4 * Copyright (C) 1991, 1992 Linus Torvalds
6 * GK 2/5/95 - Changed to support mounting root fs via NFS
7 * Added initrd & change_root: Werner Almesberger & Hans Lermen, Feb '96
8 * Moan early if gcc is old, avoiding bogus kernels - Paul Gortmaker, May '96
9 * Simplified starting of init: Michael A. Griffith <grif@acm.org>
12 #include <linux/types.h>
13 #include <linux/module.h>
14 #include <linux/proc_fs.h>
15 #include <linux/kernel.h>
16 #include <linux/syscalls.h>
17 #include <linux/string.h>
18 #include <linux/ctype.h>
19 #include <linux/delay.h>
20 #include <linux/utsname.h>
21 #include <linux/ioport.h>
22 #include <linux/init.h>
23 #include <linux/smp_lock.h>
24 #include <linux/initrd.h>
25 #include <linux/bootmem.h>
26 #include <linux/tty.h>
27 #include <linux/gfp.h>
28 #include <linux/percpu.h>
29 #include <linux/kmod.h>
30 #include <linux/vmalloc.h>
31 #include <linux/kernel_stat.h>
32 #include <linux/start_kernel.h>
33 #include <linux/security.h>
34 #include <linux/smp.h>
35 #include <linux/workqueue.h>
36 #include <linux/profile.h>
37 #include <linux/rcupdate.h>
38 #include <linux/moduleparam.h>
39 #include <linux/kallsyms.h>
40 #include <linux/writeback.h>
41 #include <linux/cpu.h>
42 #include <linux/cpuset.h>
43 #include <linux/cgroup.h>
44 #include <linux/efi.h>
45 #include <linux/tick.h>
46 #include <linux/interrupt.h>
47 #include <linux/taskstats_kern.h>
48 #include <linux/delayacct.h>
49 #include <linux/unistd.h>
50 #include <linux/rmap.h>
51 #include <linux/mempolicy.h>
52 #include <linux/key.h>
53 #include <linux/unwind.h>
54 #include <linux/buffer_head.h>
55 #include <linux/page_cgroup.h>
56 #include <linux/debug_locks.h>
57 #include <linux/debugobjects.h>
58 #include <linux/lockdep.h>
59 #include <linux/pid_namespace.h>
60 #include <linux/device.h>
61 #include <linux/kthread.h>
62 #include <linux/sched.h>
63 #include <linux/signal.h>
64 #include <linux/idr.h>
65 #include <linux/ftrace.h>
66 #include <trace/boot.h>
70 #include <asm/setup.h>
71 #include <asm/sections.h>
72 #include <asm/cacheflush.h>
74 #ifdef CONFIG_X86_LOCAL_APIC
79 * This is one of the first .c files built. Error out early if we have compiler
83 #if __GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ == 1 && __GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__ == 0
84 #warning gcc-4.1.0 is known to miscompile the kernel. A different compiler version is recommended.
87 static int kernel_init(void *);
89 extern void init_IRQ(void);
90 extern void fork_init(unsigned long);
91 extern void mca_init(void);
92 extern void sbus_init(void);
93 extern void prio_tree_init(void);
94 extern void radix_tree_init(void);
95 extern void free_initmem(void);
97 extern void acpi_early_init(void);
99 static inline void acpi_early_init(void) { }
101 #ifndef CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA
102 static inline void mark_rodata_ro(void) { }
106 extern void tc_init(void);
109 enum system_states system_state;
110 EXPORT_SYMBOL(system_state);
113 * Boot command-line arguments
115 #define MAX_INIT_ARGS CONFIG_INIT_ENV_ARG_LIMIT
116 #define MAX_INIT_ENVS CONFIG_INIT_ENV_ARG_LIMIT
118 extern void time_init(void);
119 /* Default late time init is NULL. archs can override this later. */
120 void (*late_time_init)(void);
121 extern void softirq_init(void);
123 /* Untouched command line saved by arch-specific code. */
124 char __initdata boot_command_line[COMMAND_LINE_SIZE];
125 /* Untouched saved command line (eg. for /proc) */
126 char *saved_command_line;
127 /* Command line for parameter parsing */
128 static char *static_command_line;
130 static char *execute_command;
131 static char *ramdisk_execute_command;
134 /* Setup configured maximum number of CPUs to activate */
135 unsigned int __initdata setup_max_cpus = NR_CPUS;
138 * Setup routine for controlling SMP activation
140 * Command-line option of "nosmp" or "maxcpus=0" will disable SMP
141 * activation entirely (the MPS table probe still happens, though).
