1 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
5 * Copyright (C) 1991, 1992 Linus Torvalds
7 * GK 2/5/95 - Changed to support mounting root fs via NFS
8 * Added initrd & change_root: Werner Almesberger & Hans Lermen, Feb '96
9 * Moan early if gcc is old, avoiding bogus kernels - Paul Gortmaker, May '96
10 * Simplified starting of init: Michael A. Griffith <grif@acm.org>
13 #define DEBUG /* Enable initcall_debug */
15 #include <linux/types.h>
16 #include <linux/extable.h>
17 #include <linux/module.h>
18 #include <linux/proc_fs.h>
19 #include <linux/binfmts.h>
20 #include <linux/kernel.h>
21 #include <linux/syscalls.h>
22 #include <linux/stackprotector.h>
23 #include <linux/string.h>
24 #include <linux/ctype.h>
25 #include <linux/delay.h>
26 #include <linux/ioport.h>
27 #include <linux/init.h>
28 #include <linux/initrd.h>
29 #include <linux/memblock.h>
30 #include <linux/acpi.h>
31 #include <linux/bootconfig.h>
32 #include <linux/console.h>
33 #include <linux/nmi.h>
34 #include <linux/percpu.h>
35 #include <linux/kmod.h>
36 #include <linux/kprobes.h>
37 #include <linux/vmalloc.h>
38 #include <linux/kernel_stat.h>
39 #include <linux/start_kernel.h>
40 #include <linux/security.h>
41 #include <linux/smp.h>
42 #include <linux/profile.h>
43 #include <linux/kfence.h>
44 #include <linux/rcupdate.h>
45 #include <linux/srcu.h>
46 #include <linux/moduleparam.h>
47 #include <linux/kallsyms.h>
48 #include <linux/buildid.h>
49 #include <linux/writeback.h>
50 #include <linux/cpu.h>
51 #include <linux/cpuset.h>
52 #include <linux/cgroup.h>
53 #include <linux/efi.h>
54 #include <linux/tick.h>
55 #include <linux/sched/isolation.h>
56 #include <linux/interrupt.h>
57 #include <linux/taskstats_kern.h>
58 #include <linux/delayacct.h>
59 #include <linux/unistd.h>
60 #include <linux/utsname.h>
61 #include <linux/rmap.h>
62 #include <linux/mempolicy.h>
63 #include <linux/key.h>
64 #include <linux/page_ext.h>
65 #include <linux/debug_locks.h>
66 #include <linux/debugobjects.h>
67 #include <linux/lockdep.h>
68 #include <linux/kmemleak.h>
69 #include <linux/padata.h>
70 #include <linux/pid_namespace.h>
71 #include <linux/device/driver.h>
72 #include <linux/kthread.h>
73 #include <linux/sched.h>
74 #include <linux/sched/init.h>
75 #include <linux/signal.h>
76 #include <linux/idr.h>
77 #include <linux/kgdb.h>
78 #include <linux/ftrace.h>
79 #include <linux/async.h>
80 #include <linux/shmem_fs.h>
81 #include <linux/slab.h>
82 #include <linux/perf_event.h>
83 #include <linux/ptrace.h>
84 #include <linux/pti.h>
85 #include <linux/blkdev.h>
86 #include <linux/elevator.h>
87 #include <linux/sched/clock.h>
88 #include <linux/sched/task.h>
89 #include <linux/sched/task_stack.h>
90 #include <linux/context_tracking.h>
91 #include <linux/random.h>
92 #include <linux/list.h>
93 #include <linux/integrity.h>
94 #include <linux/proc_ns.h>
96 #include <linux/cache.h>
97 #include <linux/rodata_test.h>
98 #include <linux/jump_label.h>
99 #include <linux/mem_encrypt.h>
100 #include <linux/kcsan.h>
101 #include <linux/init_syscalls.h>
102 #include <linux/stackdepot.h>
105 #include <asm/bugs.h>
106 #include <asm/setup.h>
107 #include <asm/sections.h>
108 #include <asm/cacheflush.h>
110 #define CREATE_TRACE_POINTS
111 #include <trace/events/initcall.h>
113 #include <kunit/test.h>
115 static int kernel_init(void *);
117 extern void init_IRQ(void);
118 extern void radix_tree_init(void);
121 * Debug helper: via this flag we know that we are in 'early bootup code'
122 * where only the boot processor is running with IRQ disabled. This means
123 * two things - IRQ must not be enabled before the flag is cleared and some
124 * operations which are not allowed with IRQ disabled are allowed while the
127 bool early_boot_irqs_disabled __read_mostly;
129 enum system_states system_state __read_mostly;
130 EXPORT_SYMBOL(system_state);
133 * Boot command-line arguments
135 #define MAX_INIT_ARGS CONFIG_INIT_ENV_ARG_LIMIT
136 #define MAX_INIT_ENVS CONFIG_INIT_ENV_ARG_LIMIT
138 extern void time_init(void);
139 /* Default late time init is NULL. archs can override this later. */
140 void (*__initdata late_time_init)(void);
142 /* Untouched command line saved by arch-specific code. */
143 char __initdata boot_command_line[COMMAND_LINE_SIZE];
144 /* Untouched saved command line (eg. for /proc) */
145 char *saved_command_line;
146 /* Command line for parameter parsing */
147 static char *static_command_line;
148 /* Untouched extra command line */
149 static char *extra_command_line;
150 /* Extra init arguments */
151 static char *extra_init_args;
153 #ifdef CONFIG_BOOT_CONFIG
154 /* Is bootconfig on command line? */
155 static bool bootconfig_found;
156 static bool initargs_found;
158 # define bootconfig_found false
159 # define initargs_found false
162 static char *execute_command;
163 static char *ramdisk_execute_command = "/init";
166 * Used to generate warnings if static_key manipulation functions are used
167 * before jump_label_init is called.
