4 * Copyright (C) 1991, 1992 Linus Torvalds
6 * GK 2/5/95 - Changed to support mounting root fs via NFS
7 * Added initrd & change_root: Werner Almesberger & Hans Lermen, Feb '96
8 * Moan early if gcc is old, avoiding bogus kernels - Paul Gortmaker, May '96
9 * Simplified starting of init: Michael A. Griffith <grif@acm.org>
12 #define DEBUG /* Enable initcall_debug */
14 #include <linux/types.h>
15 #include <linux/module.h>
16 #include <linux/proc_fs.h>
17 #include <linux/kernel.h>
18 #include <linux/syscalls.h>
19 #include <linux/stackprotector.h>
20 #include <linux/string.h>
21 #include <linux/ctype.h>
22 #include <linux/delay.h>
23 #include <linux/ioport.h>
24 #include <linux/init.h>
25 #include <linux/initrd.h>
26 #include <linux/bootmem.h>
27 #include <linux/acpi.h>
28 #include <linux/tty.h>
29 #include <linux/percpu.h>
30 #include <linux/kmod.h>
31 #include <linux/vmalloc.h>
32 #include <linux/kernel_stat.h>
33 #include <linux/start_kernel.h>
34 #include <linux/security.h>
35 #include <linux/smp.h>
36 #include <linux/profile.h>
37 #include <linux/rcupdate.h>
38 #include <linux/moduleparam.h>
39 #include <linux/kallsyms.h>
40 #include <linux/writeback.h>
41 #include <linux/cpu.h>
42 #include <linux/cpuset.h>
43 #include <linux/cgroup.h>
44 #include <linux/efi.h>
45 #include <linux/tick.h>
46 #include <linux/interrupt.h>
47 #include <linux/taskstats_kern.h>
48 #include <linux/delayacct.h>
49 #include <linux/unistd.h>
50 #include <linux/rmap.h>
51 #include <linux/mempolicy.h>
52 #include <linux/key.h>
53 #include <linux/buffer_head.h>
54 #include <linux/page_cgroup.h>
55 #include <linux/debug_locks.h>
56 #include <linux/debugobjects.h>
57 #include <linux/lockdep.h>
58 #include <linux/kmemleak.h>
59 #include <linux/pid_namespace.h>
60 #include <linux/device.h>
61 #include <linux/kthread.h>
62 #include <linux/sched.h>
63 #include <linux/signal.h>
64 #include <linux/idr.h>
65 #include <linux/kgdb.h>
66 #include <linux/ftrace.h>
67 #include <linux/async.h>
68 #include <linux/kmemcheck.h>
69 #include <linux/sfi.h>
70 #include <linux/shmem_fs.h>
71 #include <linux/slab.h>
72 #include <linux/perf_event.h>
73 #include <linux/file.h>
74 #include <linux/ptrace.h>
75 #include <linux/blkdev.h>
76 #include <linux/elevator.h>
77 #include <linux/sched_clock.h>
78 #include <linux/context_tracking.h>
82 #include <asm/setup.h>
83 #include <asm/sections.h>
84 #include <asm/cacheflush.h>
86 #ifdef CONFIG_X86_LOCAL_APIC
90 static int kernel_init(void *);
92 extern void init_IRQ(void);
93 extern void fork_init(unsigned long);
94 extern void mca_init(void);
95 extern void sbus_init(void);
96 extern void radix_tree_init(void);
97 #ifndef CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA
98 static inline void mark_rodata_ro(void) { }
102 extern void tc_init(void);
106 * Debug helper: via this flag we know that we are in 'early bootup code'
107 * where only the boot processor is running with IRQ disabled. This means
108 * two things - IRQ must not be enabled before the flag is cleared and some
109 * operations which are not allowed with IRQ disabled are allowed while the
112 bool early_boot_irqs_disabled __read_mostly;
114 enum system_states system_state __read_mostly;
115 EXPORT_SYMBOL(system_state);
118 * Boot command-line arguments
120 #define MAX_INIT_ARGS CONFIG_INIT_ENV_ARG_LIMIT
121 #define MAX_INIT_ENVS CONFIG_INIT_ENV_ARG_LIMIT
123 extern void time_init(void);
124 /* Default late time init is NULL. archs can override this later. */
125 void (*__initdata late_time_init)(void);
126 extern void softirq_init(void);
128 /* Untouched command line saved by arch-specific code. */
129 char __initdata boot_command_line[COMMAND_LINE_SIZE];
130 /* Untouched saved command line (eg. for /proc) */
131 char *saved_command_line;
132 /* Command line for parameter parsing */
133 static char *static_command_line;
135 static char *execute_command;
136 static char *ramdisk_execute_command;
139 * If set, this is an indication to the drivers that reset the underlying
140 * device before going ahead with the initialization otherwise driver might
141 * rely on the BIOS and skip the reset operation.