143 * Command-line option of "maxcpus=<NUM>", where <NUM> is an integer
144 * greater than 0, limits the maximum number of CPUs activated in
147 #ifndef CONFIG_X86_IO_APIC
148 static inline void disable_ioapic_setup(void) {};
151 static int __init nosmp(char *str)
154 disable_ioapic_setup();
158 early_param("nosmp", nosmp);
160 static int __init maxcpus(char *str)
162 get_option(&str, &setup_max_cpus);
163 if (setup_max_cpus == 0)
164 disable_ioapic_setup();
169 early_param("maxcpus", maxcpus);
171 #define setup_max_cpus NR_CPUS
175 * If set, this is an indication to the drivers that reset the underlying
176 * device before going ahead with the initialization otherwise driver might
177 * rely on the BIOS and skip the reset operation.
179 * This is useful if kernel is booting in an unreliable environment.
180 * For ex. kdump situaiton where previous kernel has crashed, BIOS has been
181 * skipped and devices will be in unknown state.
183 unsigned int reset_devices;
184 EXPORT_SYMBOL(reset_devices);
186 static int __init set_reset_devices(char *str)
192 __setup("reset_devices", set_reset_devices);
194 static char * argv_init[MAX_INIT_ARGS+2] = { "init", NULL, };
195 char * envp_init[MAX_INIT_ENVS+2] = { "HOME=/", "TERM=linux", NULL, };
196 static const char *panic_later, *panic_param;
198 extern struct obs_kernel_param __setup_start[], __setup_end[];
200 static int __init obsolete_checksetup(char *line)
202 struct obs_kernel_param *p;
203 int had_early_param = 0;
207 int n = strlen(p->str);
208 if (!strncmp(line, p->str, n)) {
210 /* Already done in parse_early_param?
211 * (Needs exact match on param part).
212 * Keep iterating, as we can have early
213 * params and __setups of same names 8( */
214 if (line[n] == '\0' || line[n] == '=')
216 } else if (!p->setup_func) {
217 printk(KERN_WARNING "Parameter %s is obsolete,"
218 " ignored\n", p->str);
220 } else if (p->setup_func(line + n))
224 } while (p < __setup_end);
226 return had_early_param;
230 * This should be approx 2 Bo*oMips to start (note initial shift), and will
231 * still work even if initially too large, it will just take slightly longer
233 unsigned long loops_per_jiffy = (1<<12);
235 EXPORT_SYMBOL(loops_per_jiffy);
237 static int __init debug_kernel(char *str)
239 console_loglevel = 10;
243 static int __init quiet_kernel(char *str)
245 console_loglevel = 4;
249 early_param("debug", debug_kernel);
250 early_param("quiet", quiet_kernel);
252 static int __init loglevel(char *str)
254 get_option(&str, &console_loglevel);
258 early_param("loglevel", loglevel);
261 * Unknown boot options get handed to init, unless they look like
264 static int __init unknown_bootoption(char *param, char *val)
266 /* Change NUL term back to "=", to make "param" the whole string. */
268 /* param=val or param="val"? */
269 if (val == param+strlen(param)+1)
271 else if (val == param+strlen(param)+2) {
273 memmove(val-1, val, strlen(val)+1);
279 /* Handle obsolete-style parameters */
280 if (obsolete_checksetup(param))
284 * Preemptive maintenance for "why didn't my misspelled command
287 if (strchr(param, '.') && (!val || strchr(param, '.') < val)) {
288 printk(KERN_ERR "Unknown boot option `%s': ignoring\n", param);
296 /* Environment option */
298 for (i = 0; envp_init[i]; i++) {
299 if (i == MAX_INIT_ENVS) {
300 panic_later = "Too many boot env vars at `%s'";
303 if (!strncmp(param, envp_init[i], val - param))
306 envp_init[i] = param;
308 /* Command line option */
310 for (i = 0; argv_init[i]; i++) {
311 if (i == MAX_INIT_ARGS) {
312 panic_later = "Too many boot init vars at `%s'";
316 argv_init[i] = param;
321 #ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC
322 int __read_mostly debug_pagealloc_enabled = 0;
325 static int __init init_setup(char *str)
329 execute_command = str;
331 * In case LILO is going to boot us with default command line,
332 * it prepends "auto" before the whole cmdline which makes
333 * the shell think it should execute a script with such name.
