4 * Copyright (C) 1991, 1992 Linus Torvalds
6 * GK 2/5/95 - Changed to support mounting root fs via NFS
7 * Added initrd & change_root: Werner Almesberger & Hans Lermen, Feb '96
8 * Moan early if gcc is old, avoiding bogus kernels - Paul Gortmaker, May '96
9 * Simplified starting of init: Michael A. Griffith <grif@acm.org>
12 #include <linux/types.h>
13 #include <linux/module.h>
14 #include <linux/proc_fs.h>
15 #include <linux/kernel.h>
16 #include <linux/syscalls.h>
17 #include <linux/stackprotector.h>
18 #include <linux/string.h>
19 #include <linux/ctype.h>
20 #include <linux/delay.h>
21 #include <linux/ioport.h>
22 #include <linux/init.h>
23 #include <linux/smp_lock.h>
24 #include <linux/initrd.h>
25 #include <linux/bootmem.h>
26 #include <linux/acpi.h>
27 #include <linux/tty.h>
28 #include <linux/percpu.h>
29 #include <linux/kmod.h>
30 #include <linux/vmalloc.h>
31 #include <linux/kernel_stat.h>
32 #include <linux/start_kernel.h>
33 #include <linux/security.h>
34 #include <linux/smp.h>
35 #include <linux/workqueue.h>
36 #include <linux/profile.h>
37 #include <linux/rcupdate.h>
38 #include <linux/moduleparam.h>
39 #include <linux/kallsyms.h>
40 #include <linux/writeback.h>
41 #include <linux/cpu.h>
42 #include <linux/cpuset.h>
43 #include <linux/cgroup.h>
44 #include <linux/efi.h>
45 #include <linux/tick.h>
46 #include <linux/interrupt.h>
47 #include <linux/taskstats_kern.h>
48 #include <linux/delayacct.h>
49 #include <linux/unistd.h>
50 #include <linux/rmap.h>
51 #include <linux/mempolicy.h>
52 #include <linux/key.h>
53 #include <linux/buffer_head.h>
54 #include <linux/page_cgroup.h>
55 #include <linux/debug_locks.h>
56 #include <linux/debugobjects.h>
57 #include <linux/lockdep.h>
58 #include <linux/kmemleak.h>
59 #include <linux/pid_namespace.h>
60 #include <linux/device.h>
61 #include <linux/kthread.h>
62 #include <linux/sched.h>
63 #include <linux/signal.h>
64 #include <linux/idr.h>
65 #include <linux/kgdb.h>
66 #include <linux/ftrace.h>
67 #include <linux/async.h>
68 #include <linux/kmemcheck.h>
69 #include <linux/kmemtrace.h>
70 #include <linux/sfi.h>
71 #include <linux/shmem_fs.h>
72 #include <linux/slab.h>
73 #include <trace/boot.h>
77 #include <asm/setup.h>
78 #include <asm/sections.h>
79 #include <asm/cacheflush.h>
81 #ifdef CONFIG_X86_LOCAL_APIC
85 static int kernel_init(void *);
87 extern void init_IRQ(void);
88 extern void fork_init(unsigned long);
89 extern void mca_init(void);
90 extern void sbus_init(void);
91 extern void prio_tree_init(void);
92 extern void radix_tree_init(void);
93 extern void free_initmem(void);
94 #ifndef CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA
95 static inline void mark_rodata_ro(void) { }
99 extern void tc_init(void);
102 enum system_states system_state __read_mostly;
103 EXPORT_SYMBOL(system_state);
106 * Boot command-line arguments
108 #define MAX_INIT_ARGS CONFIG_INIT_ENV_ARG_LIMIT
109 #define MAX_INIT_ENVS CONFIG_INIT_ENV_ARG_LIMIT
111 extern void time_init(void);
112 /* Default late time init is NULL. archs can override this later. */
113 void (*__initdata late_time_init)(void);
114 extern void softirq_init(void);
116 /* Untouched command line saved by arch-specific code. */
117 char __initdata boot_command_line[COMMAND_LINE_SIZE];
118 /* Untouched saved command line (eg. for /proc) */
119 char *saved_command_line;
120 /* Command line for parameter parsing */
121 static char *static_command_line;
123 static char *execute_command;
124 static char *ramdisk_execute_command;
127 /* Setup configured maximum number of CPUs to activate */
128 unsigned int setup_max_cpus = NR_CPUS;
129 EXPORT_SYMBOL(setup_max_cpus);
133 * Setup routine for controlling SMP activation
135 * Command-line option of "nosmp" or "maxcpus=0" will disable SMP
136 * activation entirely (the MPS table probe still happens, though).