143 * This is useful if kernel is booting in an unreliable environment.
144 * For ex. kdump situaiton where previous kernel has crashed, BIOS has been
145 * skipped and devices will be in unknown state.
147 unsigned int reset_devices;
148 EXPORT_SYMBOL(reset_devices);
150 static int __init set_reset_devices(char *str)
156 __setup("reset_devices", set_reset_devices);
158 static const char * argv_init[MAX_INIT_ARGS+2] = { "init", NULL, };
159 const char * envp_init[MAX_INIT_ENVS+2] = { "HOME=/", "TERM=linux", NULL, };
160 static const char *panic_later, *panic_param;
162 extern const struct obs_kernel_param __setup_start[], __setup_end[];
164 static int __init obsolete_checksetup(char *line)
166 const struct obs_kernel_param *p;
167 int had_early_param = 0;
171 int n = strlen(p->str);
172 if (parameqn(line, p->str, n)) {
174 /* Already done in parse_early_param?
175 * (Needs exact match on param part).
176 * Keep iterating, as we can have early
177 * params and __setups of same names 8( */
178 if (line[n] == '\0' || line[n] == '=')
180 } else if (!p->setup_func) {
181 pr_warn("Parameter %s is obsolete, ignored\n",
184 } else if (p->setup_func(line + n))
188 } while (p < __setup_end);
190 return had_early_param;
194 * This should be approx 2 Bo*oMips to start (note initial shift), and will
195 * still work even if initially too large, it will just take slightly longer
197 unsigned long loops_per_jiffy = (1<<12);
199 EXPORT_SYMBOL(loops_per_jiffy);
201 static int __init debug_kernel(char *str)
203 console_loglevel = 10;
207 static int __init quiet_kernel(char *str)
209 console_loglevel = 4;
213 early_param("debug", debug_kernel);
214 early_param("quiet", quiet_kernel);
216 static int __init loglevel(char *str)
221 * Only update loglevel value when a correct setting was passed,
222 * to prevent blind crashes (when loglevel being set to 0) that
223 * are quite hard to debug
225 if (get_option(&str, &newlevel)) {
226 console_loglevel = newlevel;
233 early_param("loglevel", loglevel);
235 /* Change NUL term back to "=", to make "param" the whole string. */
236 static int __init repair_env_string(char *param, char *val, const char *unused)
239 /* param=val or param="val"? */
240 if (val == param+strlen(param)+1)
242 else if (val == param+strlen(param)+2) {
244 memmove(val-1, val, strlen(val)+1);
253 * Unknown boot options get handed to init, unless they look like
254 * unused parameters (modprobe will find them in /proc/cmdline).
256 static int __init unknown_bootoption(char *param, char *val, const char *unused)
258 repair_env_string(param, val, unused);
260 /* Handle obsolete-style parameters */
261 if (obsolete_checksetup(param))
264 /* Unused module parameter. */
265 if (strchr(param, '.') && (!val || strchr(param, '.') < val))
272 /* Environment option */
274 for (i = 0; envp_init[i]; i++) {
275 if (i == MAX_INIT_ENVS) {
276 panic_later = "Too many boot env vars at `%s'";
279 if (!strncmp(param, envp_init[i], val - param))
282 envp_init[i] = param;
284 /* Command line option */
286 for (i = 0; argv_init[i]; i++) {
287 if (i == MAX_INIT_ARGS) {
288 panic_later = "Too many boot init vars at `%s'";
292 argv_init[i] = param;
297 static int __init init_setup(char *str)
301 execute_command = str;
303 * In case LILO is going to boot us with default command line,
304 * it prepends "auto" before the whole cmdline which makes
305 * the shell think it should execute a script with such name.