169 bool static_key_initialized __read_mostly;
170 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(static_key_initialized);
173 * If set, this is an indication to the drivers that reset the underlying
174 * device before going ahead with the initialization otherwise driver might
175 * rely on the BIOS and skip the reset operation.
177 * This is useful if kernel is booting in an unreliable environment.
178 * For ex. kdump situation where previous kernel has crashed, BIOS has been
179 * skipped and devices will be in unknown state.
181 unsigned int reset_devices;
182 EXPORT_SYMBOL(reset_devices);
184 static int __init set_reset_devices(char *str)
190 __setup("reset_devices", set_reset_devices);
192 static const char *argv_init[MAX_INIT_ARGS+2] = { "init", NULL, };
193 const char *envp_init[MAX_INIT_ENVS+2] = { "HOME=/", "TERM=linux", NULL, };
194 static const char *panic_later, *panic_param;
196 extern const struct obs_kernel_param __setup_start[], __setup_end[];
198 static bool __init obsolete_checksetup(char *line)
200 const struct obs_kernel_param *p;
201 bool had_early_param = false;
205 int n = strlen(p->str);
206 if (parameqn(line, p->str, n)) {
208 /* Already done in parse_early_param?
209 * (Needs exact match on param part).
210 * Keep iterating, as we can have early
211 * params and __setups of same names 8( */
212 if (line[n] == '\0' || line[n] == '=')
213 had_early_param = true;
214 } else if (!p->setup_func) {
215 pr_warn("Parameter %s is obsolete, ignored\n",
218 } else if (p->setup_func(line + n))
222 } while (p < __setup_end);
224 return had_early_param;
228 * This should be approx 2 Bo*oMips to start (note initial shift), and will
229 * still work even if initially too large, it will just take slightly longer
231 unsigned long loops_per_jiffy = (1<<12);
232 EXPORT_SYMBOL(loops_per_jiffy);
234 static int __init debug_kernel(char *str)
236 console_loglevel = CONSOLE_LOGLEVEL_DEBUG;
240 static int __init quiet_kernel(char *str)
242 console_loglevel = CONSOLE_LOGLEVEL_QUIET;
246 early_param("debug", debug_kernel);
247 early_param("quiet", quiet_kernel);
249 static int __init loglevel(char *str)
254 * Only update loglevel value when a correct setting was passed,
255 * to prevent blind crashes (when loglevel being set to 0) that
256 * are quite hard to debug
258 if (get_option(&str, &newlevel)) {
259 console_loglevel = newlevel;
266 early_param("loglevel", loglevel);
268 #ifdef CONFIG_BLK_DEV_INITRD
269 static void * __init get_boot_config_from_initrd(u32 *_size, u32 *_csum)
279 data = (char *)initrd_end - BOOTCONFIG_MAGIC_LEN;
281 * Since Grub may align the size of initrd to 4, we must
282 * check the preceding 3 bytes as well.
284 for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
285 if (!memcmp(data, BOOTCONFIG_MAGIC, BOOTCONFIG_MAGIC_LEN))
292 hdr = (u32 *)(data - 8);
293 size = le32_to_cpu(hdr[0]);
294 csum = le32_to_cpu(hdr[1]);
296 data = ((void *)hdr) - size;
297 if ((unsigned long)data < initrd_start) {
298 pr_err("bootconfig size %d is greater than initrd size %ld\n",
299 size, initrd_end - initrd_start);
303 /* Remove bootconfig from initramfs/initrd */
304 initrd_end = (unsigned long)data;
313 static void * __init get_boot_config_from_initrd(u32 *_size, u32 *_csum)
319 #ifdef CONFIG_BOOT_CONFIG
321 static char xbc_namebuf[XBC_KEYLEN_MAX] __initdata;
323 #define rest(dst, end) ((end) > (dst) ? (end) - (dst) : 0)
325 static int __init xbc_snprint_cmdline(char *buf, size_t size,
326 struct xbc_node *root)
328 struct xbc_node *knode, *vnode;
329 char *end = buf + size;
333 xbc_node_for_each_key_value(root, knode, val) {
334 ret = xbc_node_compose_key_after(root, knode,
335 xbc_namebuf, XBC_KEYLEN_MAX);
339 vnode = xbc_node_get_child(knode);
341 ret = snprintf(buf, rest(buf, end), "%s ", xbc_namebuf);
347 xbc_array_for_each_value(vnode, val) {
348 ret = snprintf(buf, rest(buf, end), "%s=\"%s\" ",
356 return buf - (end - size);
360 /* Make an extra command line under given key word */
361 static char * __init xbc_make_cmdline(const char *key)
363 struct xbc_node *root;
367 root = xbc_find_node(key);
371 /* Count required buffer size */
372 len = xbc_snprint_cmdline(NULL, 0, root);
376 new_cmdline = memblock_alloc(len + 1, SMP_CACHE_BYTES);
378 pr_err("Failed to allocate memory for extra kernel cmdline.\n");