334 * So we ignore all arguments entered _before_ init=... [MJ]
336 for (i = 1; i < MAX_INIT_ARGS; i++)
340 __setup("init=", init_setup);
342 static int __init rdinit_setup(char *str)
346 ramdisk_execute_command = str;
347 /* See "auto" comment in init_setup */
348 for (i = 1; i < MAX_INIT_ARGS; i++)
352 __setup("rdinit=", rdinit_setup);
356 #ifdef CONFIG_X86_LOCAL_APIC
357 static void __init smp_init(void)
359 APIC_init_uniprocessor();
362 #define smp_init() do { } while (0)
365 static inline void setup_per_cpu_areas(void) { }
366 static inline void setup_nr_cpu_ids(void) { }
367 static inline void smp_prepare_cpus(unsigned int maxcpus) { }
371 #if NR_CPUS > BITS_PER_LONG
372 cpumask_t cpu_mask_all __read_mostly = CPU_MASK_ALL;
373 EXPORT_SYMBOL(cpu_mask_all);
376 /* Setup number of possible processor ids */
377 int nr_cpu_ids __read_mostly = NR_CPUS;
378 EXPORT_SYMBOL(nr_cpu_ids);
380 /* An arch may set nr_cpu_ids earlier if needed, so this would be redundant */
381 static void __init setup_nr_cpu_ids(void)
383 int cpu, highest_cpu = 0;
385 for_each_possible_cpu(cpu)
388 nr_cpu_ids = highest_cpu + 1;
391 #ifndef CONFIG_HAVE_SETUP_PER_CPU_AREA
392 unsigned long __per_cpu_offset[NR_CPUS] __read_mostly;
394 EXPORT_SYMBOL(__per_cpu_offset);
396 static void __init setup_per_cpu_areas(void)
398 unsigned long size, i;
400 unsigned long nr_possible_cpus = num_possible_cpus();
402 /* Copy section for each CPU (we discard the original) */
403 size = ALIGN(PERCPU_ENOUGH_ROOM, PAGE_SIZE);
404 ptr = alloc_bootmem_pages(size * nr_possible_cpus);
406 for_each_possible_cpu(i) {
407 __per_cpu_offset[i] = ptr - __per_cpu_start;
408 memcpy(ptr, __per_cpu_start, __per_cpu_end - __per_cpu_start);
412 #endif /* CONFIG_HAVE_SETUP_PER_CPU_AREA */
414 /* Called by boot processor to activate the rest. */
415 static void __init smp_init(void)
420 * Set up the current CPU as possible to migrate to.
421 * The other ones will be done by cpu_up/cpu_down()
423 cpu = smp_processor_id();
424 cpu_set(cpu, cpu_active_map);
426 /* FIXME: This should be done in userspace --RR */
427 for_each_present_cpu(cpu) {
428 if (num_online_cpus() >= setup_max_cpus)
430 if (!cpu_online(cpu))
434 /* Any cleanup work */
435 printk(KERN_INFO "Brought up %ld CPUs\n", (long)num_online_cpus());
436 smp_cpus_done(setup_max_cpus);
442 * We need to store the untouched command line for future reference.
443 * We also need to store the touched command line since the parameter
444 * parsing is performed in place, and we should allow a component to
445 * store reference of name/value for future reference.
447 static void __init setup_command_line(char *command_line)
449 saved_command_line = alloc_bootmem(strlen (boot_command_line)+1);
450 static_command_line = alloc_bootmem(strlen (command_line)+1);
451 strcpy (saved_command_line, boot_command_line);
452 strcpy (static_command_line, command_line);
456 * We need to finalize in a non-__init function or else race conditions
457 * between the root thread and the init thread may cause start_kernel to
458 * be reaped by free_initmem before the root thread has proceeded to
461 * gcc-3.4 accidentally inlines this function, so use noinline.