306 * So we ignore all arguments entered _before_ init=... [MJ]
308 for (i = 1; i < MAX_INIT_ARGS; i++)
312 __setup("init=", init_setup);
314 static int __init rdinit_setup(char *str)
318 ramdisk_execute_command = str;
319 /* See "auto" comment in init_setup */
320 for (i = 1; i < MAX_INIT_ARGS; i++)
324 __setup("rdinit=", rdinit_setup);
327 static const unsigned int setup_max_cpus = NR_CPUS;
328 #ifdef CONFIG_X86_LOCAL_APIC
329 static void __init smp_init(void)
331 APIC_init_uniprocessor();
334 #define smp_init() do { } while (0)
337 static inline void setup_nr_cpu_ids(void) { }
338 static inline void smp_prepare_cpus(unsigned int maxcpus) { }
342 * We need to store the untouched command line for future reference.
343 * We also need to store the touched command line since the parameter
344 * parsing is performed in place, and we should allow a component to
345 * store reference of name/value for future reference.
347 static void __init setup_command_line(char *command_line)
349 saved_command_line = alloc_bootmem(strlen (boot_command_line)+1);
350 static_command_line = alloc_bootmem(strlen (command_line)+1);
351 strcpy (saved_command_line, boot_command_line);
352 strcpy (static_command_line, command_line);
356 * We need to finalize in a non-__init function or else race conditions
357 * between the root thread and the init thread may cause start_kernel to
358 * be reaped by free_initmem before the root thread has proceeded to
361 * gcc-3.4 accidentally inlines this function, so use noinline.
364 static __initdata DECLARE_COMPLETION(kthreadd_done);
366 static noinline void __init_refok rest_init(void)
370 rcu_scheduler_starting();
372 * We need to spawn init first so that it obtains pid 1, however
373 * the init task will end up wanting to create kthreads, which, if
374 * we schedule it before we create kthreadd, will OOPS.
376 kernel_thread(kernel_init, NULL, CLONE_FS | CLONE_SIGHAND);
377 numa_default_policy();
378 pid = kernel_thread(kthreadd, NULL, CLONE_FS | CLONE_FILES);
380 kthreadd_task = find_task_by_pid_ns(pid, &init_pid_ns);
382 complete(&kthreadd_done);
385 * The boot idle thread must execute schedule()
386 * at least once to get things moving:
388 init_idle_bootup_task(current);
389 schedule_preempt_disabled();
390 /* Call into cpu_idle with preempt disabled */
391 cpu_startup_entry(CPUHP_ONLINE);
394 /* Check for early params. */
395 static int __init do_early_param(char *param, char *val, const char *unused)
397 const struct obs_kernel_param *p;
399 for (p = __setup_start; p < __setup_end; p++) {
400 if ((p->early && parameq(param, p->str)) ||
401 (strcmp(param, "console") == 0 &&
402 strcmp(p->str, "earlycon") == 0)
404 if (p->setup_func(val) != 0)
405 pr_warn("Malformed early option '%s'\n", param);
408 /* We accept everything at this stage. */
412 void __init parse_early_options(char *cmdline)
414 parse_args("early options", cmdline, NULL, 0, 0, 0, do_early_param);
417 /* Arch code calls this early on, or if not, just before other parsing. */
418 void __init parse_early_param(void)
420 static __initdata int done = 0;
421 static __initdata char tmp_cmdline[COMMAND_LINE_SIZE];
426 /* All fall through to do_early_param. */
427 strlcpy(tmp_cmdline, boot_command_line, COMMAND_LINE_SIZE);
428 parse_early_options(tmp_cmdline);
433 * Activate the first processor.
436 static void __init boot_cpu_init(void)
438 int cpu = smp_processor_id();
439 /* Mark the boot cpu "present", "online" etc for SMP and UP case */
440 set_cpu_online(cpu, true);
441 set_cpu_active(cpu, true);
442 set_cpu_present(cpu, true);
443 set_cpu_possible(cpu, true);
446 void __init __weak smp_setup_processor_id(void)
450 # if THREAD_SIZE >= PAGE_SIZE
451 void __init __weak thread_info_cache_init(void)
457 * Set up kernel memory allocators
459 static void __init mm_init(void)
462 * page_cgroup requires contiguous pages,
463 * bigger than MAX_ORDER unless SPARSEMEM.
