly accurate tallying of
93 * the watermark, and this lets us avoid extra atomic overhead.
95 if (nr_pids > READ_ONCE(p->watermark))
96 WRITE_ONCE(p->watermark, nr_pids);
100 * pids_cancel - uncharge the local pid count
101 * @pids: the pid cgroup state
102 * @num: the number of pids to cancel
104 * This function will WARN if the pid count goes under 0, because such a case is
105 * a bug in the pids controller proper.
107 static void pids_cancel(struct pids_cgroup *pids, int num)
110 * A negative count (or overflow for that matter) is invalid,
111 * and indicates a bug in the `pids` controller proper.
113 WARN_ON_ONCE(atomic64_add_negative(-num, &pids->counter));
117 * pids_uncharge - hierarchically uncharge the pid count
118 * @pids: the pid cgroup state
119 * @num: the number of pids to uncharge
121 static void pids_uncharge(struct pids_cgroup *pids, int num)
123 struct pids_cgroup *p;
125 for (p = pids; parent_pids(p); p = parent_pids(p))
130 * pids_charge - hierarchically charge the pid count
131 * @pids: the pid cgroup state
132 * @num: the number of pids to charge
134 * This function does *not* follow the pid limit set. It cannot fail and the new
135 * pid count may exceed the limit. This is only used for reverting failed
136 * attaches, where there is no other way out than violating the limit.
138 static void pids_charge(struct pids_cgroup *pids, int num)
140 struct pids_cgroup *p;
142 for (p = pids; parent_pids(p); p = parent_pids(p)) {
143 int64_t new = atomic64_add_return(num, &p->counter);
145 pids_update_watermark(p, new);
150 * pids_try_charge - hierarchically try to charge the pid count
151 * @pids: the pid cgroup state
152 * @num: the number of pids to charge
154 * This function follows the set limit. It will fail if the charge would cause
155 * the new value to exceed the hierarchical limit. Returns 0 if the charge
156 * succeeded, otherwise -EAGAIN.
158 static int pids_try_charge(struct pids_cgroup *pids, int num)
160 struct pids_cgroup *p, *q;
162 for (p = pids; parent_pids(p); p = parent_pids(p)) {
163 int64_t new = atomic64_add_return(num, &p->counter);
164 int64_t limit = atomic64_read(&p->limit);
167 * Since new is capped to the maximum number of pid_t, if
168 * p->limit is %PIDS_MAX then we know that this test will never
175 * Not technically accurate if we go over limit somewhere up
176 * the hierarchy, but that's tolerable for the watermark.
178 pids_update_watermark(p, new);
184 for (q = pids; q != p; q = parent_pids(q))
191 static int pids_can_attach(struct cgroup_taskset *tset)
193 struct task_struct *task;
194 struct cgroup_subsys_state *dst_css;
196 cgroup_taskset_for_each(task, dst_css, tset) {
197 struct pids_cgroup *pids = css_pids(dst_css);
198 struct cgroup_subsys_state *old_css;
199 struct pids_cgroup *old_pids;
202 * No need to pin @old_css between here and cancel_attach()
203 * because cgroup core protects it from being freed before
204 * the migration completes or fails.
206 old_css = task_css(task, pids_cgrp_id);
207 old_pids = css_pids(old_css);
209 pids_charge(pids, 1);
210 pids_uncharge(old_pids, 1);
216 static void pids_cancel_attach(struct cgroup_taskset *tset)
218 struct task_struct *task;
219 struct cgroup_subsys_state *dst_css;
221 cgroup_taskset_for_each(task, dst_css, tset) {
222 struct pids_cgroup *pids = css_pids(dst_css);
223 struct cgroup_subsys_state *old_css;
224 struct pids_cgroup *old_pids;
226 old_css = task_css(task, pids_cgrp_id);
227 old_pids = css_pids(old_css);
229 pids_charge(old_pids, 1);
230 pids_uncharge(pids, 1);
235 * task_css_check(true) in pids_can_fork() and pids_cancel_fork() relies
236 * on cgroup_threadgroup_change_begin() held by the copy_process().