464 static void noinline __init_refok rest_init(void)
465 __releases(kernel_lock)
469 kernel_thread(kernel_init, NULL, CLONE_FS | CLONE_SIGHAND);
470 numa_default_policy();
471 pid = kernel_thread(kthreadd, NULL, CLONE_FS | CLONE_FILES);
472 kthreadd_task = find_task_by_pid_ns(pid, &init_pid_ns);
476 * The boot idle thread must execute schedule()
477 * at least once to get things moving:
479 init_idle_bootup_task(current);
480 preempt_enable_no_resched();
484 /* Call into cpu_idle with preempt disabled */
488 /* Check for early params. */
489 static int __init do_early_param(char *param, char *val)
491 struct obs_kernel_param *p;
493 for (p = __setup_start; p < __setup_end; p++) {
494 if ((p->early && strcmp(param, p->str) == 0) ||
495 (strcmp(param, "console") == 0 &&
496 strcmp(p->str, "earlycon") == 0)
498 if (p->setup_func(val) != 0)
500 "Malformed early option '%s'\n", param);
503 /* We accept everything at this stage. */
507 /* Arch code calls this early on, or if not, just before other parsing. */
508 void __init parse_early_param(void)
510 static __initdata int done = 0;
511 static __initdata char tmp_cmdline[COMMAND_LINE_SIZE];
516 /* All fall through to do_early_param. */
517 strlcpy(tmp_cmdline, boot_command_line, COMMAND_LINE_SIZE);
518 parse_args("early options", tmp_cmdline, NULL, 0, do_early_param);
523 * Activate the first processor.
526 static void __init boot_cpu_init(void)
528 int cpu = smp_processor_id();
529 /* Mark the boot cpu "present", "online" etc for SMP and UP case */
530 cpu_set(cpu, cpu_online_map);
531 cpu_set(cpu, cpu_present_map);
532 cpu_set(cpu, cpu_possible_map);
535 void __init __weak smp_setup_processor_id(void)
539 void __init __weak thread_info_cache_init(void)
543 asmlinkage void __init start_kernel(void)
546 extern struct kernel_param __start___param[], __stop___param[];
548 smp_setup_processor_id();
551 * Need to run as early as possible, to initialize the
556 debug_objects_early_init();
560 early_boot_irqs_off();
561 early_init_irq_lock_class();
564 * Interrupts are still disabled. Do necessary setups, then
572 printk(linux_banner);
573 setup_arch(&command_line);
574 mm_init_owner(&init_mm, &init_task);
575 setup_command_line(command_line);
577 setup_per_cpu_areas();
579 smp_prepare_boot_cpu(); /* arch-specific boot-cpu hooks */
582 * Set up the scheduler prior starting any interrupts (such as the
583 * timer interrupt). Full topology setup happens at smp_init()
584 * time - but meanwhile we still have a functioning scheduler.
588 * Disable preemption - early bootup scheduling is extremely
589 * fragile until we cpu_idle() for the first time.
592 build_all_zonelists();
594 printk(KERN_NOTICE "Kernel command line: %s\n", boot_command_line);
596 parse_args("Booting kernel", static_command_line, __start___param,
597 __stop___param - __start___param,
598 &unknown_bootoption);
599 if (!irqs_disabled()) {
600 printk(KERN_WARNING "start_kernel(): bug: interrupts were "
601 "enabled *very* early, fixing it\n");
607 /* init some links before init_ISA_irqs() */
618 if (!irqs_disabled())
619 printk("start_kernel(): bug: interrupts were enabled early\n");
620 early_boot_irqs_on();
624 * HACK ALERT! This is early. We're enabling the console before
625 * we've done PCI setups etc, and console_init() must be aware of
626 * this. But we do want output early, in case something goes wrong.