465 page_cgroup_init_flatmem();
469 pgtable_cache_init();
473 asmlinkage void __init start_kernel(void)
476 extern const struct kernel_param __start___param[], __stop___param[];
479 * Need to run as early as possible, to initialize the
483 smp_setup_processor_id();
484 debug_objects_early_init();
487 * Set up the the initial canary ASAP:
489 boot_init_stack_canary();
494 early_boot_irqs_disabled = true;
497 * Interrupts are still disabled. Do necessary setups, then
502 pr_notice("%s", linux_banner);
503 setup_arch(&command_line);
504 mm_init_owner(&init_mm, &init_task);
505 mm_init_cpumask(&init_mm);
506 setup_command_line(command_line);
508 setup_per_cpu_areas();
509 smp_prepare_boot_cpu(); /* arch-specific boot-cpu hooks */
511 build_all_zonelists(NULL, NULL);
514 pr_notice("Kernel command line: %s\n", boot_command_line);
516 parse_args("Booting kernel", static_command_line, __start___param,
517 __stop___param - __start___param,
518 -1, -1, &unknown_bootoption);
523 * These use large bootmem allocations and must precede
528 vfs_caches_init_early();
534 * Set up the scheduler prior starting any interrupts (such as the
535 * timer interrupt). Full topology setup happens at smp_init()
536 * time - but meanwhile we still have a functioning scheduler.
540 * Disable preemption - early bootup scheduling is extremely
541 * fragile until we cpu_idle() for the first time.
544 if (WARN(!irqs_disabled(), "Interrupts were enabled *very* early, fixing it\n"))
549 context_tracking_init();
551 /* init some links before init_ISA_irqs() */
560 sched_clock_postinit();
563 call_function_init();
564 WARN(!irqs_disabled(), "Interrupts were enabled early\n");
565 early_boot_irqs_disabled = false;
568 kmem_cache_init_late();
571 * HACK ALERT! This is early. We're enabling the console before
572 * we've done PCI setups etc, and console_init() must be aware of
573 * this. But we do want output early, in case something goes wrong.
577 panic(panic_later, panic_param);
582 * Need to run this when irqs are enabled, because it wants
583 * to self-test [hard/soft]-irqs on/off lock inversion bugs
588 #ifdef CONFIG_BLK_DEV_INITRD
589 if (initrd_start && !initrd_below_start_ok &&
590 page_to_pfn(virt_to_page((void *)initrd_start)) < min_low_pfn) {
591 pr_crit("initrd overwritten (0x%08lx < 0x%08lx) - disabling it.\n",
592 page_to_pfn(virt_to_page((void *)initrd_start)),
598 debug_objects_mem_init();
600 setup_per_cpu_pageset();
609 if (efi_enabled(EFI_RUNTIME_SERVICES))
610 efi_enter_virtual_mode();
612 thread_info_cache_init();
614 fork_init(totalram_pages);
620 vfs_caches_init(totalram_pages);
622 /* rootfs populating might need page-writeback */
623 page_writeback_init();
624 #ifdef CONFIG_PROC_FS
629 taskstats_init_early();
634 acpi_early_init(); /* before LAPIC and SMP init */
637 if (efi_enabled(EFI_RUNTIME_SERVICES)) {
639 efi_free_boot_services();
644 /* Do the rest non-__init'ed, we're now alive */
648 /* Call all constructor functions linked into the kernel. */
649 static void __init do_ctors(void)
651 #ifdef CONFIG_CONSTRUCTORS
652 ctor_fn_t *fn = (ctor_fn_t *) __ctors_start;
654 for (; fn < (ctor_fn_t *) __ctors_end; fn++)
660 core_param(initcall_debug, initcall_debug, bool, 0644);
662 static int __init_or_module do_one_initcall_debug(initcall_t fn)
664 ktime_t calltime, delta, rettime;
665 unsigned long long duration;
668 pr_debug("calling %pF @ %i\n", fn, task_pid_nr(current));
669 calltime = ktime_get();
671 rettime = ktime_get();
672 delta = ktime_sub(rettime, calltime);
673 duration = (unsigned long long) ktime_to_ns(delta) >> 10;
674 pr_debug("initcall %pF returned %d after %lld usecs\n",
680 int __init_or_module do_one_initcall(initcall_t fn)
682 int count = preempt_count();
687 ret = do_one_initcall_debug(fn);
693 if (preempt_count() != count) {
694 sprintf(msgbuf, "preemption imbalance ");
695 preempt_count() = count;
697 if (irqs_disabled()) {
698 strlcat(msgbuf, "disabled interrupts ", sizeof(msgbuf));
701 WARN(msgbuf[0], "initcall %pF returned with %s\n", fn, msgbuf);
707 extern initcall_t __initcall_start[];
708 extern initcall_t __initcall0_start[];
709 extern initcall_t __initcall1_start[];
710 extern initcall_t __initcall2_start[];
711 extern initcall_t __initcall3_start[];
712 extern initcall_t __initcall4_start[];
713 extern initcall_t __initcall5_start[];
714 extern initcall_t __initcall6_start[];
715 extern initcall_t __initcall7_start[];
716 extern initcall_t __initcall_end[];
718 static initcall_t *initcall_levels[] __initdata = {
730 /* Keep these in sync with initcalls in include/linux/init.h */
731 static char *initcall_level_names[] __initdata = {
742 static void __init do_initcall_level(int level)
744 extern const struct kernel_param __start___param[], __stop___param[];
747 strcpy(static_command_line, saved_command_line);
748 parse_args(initcall_level_names[level],
749 static_command_line, __start___param,
750 __stop___param - __start___param,
754 for (fn = initcall_levels[level]; fn < initcall_levels[level+1]; fn++)
755 do_one_initcall(*fn);
758 static void __init do_initcalls(void)
762 for (level = 0; level < ARRAY_SIZE(initcall_levels) - 1; level++)
763 do_initcall_level(level);
767 * Ok, the machine is now initialized. None of the devices
768 * have been touched yet, but the CPU subsystem is up and
769 * running, and memory and process management works.