238 static int pids_can_fork(struct task_struct *task, struct css_set *cset)
240 struct cgroup_subsys_state *css;
241 struct pids_cgroup *pids;
245 css = cset->subsys[pids_cgrp_id];
247 css = task_css_check(current, pids_cgrp_id, true);
248 pids = css_pids(css);
249 err = pids_try_charge(pids, 1);
251 /* Only log the first time events_limit is incremented. */
252 if (atomic64_inc_return(&pids->events_limit) == 1) {
253 pr_info("cgroup: fork rejected by pids controller in ");
254 pr_cont_cgroup_path(css->cgroup);
257 cgroup_file_notify(&pids->events_file);
262 static void pids_cancel_fork(struct task_struct *task, struct css_set *cset)
264 struct cgroup_subsys_state *css;
265 struct pids_cgroup *pids;
268 css = cset->subsys[pids_cgrp_id];
270 css = task_css_check(current, pids_cgrp_id, true);
271 pids = css_pids(css);
272 pids_uncharge(pids, 1);
275 static void pids_release(struct task_struct *task)
277 struct pids_cgroup *pids = css_pids(task_css(task, pids_cgrp_id));
279 pids_uncharge(pids, 1);
282 static ssize_t pids_max_write(struct kernfs_open_file *of, char *buf,
283 size_t nbytes, loff_t off)
285 struct cgroup_subsys_state *css = of_css(of);
286 struct pids_cgroup *pids = css_pids(css);
291 if (!strcmp(buf, PIDS_MAX_STR)) {
296 err = kstrtoll(buf, 0, &limit);
300 if (limit < 0 || limit >= PIDS_MAX)
305 * Limit updates don't need to be mutex'd, since it isn't
306 * critical that any racing fork()s follow the new limit.
308 atomic64_set(&pids->limit, limit);
312 static int pids_max_show(struct seq_file *sf, void *v)
314 struct cgroup_subsys_state *css = seq_css(sf);
315 struct pids_cgroup *pids = css_pids(css);
316 int64_t limit = atomic64_read(&pids->limit);
318 if (limit >= PIDS_MAX)
319 seq_printf(sf, "%s\n", PIDS_MAX_STR);
321 seq_printf(sf, "%lld\n", limit);
326 static s64 pids_current_read(struct cgroup_subsys_state *css,
329 struct pids_cgroup *pids = css_pids(css);
331 return atomic64_read(&pids->counter);
334 static s64 pids_peak_read(struct cgroup_subsys_state *css,
337 struct pids_cgroup *pids = css_pids(css);
339 return READ_ONCE(pids->watermark);
342 static int pids_events_show(struct seq_file *sf, void *v)
344 struct pids_cgroup *pids = css_pids(seq_css(sf));
346 seq_printf(sf, "max %lld\n", (s64)atomic64_read(&pids->events_limit));
350 static struct cftype pids_files[] = {
353 .write = pids_max_write,
354 .seq_show = pids_max_show,
355 .flags = CFTYPE_NOT_ON_ROOT,
359 .read_s64 = pids_current_read,
360 .flags = CFTYPE_NOT_ON_ROOT,
364 .flags = CFTYPE_NOT_ON_ROOT,
365 .read_s64 = pids_peak_read,
369 .seq_show = pids_events_show,
370 .file_offset = offsetof(struct pids_cgroup, events_file),
371 .flags = CFTYPE_NOT_ON_ROOT,
376 struct cgroup_subsys pids_cgrp_subsys = {
377 .css_alloc = pids_css_alloc,
378 .css_free = pids_css_free,
379 .can_attach = pids_can_attach,
380 .cancel_attach = pids_cancel_attach,
381 .can_fork = pids_can_fork,
382 .cancel_fork = pids_cancel_fork,
383 .release = pids_release,
384 .legacy_cftypes = pids_files,
385 .dfl_cftypes = pids_files,