138 * Command-line option of "maxcpus=<NUM>", where <NUM> is an integer
139 * greater than 0, limits the maximum number of CPUs activated in
143 void __weak arch_disable_smp_support(void) { }
145 static int __init nosmp(char *str)
148 arch_disable_smp_support();
153 early_param("nosmp", nosmp);
155 /* this is hard limit */
156 static int __init nrcpus(char *str)
160 get_option(&str, &nr_cpus);
161 if (nr_cpus > 0 && nr_cpus < nr_cpu_ids)
162 nr_cpu_ids = nr_cpus;
167 early_param("nr_cpus", nrcpus);
169 static int __init maxcpus(char *str)
171 get_option(&str, &setup_max_cpus);
172 if (setup_max_cpus == 0)
173 arch_disable_smp_support();
178 early_param("maxcpus", maxcpus);
180 static const unsigned int setup_max_cpus = NR_CPUS;
184 * If set, this is an indication to the drivers that reset the underlying
185 * device before going ahead with the initialization otherwise driver might
186 * rely on the BIOS and skip the reset operation.
188 * This is useful if kernel is booting in an unreliable environment.
189 * For ex. kdump situaiton where previous kernel has crashed, BIOS has been
190 * skipped and devices will be in unknown state.
192 unsigned int reset_devices;
193 EXPORT_SYMBOL(reset_devices);
195 static int __init set_reset_devices(char *str)
201 __setup("reset_devices", set_reset_devices);
203 static char * argv_init[MAX_INIT_ARGS+2] = { "init", NULL, };
204 char * envp_init[MAX_INIT_ENVS+2] = { "HOME=/", "TERM=linux", NULL, };
205 static const char *panic_later, *panic_param;
207 extern struct obs_kernel_param __setup_start[], __setup_end[];
209 static int __init obsolete_checksetup(char *line)
211 struct obs_kernel_param *p;
212 int had_early_param = 0;
216 int n = strlen(p->str);
217 if (!strncmp(line, p->str, n)) {
219 /* Already done in parse_early_param?
220 * (Needs exact match on param part).
221 * Keep iterating, as we can have early
222 * params and __setups of same names 8( */
223 if (line[n] == '\0' || line[n] == '=')
225 } else if (!p->setup_func) {
226 printk(KERN_WARNING "Parameter %s is obsolete,"
227 " ignored\n", p->str);
229 } else if (p->setup_func(line + n))
233 } while (p < __setup_end);
235 return had_early_param;
239 * This should be approx 2 Bo*oMips to start (note initial shift), and will
240 * still work even if initially too large, it will just take slightly longer
242 unsigned long loops_per_jiffy = (1<<12);
244 EXPORT_SYMBOL(loops_per_jiffy);
246 static int __init debug_kernel(char *str)
248 console_loglevel = 10;
252 static int __init quiet_kernel(char *str)
254 console_loglevel = 4;
258 early_param("debug", debug_kernel);
259 early_param("quiet", quiet_kernel);
261 static int __init loglevel(char *str)
263 get_option(&str, &console_loglevel);
267 early_param("loglevel", loglevel);
270 * Unknown boot options get handed to init, unless they look like
271 * unused parameters (modprobe will find them in /proc/cmdline).