382 ret = xbc_snprint_cmdline(new_cmdline, len + 1, root);
383 if (ret < 0 || ret > len) {
384 pr_err("Failed to print extra kernel cmdline.\n");
391 static int __init bootconfig_params(char *param, char *val,
392 const char *unused, void *arg)
394 if (strcmp(param, "bootconfig") == 0) {
395 bootconfig_found = true;
400 static int __init warn_bootconfig(char *str)
402 /* The 'bootconfig' has been handled by bootconfig_params(). */
406 static void __init setup_boot_config(void)
408 static char tmp_cmdline[COMMAND_LINE_SIZE] __initdata;
412 char *data, *copy, *err;
415 /* Cut out the bootconfig data even if we have no bootconfig option */
416 data = get_boot_config_from_initrd(&size, &csum);
418 strlcpy(tmp_cmdline, boot_command_line, COMMAND_LINE_SIZE);
419 err = parse_args("bootconfig", tmp_cmdline, NULL, 0, 0, 0, NULL,
422 if (IS_ERR(err) || !bootconfig_found)
425 /* parse_args() stops at '--' and returns an address */
427 initargs_found = true;
430 pr_err("'bootconfig' found on command line, but no bootconfig found\n");
434 if (size >= XBC_DATA_MAX) {
435 pr_err("bootconfig size %d greater than max size %d\n",
440 if (xbc_calc_checksum(data, size) != csum) {
441 pr_err("bootconfig checksum failed\n");
445 copy = memblock_alloc(size + 1, SMP_CACHE_BYTES);
447 pr_err("Failed to allocate memory for bootconfig\n");
451 memcpy(copy, data, size);
454 ret = xbc_init(copy, &msg, &pos);
457 pr_err("Failed to init bootconfig: %s.\n", msg);
459 pr_err("Failed to parse bootconfig: %s at %d.\n",
462 pr_info("Load bootconfig: %d bytes %d nodes\n", size, ret);
463 /* keys starting with "kernel." are passed via cmdline */
464 extra_command_line = xbc_make_cmdline("kernel");
465 /* Also, "init." keys are init arguments */
466 extra_init_args = xbc_make_cmdline("init");
473 static void __init setup_boot_config(void)
475 /* Remove bootconfig data from initrd */
476 get_boot_config_from_initrd(NULL, NULL);
479 static int __init warn_bootconfig(char *str)
481 pr_warn("WARNING: 'bootconfig' found on the kernel command line but CONFIG_BOOT_CONFIG is not set.\n");
485 early_param("bootconfig", warn_bootconfig);
487 /* Change NUL term back to "=", to make "param" the whole string. */
488 static void __init repair_env_string(char *param, char *val)
491 /* param=val or param="val"? */
492 if (val == param+strlen(param)+1)
494 else if (val == param+strlen(param)+2) {
496 memmove(val-1, val, strlen(val)+1);
502 /* Anything after -- gets handed straight to init. */
503 static int __init set_init_arg(char *param, char *val,
504 const char *unused, void *arg)
511 repair_env_string(param, val);
513 for (i = 0; argv_init[i]; i++) {
514 if (i == MAX_INIT_ARGS) {
515 panic_later = "init";
520 argv_init[i] = param;
525 * Unknown boot options get handed to init, unless they look like
526 * unused parameters (modprobe will find them in /proc/cmdline).
528 static int __init unknown_bootoption(char *param, char *val,
529 const char *unused, void *arg)
531 size_t len = strlen(param);
533 repair_env_string(param, val);
535 /* Handle obsolete-style parameters */
536 if (obsolete_checksetup(param))
539 /* Unused module parameter. */
540 if (strnchr(param, len, '.'))
547 /* Environment option */
549 for (i = 0; envp_init[i]; i++) {
550 if (i == MAX_INIT_ENVS) {
554 if (!strncmp(param, envp_init[i], len+1))
557 envp_init[i] = param;
559 /* Command line option */
561 for (i = 0; argv_init[i]; i++) {
562 if (i == MAX_INIT_ARGS) {
563 panic_later = "init";
567 argv_init[i] = param;
572 static int __init init_setup(char *str)
576 execute_command = str;
578 * In case LILO is going to boot us with default command line,
579 * it prepends "auto" before the whole cmdline which makes
580 * the shell think it should execute a script with such name.
581 * So we ignore all arguments entered _before_ init=... [MJ]
583 for (i = 1; i < MAX_INIT_ARGS; i++)
587 __setup("init=", init_setup);
589 static int __init rdinit_setup(char *str)
593 ramdisk_execute_command = str;
594 /* See "auto" comment in init_setup */
595 for (i = 1; i < MAX_INIT_ARGS; i++)
599 __setup("rdinit=", rdinit_setup);
602 static const unsigned int setup_max_cpus = NR_CPUS;
603 static inline void setup_nr_cpu_ids(void) { }
604 static inline void smp_prepare_cpus(unsigned int maxcpus) { }
608 * We need to store the untouched command line for future reference.