771 * Now we can finally start doing some real work..
773 static void __init do_basic_setup(void)
776 usermodehelper_init();
781 usermodehelper_enable();
785 static void __init do_pre_smp_initcalls(void)
789 for (fn = __initcall_start; fn < __initcall0_start; fn++)
790 do_one_initcall(*fn);
794 * This function requests modules which should be loaded by default and is
795 * called twice right after initrd is mounted and right before init is
796 * exec'd. If such modules are on either initrd or rootfs, they will be
797 * loaded before control is passed to userland.
799 void __init load_default_modules(void)
801 load_default_elevator_module();
804 static int run_init_process(const char *init_filename)
806 argv_init[0] = init_filename;
807 return do_execve(init_filename,
808 (const char __user *const __user *)argv_init,
809 (const char __user *const __user *)envp_init);
812 static noinline void __init kernel_init_freeable(void);
814 static int __ref kernel_init(void *unused)
816 kernel_init_freeable();
817 /* need to finish all async __init code before freeing the memory */
818 async_synchronize_full();
821 system_state = SYSTEM_RUNNING;
822 numa_default_policy();
824 flush_delayed_fput();
826 if (ramdisk_execute_command) {
827 if (!run_init_process(ramdisk_execute_command))
829 pr_err("Failed to execute %s\n", ramdisk_execute_command);
833 * We try each of these until one succeeds.
835 * The Bourne shell can be used instead of init if we are
836 * trying to recover a really broken machine.
838 if (execute_command) {
839 if (!run_init_process(execute_command))
841 pr_err("Failed to execute %s. Attempting defaults...\n",
844 if (!run_init_process("/sbin/init") ||
845 !run_init_process("/etc/init") ||
846 !run_init_process("/bin/init") ||
847 !run_init_process("/bin/sh"))
850 panic("No init found. Try passing init= option to kernel. "
851 "See Linux Documentation/init.txt for guidance.");
854 static noinline void __init kernel_init_freeable(void)
857 * Wait until kthreadd is all set-up.
859 wait_for_completion(&kthreadd_done);
861 /* Now the scheduler is fully set up and can do blocking allocations */
862 gfp_allowed_mask = __GFP_BITS_MASK;
865 * init can allocate pages on any node
867 set_mems_allowed(node_states[N_MEMORY]);
869 * init can run on any cpu.
871 set_cpus_allowed_ptr(current, cpu_all_mask);
873 cad_pid = task_pid(current);
875 smp_prepare_cpus(setup_max_cpus);
877 do_pre_smp_initcalls();
878 lockup_detector_init();
885 /* Open the /dev/console on the rootfs, this should never fail */
886 if (sys_open((const char __user *) "/dev/console", O_RDWR, 0) < 0)
887 pr_err("Warning: unable to open an initial console.\n");
892 * check if there is an early userspace init. If yes, let it do all
896 if (!ramdisk_execute_command)
897 ramdisk_execute_command = "/init";
899 if (sys_access((const char __user *) ramdisk_execute_command, 0) != 0) {
900 ramdisk_execute_command = NULL;
905 * Ok, we have completed the initial bootup, and
906 * we're essentially up and running. Get rid of the
907 * initmem segments and start the user-mode stuff..
910 /* rootfs is available now, try loading default modules */
911 load_default_modules();