273 static int __init unknown_bootoption(char *param, char *val)
275 /* Change NUL term back to "=", to make "param" the whole string. */
277 /* param=val or param="val"? */
278 if (val == param+strlen(param)+1)
280 else if (val == param+strlen(param)+2) {
282 memmove(val-1, val, strlen(val)+1);
288 /* Handle obsolete-style parameters */
289 if (obsolete_checksetup(param))
292 /* Unused module parameter. */
293 if (strchr(param, '.') && (!val || strchr(param, '.') < val))
300 /* Environment option */
302 for (i = 0; envp_init[i]; i++) {
303 if (i == MAX_INIT_ENVS) {
304 panic_later = "Too many boot env vars at `%s'";
307 if (!strncmp(param, envp_init[i], val - param))
310 envp_init[i] = param;
312 /* Command line option */
314 for (i = 0; argv_init[i]; i++) {
315 if (i == MAX_INIT_ARGS) {
316 panic_later = "Too many boot init vars at `%s'";
320 argv_init[i] = param;
325 #ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC
326 int __read_mostly debug_pagealloc_enabled = 0;
329 static int __init init_setup(char *str)
333 execute_command = str;
335 * In case LILO is going to boot us with default command line,
336 * it prepends "auto" before the whole cmdline which makes
337 * the shell think it should execute a script with such name.
338 * So we ignore all arguments entered _before_ init=... [MJ]
340 for (i = 1; i < MAX_INIT_ARGS; i++)
344 __setup("init=", init_setup);
346 static int __init rdinit_setup(char *str)
350 ramdisk_execute_command = str;
351 /* See "auto" comment in init_setup */
352 for (i = 1; i < MAX_INIT_ARGS; i++)
356 __setup("rdinit=", rdinit_setup);
360 #ifdef CONFIG_X86_LOCAL_APIC
361 static void __init smp_init(void)
363 APIC_init_uniprocessor();
366 #define smp_init() do { } while (0)
369 static inline void setup_nr_cpu_ids(void) { }
370 static inline void smp_prepare_cpus(unsigned int maxcpus) { }
374 /* Setup number of possible processor ids */
375 int nr_cpu_ids __read_mostly = NR_CPUS;
376 EXPORT_SYMBOL(nr_cpu_ids);
378 /* An arch may set nr_cpu_ids earlier if needed, so this would be redundant */
379 static void __init setup_nr_cpu_ids(void)
381 nr_cpu_ids = find_last_bit(cpumask_bits(cpu_possible_mask),NR_CPUS) + 1;
384 /* Called by boot processor to activate the rest. */
385 static void __init smp_init(void)
389 /* FIXME: This should be done in userspace --RR */
390 for_each_present_cpu(cpu) {
391 if (num_online_cpus() >= setup_max_cpus)
393 if (!cpu_online(cpu))
397 /* Any cleanup work */
398 printk(KERN_INFO "Brought up %ld CPUs\n", (long)num_online_cpus());
399 smp_cpus_done(setup_max_cpus);
405 * We need to store the untouched command line for future reference.
406 * We also need to store the touched command line since the parameter
407 * parsing is performed in place, and we should allow a component to
408 * store reference of name/value for future reference.
410 static void __init setup_command_line(char *command_line)
412 saved_command_line = alloc_bootmem(strlen (boot_command_line)+1);
413 static_command_line = alloc_bootmem(strlen (command_line)+1);
414 strcpy (saved_command_line, boot_command_line);
415 strcpy (static_command_line, command_line);
419 * We need to finalize in a non-__init function or else race conditions
420 * between the root thread and the init thread may cause start_kernel to
421 * be reaped by free_initmem before the root thread has proceeded to
424 * gcc-3.4 accidentally inlines this function, so use noinline.
427 static __initdata DECLARE_COMPLETION(kthreadd_done);
429 static noinline void __init_refok rest_init(void)
430 __releases(kernel_lock)
434 rcu_scheduler_starting();
436 * We need to spawn init first so that it obtains pid 1, however
437 * the init task will end up wanting to create kthreads, which, if
438 * we schedule it before we create kthreadd, will OOPS.