609 * We also need to store the touched command line since the parameter
610 * parsing is performed in place, and we should allow a component to
611 * store reference of name/value for future reference.
613 static void __init setup_command_line(char *command_line)
615 size_t len, xlen = 0, ilen = 0;
617 if (extra_command_line)
618 xlen = strlen(extra_command_line);
620 ilen = strlen(extra_init_args) + 4; /* for " -- " */
622 len = xlen + strlen(boot_command_line) + 1;
624 saved_command_line = memblock_alloc(len + ilen, SMP_CACHE_BYTES);
625 if (!saved_command_line)
626 panic("%s: Failed to allocate %zu bytes\n", __func__, len + ilen);
628 static_command_line = memblock_alloc(len, SMP_CACHE_BYTES);
629 if (!static_command_line)
630 panic("%s: Failed to allocate %zu bytes\n", __func__, len);
634 * We have to put extra_command_line before boot command
635 * lines because there could be dashes (separator of init
636 * command line) in the command lines.
638 strcpy(saved_command_line, extra_command_line);
639 strcpy(static_command_line, extra_command_line);
641 strcpy(saved_command_line + xlen, boot_command_line);
642 strcpy(static_command_line + xlen, command_line);
646 * Append supplemental init boot args to saved_command_line
647 * so that user can check what command line options passed
650 len = strlen(saved_command_line);
651 if (initargs_found) {
652 saved_command_line[len++] = ' ';
654 strcpy(saved_command_line + len, " -- ");
658 strcpy(saved_command_line + len, extra_init_args);
663 * We need to finalize in a non-__init function or else race conditions
664 * between the root thread and the init thread may cause start_kernel to
665 * be reaped by free_initmem before the root thread has proceeded to
668 * gcc-3.4 accidentally inlines this function, so use noinline.
671 static __initdata DECLARE_COMPLETION(kthreadd_done);
673 noinline void __ref rest_init(void)
675 struct task_struct *tsk;
678 rcu_scheduler_starting();
680 * We need to spawn init first so that it obtains pid 1, however
681 * the init task will end up wanting to create kthreads, which, if
682 * we schedule it before we create kthreadd, will OOPS.
684 pid = kernel_thread(kernel_init, NULL, CLONE_FS);
686 * Pin init on the boot CPU. Task migration is not properly working
687 * until sched_init_smp() has been run. It will set the allowed
688 * CPUs for init to the non isolated CPUs.
691 tsk = find_task_by_pid_ns(pid, &init_pid_ns);
692 tsk->flags |= PF_NO_SETAFFINITY;
693 set_cpus_allowed_ptr(tsk, cpumask_of(smp_processor_id()));
696 numa_default_policy();
697 pid = kernel_thread(kthreadd, NULL, CLONE_FS | CLONE_FILES);
699 kthreadd_task = find_task_by_pid_ns(pid, &init_pid_ns);
703 * Enable might_sleep() and smp_processor_id() checks.
704 * They cannot be enabled earlier because with CONFIG_PREEMPTION=y
705 * kernel_thread() would trigger might_sleep() splats. With
706 * CONFIG_PREEMPT_VOLUNTARY=y the init task might have scheduled
707 * already, but it's stuck on the kthreadd_done completion.
709 system_state = SYSTEM_SCHEDULING;
711 complete(&kthreadd_done);
714 * The boot idle thread must execute schedule()
715 * at least once to get things moving:
717 schedule_preempt_disabled();
718 /* Call into cpu_idle with preempt disabled */
719 cpu_startup_entry(CPUHP_ONLINE);
722 /* Check for early params. */
723 static int __init do_early_param(char *param, char *val,
724 const char *unused, void *arg)
726 const struct obs_kernel_param *p;
728 for (p = __setup_start; p < __setup_end; p++) {
729 if ((p->early && parameq(param, p->str)) ||
730 (strcmp(param, "console") == 0 &&
731 strcmp(p->str, "earlycon") == 0)
733 if (p->setup_func(val) != 0)
734 pr_warn("Malformed early option '%s'\n", param);
737 /* We accept everything at this stage. */
741 void __init parse_early_options(char *cmdline)
743 parse_args("early options", cmdline, NULL, 0, 0, 0, NULL,
747 /* Arch code calls this early on, or if not, just before other parsing. */
748 void __init parse_early_param(void)
750 static int done __initdata;
751 static char tmp_cmdline[COMMAND_LINE_SIZE] __initdata;
756 /* All fall through to do_early_param. */
757 strlcpy(tmp_cmdline, boot_command_line, COMMAND_LINE_SIZE);
758 parse_early_options(tmp_cmdline);
762 void __init __weak arch_post_acpi_subsys_init(void) { }
764 void __init __weak smp_setup_processor_id(void)
768 # if THREAD_SIZE >= PAGE_SIZE
769 void __init __weak thread_stack_cache_init(void)
774 void __init __weak mem_encrypt_init(void) { }
776 void __init __weak poking_init(void) { }
778 void __init __weak pgtable_cache_init(void) { }
780 void __init __weak trap_init(void) { }
783 core_param(initcall_debug, initcall_debug, bool, 0644);
785 #ifdef TRACEPOINTS_ENABLED
786 static void __init initcall_debug_enable(void);
788 static inline void initcall_debug_enable(void)
793 /* Report memory auto-initialization states for this boot. */
794 static void __init report_meminit(void)
798 if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_INIT_STACK_ALL_PATTERN))
799 stack = "all(pattern)";
800 else if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_INIT_STACK_ALL_ZERO))
802 else if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_GCC_PLUGIN_STRUCTLEAK_BYREF_ALL))
803 stack = "byref_all(zero)";
804 else if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_GCC_PLUGIN_STRUCTLEAK_BYREF))
805 stack = "byref(zero)";
806 else if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_GCC_PLUGIN_STRUCTLEAK_USER))
807 stack = "__user(zero)";
811 pr_info("mem auto-init: stack:%s, heap alloc:%s, heap free:%s\n",
812 stack, want_init_on_alloc(GFP_KERNEL) ? "on" : "off",
813 want_init_on_free() ? "on" : "off");
814 if (want_init_on_free())
815 pr_info("mem auto-init: clearing system memory may take some time...\n");
819 * Set up kernel memory allocators
821 static void __init mm_init(void)
824 * page_ext requires contiguous pages,
825 * bigger than MAX_ORDER unless SPARSEMEM.