630 panic(panic_later, panic_param);
635 * Need to run this when irqs are enabled, because it wants
636 * to self-test [hard/soft]-irqs on/off lock inversion bugs
641 #ifdef CONFIG_BLK_DEV_INITRD
642 if (initrd_start && !initrd_below_start_ok &&
643 page_to_pfn(virt_to_page((void *)initrd_start)) < min_low_pfn) {
644 printk(KERN_CRIT "initrd overwritten (0x%08lx < 0x%08lx) - "
646 page_to_pfn(virt_to_page((void *)initrd_start)),
652 vfs_caches_init_early();
656 enable_debug_pagealloc();
659 debug_objects_mem_init();
661 setup_per_cpu_pageset();
667 pgtable_cache_init();
672 efi_enter_virtual_mode();
674 thread_info_cache_init();
676 fork_init(num_physpages);
681 vfs_caches_init(num_physpages);
684 /* rootfs populating might need page-writeback */
685 page_writeback_init();
686 #ifdef CONFIG_PROC_FS
691 taskstats_init_early();
696 acpi_early_init(); /* before LAPIC and SMP init */
700 /* Do the rest non-__init'ed, we're now alive */
704 static int initcall_debug;
705 core_param(initcall_debug, initcall_debug, bool, 0644);
707 int do_one_initcall(initcall_t fn)
709 int count = preempt_count();
710 ktime_t calltime, delta, rettime;
712 struct boot_trace_call call;
713 struct boot_trace_ret ret;
715 if (initcall_debug) {
716 call.caller = task_pid_nr(current);
717 printk("calling %pF @ %i\n", fn, call.caller);
718 calltime = ktime_get();
719 trace_boot_call(&call, fn);
725 if (initcall_debug) {
726 disable_boot_trace();
727 rettime = ktime_get();
728 delta = ktime_sub(rettime, calltime);
729 ret.duration = (unsigned long long) ktime_to_ns(delta) >> 10;
730 trace_boot_ret(&ret, fn);
731 printk("initcall %pF returned %d after %Ld usecs\n", fn,
732 ret.result, ret.duration);
737 if (ret.result && ret.result != -ENODEV && initcall_debug)
738 sprintf(msgbuf, "error code %d ", ret.result);
740 if (preempt_count() != count) {
741 strlcat(msgbuf, "preemption imbalance ", sizeof(msgbuf));
742 preempt_count() = count;
744 if (irqs_disabled()) {
745 strlcat(msgbuf, "disabled interrupts ", sizeof(msgbuf));
749 printk("initcall %pF returned with %s\n", fn, msgbuf);
756 extern initcall_t __initcall_start[], __initcall_end[], __early_initcall_end[];
758 static void __init do_initcalls(void)
762 for (call = __early_initcall_end; call < __initcall_end; call++)
763 do_one_initcall(*call);
765 /* Make sure there is no pending stuff from the initcall sequence */
766 flush_scheduled_work();
770 * Ok, the machine is now initialized. None of the devices
771 * have been touched yet, but the CPU subsystem is up and
772 * running, and memory and process management works.
774 * Now we can finally start doing some real work..
776 static void __init do_basic_setup(void)
778 rcu_init_sched(); /* needed by module_init stage. */
780 usermodehelper_init();
786 static void __init do_pre_smp_initcalls(void)
790 for (call = __initcall_start; call < __early_initcall_end; call++)
791 do_one_initcall(*call);
794 static void run_init_process(char *init_filename)
796 argv_init[0] = init_filename;
797 kernel_execve(init_filename, argv_init, envp_init);
800 /* This is a non __init function. Force it to be noinline otherwise gcc
801 * makes it inline to init() and it becomes part of init.text section
803 static int noinline init_post(void)
808 system_state = SYSTEM_RUNNING;
809 numa_default_policy();
811 if (sys_open((const char __user *) "/dev/console", O_RDWR, 0) < 0)
812 printk(KERN_WARNING "Warning: unable to open an initial console.\n");
817 current->signal->flags |= SIGNAL_UNKILLABLE;
819 if (ramdisk_execute_command) {
820 run_init_process(ramdisk_execute_command);
821 printk(KERN_WARNING "Failed to execute %s\n",
822 ramdisk_execute_command);
826 * We try each of these until one succeeds.
828 * The Bourne shell can be used instead of init if we are
829 * trying to recover a really broken machine.
831 if (execute_command) {
832 run_init_process(execute_command);
833 printk(KERN_WARNING "Failed to execute %s. Attempting "
834 "defaults...\n", execute_command);
836 run_init_process("/sbin/init");
837 run_init_process("/etc/init");
838 run_init_process("/bin/init");
839 run_init_process("/bin/sh");
841 panic("No init found. Try passing init= option to kernel.");
844 static int __init kernel_init(void * unused)
848 * init can run on any cpu.
850 set_cpus_allowed_ptr(current, CPU_MASK_ALL_PTR);
852 * Tell the world that we're going to be the grim
853 * reaper of innocent orphaned children.
855 * We don't want people to have to make incorrect
856 * assumptions about where in the task array this
859 init_pid_ns.child_reaper = current;
861 cad_pid = task_pid(current);
863 smp_prepare_cpus(setup_max_cpus);
865 do_pre_smp_initcalls();
876 * check if there is an early userspace init. If yes, let it do all
880 if (!ramdisk_execute_command)
881 ramdisk_execute_command = "/init";
883 if (sys_access((const char __user *) ramdisk_execute_command, 0) != 0) {
884 ramdisk_execute_command = NULL;
889 * Ok, we have completed the initial bootup, and
890 * we're essentially up and running. Get rid of the
891 * initmem segments and start the user-mode stuff..