827 page_ext_init_flatmem();
828 init_mem_debugging_and_hardening();
833 mem_init_print_info();
834 /* page_owner must be initialized after buddy is ready */
835 page_ext_init_flatmem_late();
839 debug_objects_mem_init();
841 /* Should be run before the first non-init thread is created */
843 /* Should be run after espfix64 is set up. */
847 #ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_ARCH_RANDOMIZE_KSTACK_OFFSET
848 DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_MAYBE_RO(CONFIG_RANDOMIZE_KSTACK_OFFSET_DEFAULT,
849 randomize_kstack_offset);
850 DEFINE_PER_CPU(u32, kstack_offset);
852 static int __init early_randomize_kstack_offset(char *buf)
857 ret = kstrtobool(buf, &bool_result);
862 static_branch_enable(&randomize_kstack_offset);
864 static_branch_disable(&randomize_kstack_offset);
867 early_param("randomize_kstack_offset", early_randomize_kstack_offset);
870 void __init __weak arch_call_rest_init(void)
875 static void __init print_unknown_bootoptions(void)
877 char *unknown_options;
879 const char *const *p;
882 if (panic_later || (!argv_init[1] && !envp_init[2]))
886 * Determine how many options we have to print out, plus a space
889 len = 1; /* null terminator */
890 for (p = &argv_init[1]; *p; p++) {
894 for (p = &envp_init[2]; *p; p++) {
899 unknown_options = memblock_alloc(len, SMP_CACHE_BYTES);
900 if (!unknown_options) {
901 pr_err("%s: Failed to allocate %zu bytes\n",
905 end = unknown_options;
907 for (p = &argv_init[1]; *p; p++)
908 end += sprintf(end, " %s", *p);
909 for (p = &envp_init[2]; *p; p++)
910 end += sprintf(end, " %s", *p);
912 pr_notice("Unknown command line parameters:%s\n", unknown_options);
913 memblock_free(__pa(unknown_options), len);
916 asmlinkage __visible void __init __no_sanitize_address start_kernel(void)
921 set_task_stack_end_magic(&init_task);
922 smp_setup_processor_id();
923 debug_objects_early_init();
924 init_vmlinux_build_id();
929 early_boot_irqs_disabled = true;
932 * Interrupts are still disabled. Do necessary setups, then
937 pr_notice("%s", linux_banner);
938 early_security_init();
939 setup_arch(&command_line);
941 setup_command_line(command_line);
943 setup_per_cpu_areas();
944 smp_prepare_boot_cpu(); /* arch-specific boot-cpu hooks */
945 boot_cpu_hotplug_init();
947 build_all_zonelists(NULL);
950 pr_notice("Kernel command line: %s\n", saved_command_line);
951 /* parameters may set static keys */
954 after_dashes = parse_args("Booting kernel",
955 static_command_line, __start___param,
956 __stop___param - __start___param,
957 -1, -1, NULL, &unknown_bootoption);
958 print_unknown_bootoptions();
959 if (!IS_ERR_OR_NULL(after_dashes))
960 parse_args("Setting init args", after_dashes, NULL, 0, -1, -1,
963 parse_args("Setting extra init args", extra_init_args,
964 NULL, 0, -1, -1, NULL, set_init_arg);
967 * These use large bootmem allocations and must precede
971 vfs_caches_init_early();
978 /* trace_printk can be enabled here */
982 * Set up the scheduler prior starting any interrupts (such as the
983 * timer interrupt). Full topology setup happens at smp_init()
984 * time - but meanwhile we still have a functioning scheduler.
988 if (WARN(!irqs_disabled(),
989 "Interrupts were enabled *very* early, fixing it\n"))
994 * Set up housekeeping before setting up workqueues to allow the unbound
995 * workqueue to take non-housekeeping into account.
1000 * Allow workqueue creation and work item queueing/cancelling
1001 * early. Work item execution depends on kthreads and starts after
1004 workqueue_init_early();
1008 /* Trace events are available after this */
1012 initcall_debug_enable();
1014 context_tracking_init();
1015 /* init some links before init_ISA_irqs() */
1028 * For best initial stack canary entropy, prepare it after:
1029 * - setup_arch() for any UEFI RNG entropy and boot cmdline access
1030 * - timekeeping_init() for ktime entropy used in rand_initialize()
1031 * - rand_initialize() to get any arch-specific entropy like RDRAND
1032 * - add_latent_entropy() to get any latent entropy
1033 * - adding command line entropy
1036 add_latent_entropy();
1037 add_device_randomness(command_line, strlen(command_line));
1038 boot_init_stack_canary();
1043 call_function_init();
1044 WARN(!irqs_disabled(), "Interrupts were enabled early\n");
1046 early_boot_irqs_disabled = false;
1049 kmem_cache_init_late();
1052 * HACK ALERT! This is early. We're enabling the console before
1053 * we've done PCI setups etc, and console_init() must be aware of
1054 * this. But we do want output early, in case something goes wrong.
1058 panic("Too many boot %s vars at `%s'", panic_later,
1064 * Need to run this when irqs are enabled, because it wants
1065 * to self-test [hard/soft]-irqs on/off lock inversion bugs
1071 * This needs to be called before any devices perform DMA
1072 * operations that might use the SWIOTLB bounce buffers. It will
1073 * mark the bounce buffers as decrypted so that their usage will
1074 * not cause "plain-text" data to be decrypted when accessed.
1078 #ifdef CONFIG_BLK_DEV_INITRD
1079 if (initrd_start && !initrd_below_start_ok &&
1080 page_to_pfn(virt_to_page((void *)initrd_start)) < min_low_pfn) {
1081 pr_crit("initrd overwritten (0x%08lx < 0x%08lx) - disabling it.\n",
1082 page_to_pfn(virt_to_page((void *)initrd_start)),
1087 setup_per_cpu_pageset();
1097 if (efi_enabled(EFI_RUNTIME_SERVICES))
1098 efi_enter_virtual_mode();
1100 thread_stack_cache_init();
1116 taskstats_init_early();
1122 acpi_subsystem_init();
1123 arch_post_acpi_subsys_init();
1126 /* Do the rest non-__init'ed, we're now alive */
1127 arch_call_rest_init();
1129 prevent_tail_call_optimization();
1132 /* Call all constructor functions linked into the kernel. */
1133 static void __init do_ctors(void)
1136 * For UML, the constructors have already been called by the
1137 * normal setup code as it's just a normal ELF binary, so we
1138 * cannot do it again - but we do need CONFIG_CONSTRUCTORS
1139 * even on UML for modules.
1141 #if defined(CONFIG_CONSTRUCTORS) && !defined(CONFIG_UML)
1142 ctor_fn_t *fn = (ctor_fn_t *) __ctors_start;
1144 for (; fn < (ctor_fn_t *) __ctors_end; fn++)
1149 #ifdef CONFIG_KALLSYMS
1150 struct blacklist_entry {
1151 struct list_head next;
1155 static __initdata_or_module LIST_HEAD(blacklisted_initcalls);
1157 static int __init initcall_blacklist(char *str)
1160 struct blacklist_entry *entry;
1162 /* str argument is a comma-separated list of functions */
1164 str_entry = strsep(&str, ",");
1166 pr_debug("blacklisting initcall %s\n", str_entry);
1167 entry = memblock_alloc(sizeof(*entry),
1170 panic("%s: Failed to allocate %zu bytes\n",
1171 __func__, sizeof(*entry));
1172 entry->buf = memblock_alloc(strlen(str_entry) + 1,
1175 panic("%s: Failed to allocate %zu bytes\n",
1176 __func__, strlen(str_entry) + 1);
1177 strcpy(entry->buf, str_entry);
1178 list_add(&entry->next, &blacklisted_initcalls);
1180 } while (str_entry);
1185 static bool __init_or_module initcall_blacklisted(initcall_t fn)
1187 struct blacklist_entry *entry;
1188 char fn_name[KSYM_SYMBOL_LEN];
1191 if (list_empty(&blacklisted_initcalls))
1194 addr = (unsigned long) dereference_function_descriptor(fn);
1195 sprint_symbol_no_offset(fn_name, addr);
1198 * fn will be "function_name [module_name]" where [module_name] is not
1199 * displayed for built-in init functions. Strip off the [module_name].
1201 strreplace(fn_name, ' ', '\0');
1203 list_for_each_entry(entry, &blacklisted_initcalls, next) {
1204 if (!strcmp(fn_name, entry->buf)) {
1205 pr_debug("initcall %s blacklisted\n", fn_name);
1213 static int __init initcall_blacklist(char *str)
1215 pr_warn("initcall_blacklist requires CONFIG_KALLSYMS\n");
1219 static bool __init_or_module initcall_blacklisted(initcall_t fn)
1224 __setup("initcall_blacklist=", initcall_blacklist);
1226 static __init_or_module void
1227 trace_initcall_start_cb(void *data, initcall_t fn)
1229 ktime_t *calltime = (ktime_t *)data;
1231 printk(KERN_DEBUG "calling %pS @ %i irqs_disabled() %d\n", fn, task_pid_nr(current), irqs_disabled());
1232 *calltime = ktime_get();
1235 static __init_or_module void
1236 trace_initcall_finish_cb(void *data, initcall_t fn, int ret)
1238 ktime_t *calltime = (ktime_t *)data;
1239 ktime_t delta, rettime;
1240 unsigned long long duration;
1242 rettime = ktime_get();
1243 delta = ktime_sub(rettime, *calltime);
1244 duration = (unsigned long long) ktime_to_ns(delta) >> 10;
1245 printk(KERN_DEBUG "initcall %pS returned %d after %lld usecs, irqs_disabled() %d\n",
1246 fn, ret, duration, irqs_disabled());
1249 static ktime_t initcall_calltime;
1251 #ifdef TRACEPOINTS_ENABLED
1252 static void __init initcall_debug_enable(void)
1256 ret = register_trace_initcall_start(trace_initcall_start_cb,
1257 &initcall_calltime);
1258 ret |= register_trace_initcall_finish(trace_initcall_finish_cb,
1259 &initcall_calltime);
1260 WARN(ret, "Failed to register initcall tracepoints\n");
1262 # define do_trace_initcall_start trace_initcall_start
1263 # define do_trace_initcall_finish trace_initcall_finish
1265 static inline void do_trace_initcall_start(initcall_t fn)
1267 if (!initcall_debug)
1269 trace_initcall_start_cb(&initcall_calltime, fn);
1271 static inline void do_trace_initcall_finish(initcall_t fn, int ret)
1273 if (!initcall_debug)
1275 trace_initcall_finish_cb(&initcall_calltime, fn, ret);
1277 #endif /* !TRACEPOINTS_ENABLED */
1279 int __init_or_module do_one_initcall(initcall_t fn)
1281 int count = preempt_count();
1285 if (initcall_blacklisted(fn))
1288 do_trace_initcall_start(fn);
1290 do_trace_initcall_finish(fn, ret);
1294 if (preempt_count() != count) {
1295 sprintf(msgbuf, "preemption imbalance ");
1296 preempt_count_set(count);
1298 if (irqs_disabled()) {
1299 strlcat(msgbuf, "disabled interrupts ", sizeof(msgbuf));
1302 WARN(msgbuf[0], "initcall %pS returned with %s\n", fn, msgbuf);
1304 add_latent_entropy();
1309 extern initcall_entry_t __initcall_start[];
1310 extern initcall_entry_t __initcall0_start[];
1311 extern initcall_entry_t __initcall1_start[];
1312 extern initcall_entry_t __initcall2_start[];
1313 extern initcall_entry_t __initcall3_start[];
1314 extern initcall_entry_t __initcall4_start[];
1315 extern initcall_entry_t __initcall5_start[];
1316 extern initcall_entry_t __initcall6_start[];
1317 extern initcall_entry_t __initcall7_start[];
1318 extern initcall_entry_t __initcall_end[];
1320 static initcall_entry_t *initcall_levels[] __initdata = {
1332 /* Keep these in sync with initcalls in include/linux/init.h */
1333 static const char *initcall_level_names[] __initdata = {
1344 static int __init ignore_unknown_bootoption(char *param, char *val,
1345 const char *unused, void *arg)
1350 static void __init do_initcall_level(int level, char *command_line)
1352 initcall_entry_t *fn;
1354 parse_args(initcall_level_names[level],
1355 command_line, __start___param,
1356 __stop___param - __start___param,
1358 NULL, ignore_unknown_bootoption);
1360 trace_initcall_level(initcall_level_names[level]);
1361 for (fn = initcall_levels[level]; fn < initcall_levels[level+1]; fn++)
1362 do_one_initcall(initcall_from_entry(fn));
1365 static void __init do_initcalls(void)
1368 size_t len = strlen(saved_command_line) + 1;
1371 command_line = kzalloc(len, GFP_KERNEL);
1373 panic("%s: Failed to allocate %zu bytes\n", __func__, len);
1375 for (level = 0; level < ARRAY_SIZE(initcall_levels) - 1; level++) {
1376 /* Parser modifies command_line, restore it each time */
1377 strcpy(command_line, saved_command_line);
1378 do_initcall_level(level, command_line);
1381 kfree(command_line);
1385 * Ok, the machine is now initialized. None of the devices
1386 * have been touched yet, but the CPU subsystem is up and
1387 * running, and memory and process management works.
1389 * Now we can finally start doing some real work..
1391 static void __init do_basic_setup(void)
1400 static void __init do_pre_smp_initcalls(void)
1402 initcall_entry_t *fn;
1404 trace_initcall_level("early");
1405 for (fn = __initcall_start; fn < __initcall0_start; fn++)
1406 do_one_initcall(initcall_from_entry(fn));
1409 static int run_init_process(const char *init_filename)
1411 const char *const *p;
1413 argv_init[0] = init_filename;
1414 pr_info("Run %s as init process\n", init_filename);
1415 pr_debug(" with arguments:\n");
1416 for (p = argv_init; *p; p++)
1417 pr_debug(" %s\n", *p);
1418 pr_debug(" with environment:\n");
1419 for (p = envp_init; *p; p++)
1420 pr_debug(" %s\n", *p);
1421 return kernel_execve(init_filename, argv_init, envp_init);
1424 static int try_to_run_init_process(const char *init_filename)
1428 ret = run_init_process(init_filename);
1430 if (ret && ret != -ENOENT) {
1431 pr_err("Starting init: %s exists but couldn't execute it (error %d)\n",
1432 init_filename, ret);
1438 static noinline void __init kernel_init_freeable(void);
1440 #if defined(CONFIG_STRICT_KERNEL_RWX) || defined(CONFIG_STRICT_MODULE_RWX)
1441 bool rodata_enabled __ro_after_init = true;
1442 static int __init set_debug_rodata(char *str)
1444 return strtobool(str, &rodata_enabled);
1446 __setup("rodata=", set_debug_rodata);
1449 #ifdef CONFIG_STRICT_KERNEL_RWX
1450 static void mark_readonly(void)
1452 if (rodata_enabled) {
1454 * load_module() results in W+X mappings, which are cleaned
1455 * up with call_rcu(). Let's make sure that queued work is
1456 * flushed so that we don't hit false positives looking for
1457 * insecure pages which are W+X.
1463 pr_info("Kernel memory protection disabled.\n");
1465 #elif defined(CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_STRICT_KERNEL_RWX)
1466 static inline void mark_readonly(void)
1468 pr_warn("Kernel memory protection not selected by kernel config.\n");
1471 static inline void mark_readonly(void)
1473 pr_warn("This architecture does not have kernel memory protection.\n");
1477 void __weak free_initmem(void)
1479 free_initmem_default(POISON_FREE_INITMEM);
1482 static int __ref kernel_init(void *unused)
1487 * Wait until kthreadd is all set-up.
1489 wait_for_completion(&kthreadd_done);
1491 kernel_init_freeable();
1492 /* need to finish all async __init code before freeing the memory */
1493 async_synchronize_full();
1494 kprobe_free_init_mem();
1495 ftrace_free_init_mem();
1496 kgdb_free_init_mem();
1501 * Kernel mappings are now finalized - update the userspace page-table
1506 system_state = SYSTEM_RUNNING;
1507 numa_default_policy();
1509 rcu_end_inkernel_boot();
1513 if (ramdisk_execute_command) {
1514 ret = run_init_process(ramdisk_execute_command);
1517 pr_err("Failed to execute %s (error %d)\n",
1518 ramdisk_execute_command, ret);
1522 * We try each of these until one succeeds.
1524 * The Bourne shell can be used instead of init if we are
1525 * trying to recover a really broken machine.
1527 if (execute_command) {
1528 ret = run_init_process(execute_command);
1531 panic("Requested init %s failed (error %d).",
1532 execute_command, ret);
1535 if (CONFIG_DEFAULT_INIT[0] != '\0') {
1536 ret = run_init_process(CONFIG_DEFAULT_INIT);
1538 pr_err("Default init %s failed (error %d)\n",
1539 CONFIG_DEFAULT_INIT, ret);
1544 if (!try_to_run_init_process("/sbin/init") ||
1545 !try_to_run_init_process("/etc/init") ||
1546 !try_to_run_init_process("/bin/init") ||
1547 !try_to_run_init_process("/bin/sh"))
1550 panic("No working init found. Try passing init= option to kernel. "
1551 "See Linux Documentation/admin-guide/init.rst for guidance.");
1554 /* Open /dev/console, for stdin/stdout/stderr, this should never fail */
1555 void __init console_on_rootfs(void)
1557 struct file *file = filp_open("/dev/console", O_RDWR, 0);
1560 pr_err("Warning: unable to open an initial console.\n");
1569 static noinline void __init kernel_init_freeable(void)
1571 /* Now the scheduler is fully set up and can do blocking allocations */
1572 gfp_allowed_mask = __GFP_BITS_MASK;
1575 * init can allocate pages on any node
1577 set_mems_allowed(node_states[N_MEMORY]);
1579 cad_pid = get_pid(task_pid(current));
1581 smp_prepare_cpus(setup_max_cpus);
1585 init_mm_internals();
1587 rcu_init_tasks_generic();
1588 do_pre_smp_initcalls();
1589 lockup_detector_init();
1595 page_alloc_init_late();
1596 /* Initialize page ext after all struct pages are initialized. */
1601 kunit_run_all_tests();
1603 wait_for_initramfs();
1604 console_on_rootfs();
1607 * check if there is an early userspace init. If yes, let it do all
1610 if (init_eaccess(ramdisk_execute_command) != 0) {
1611 ramdisk_execute_command = NULL;
1612 prepare_namespace();
1616 * Ok, we have completed the initial bootup, and
1617 * we're essentially up and running. Get rid of the
1618 * initmem segments and start the user-mode stuff..
1620 * rootfs is available now, try loading the public keys
1621 * and default modules
1624 integrity_load_keys();