440 kernel_thread(kernel_init, NULL, CLONE_FS | CLONE_SIGHAND);
441 numa_default_policy();
442 pid = kernel_thread(kthreadd, NULL, CLONE_FS | CLONE_FILES);
444 kthreadd_task = find_task_by_pid_ns(pid, &init_pid_ns);
446 complete(&kthreadd_done);
450 * The boot idle thread must execute schedule()
451 * at least once to get things moving:
453 init_idle_bootup_task(current);
454 preempt_enable_no_resched();
458 /* Call into cpu_idle with preempt disabled */
462 /* Check for early params. */
463 static int __init do_early_param(char *param, char *val)
465 struct obs_kernel_param *p;
467 for (p = __setup_start; p < __setup_end; p++) {
468 if ((p->early && strcmp(param, p->str) == 0) ||
469 (strcmp(param, "console") == 0 &&
470 strcmp(p->str, "earlycon") == 0)
472 if (p->setup_func(val) != 0)
474 "Malformed early option '%s'\n", param);
477 /* We accept everything at this stage. */
481 void __init parse_early_options(char *cmdline)
483 parse_args("early options", cmdline, NULL, 0, do_early_param);
486 /* Arch code calls this early on, or if not, just before other parsing. */
487 void __init parse_early_param(void)
489 static __initdata int done = 0;
490 static __initdata char tmp_cmdline[COMMAND_LINE_SIZE];
495 /* All fall through to do_early_param. */
496 strlcpy(tmp_cmdline, boot_command_line, COMMAND_LINE_SIZE);
497 parse_early_options(tmp_cmdline);
502 * Activate the first processor.
505 static void __init boot_cpu_init(void)
507 int cpu = smp_processor_id();
508 /* Mark the boot cpu "present", "online" etc for SMP and UP case */
509 set_cpu_online(cpu, true);
510 set_cpu_active(cpu, true);
511 set_cpu_present(cpu, true);
512 set_cpu_possible(cpu, true);
515 void __init __weak smp_setup_processor_id(void)
519 void __init __weak thread_info_cache_init(void)
524 * Set up kernel memory allocators
526 static void __init mm_init(void)
529 * page_cgroup requires countinous pages as memmap
530 * and it's bigger than MAX_ORDER unless SPARSEMEM.
532 page_cgroup_init_flatmem();
535 pgtable_cache_init();
539 asmlinkage void __init start_kernel(void)
542 extern struct kernel_param __start___param[], __stop___param[];
544 smp_setup_processor_id();
547 * Need to run as early as possible, to initialize the
551 debug_objects_early_init();
554 * Set up the the initial canary ASAP:
556 boot_init_stack_canary();
561 early_boot_irqs_off();
562 early_init_irq_lock_class();
565 * Interrupts are still disabled. Do necessary setups, then
572 printk(KERN_NOTICE "%s", linux_banner);
573 setup_arch(&command_line);
574 mm_init_owner(&init_mm, &init_task);
575 setup_command_line(command_line);
577 setup_per_cpu_areas();
578 smp_prepare_boot_cpu(); /* arch-specific boot-cpu hooks */
580 build_all_zonelists(NULL);
583 printk(KERN_NOTICE "Kernel command line: %s\n", boot_command_line);
585 parse_args("Booting kernel", static_command_line, __start___param,
586 __stop___param - __start___param,
587 &unknown_bootoption);
589 * These use large bootmem allocations and must precede
593 vfs_caches_init_early();
598 * Set up the scheduler prior starting any interrupts (such as the
599 * timer interrupt). Full topology setup happens at smp_init()
600 * time - but meanwhile we still have a functioning scheduler.
604 * Disable preemption - early bootup scheduling is extremely
605 * fragile until we cpu_idle() for the first time.
608 if (!irqs_disabled()) {
609 printk(KERN_WARNING "start_kernel(): bug: interrupts were "
610 "enabled *very* early, fixing it\n");
615 /* init some links before init_ISA_irqs() */
625 if (!irqs_disabled())
626 printk(KERN_CRIT "start_kernel(): bug: interrupts were "
628 early_boot_irqs_on();
631 /* Interrupts are enabled now so all GFP allocations are safe. */
632 gfp_allowed_mask = __GFP_BITS_MASK;
634 kmem_cache_init_late();
637 * HACK ALERT! This is early. We're enabling the console before
638 * we've done PCI setups etc, and console_init() must be aware of
639 * this. But we do want output early, in case something goes wrong.
643 panic(panic_later, panic_param);
648 * Need to run this when irqs are enabled, because it wants
649 * to self-test [hard/soft]-irqs on/off lock inversion bugs
654 #ifdef CONFIG_BLK_DEV_INITRD
655 if (initrd_start && !initrd_below_start_ok &&
656 page_to_pfn(virt_to_page((void *)initrd_start)) < min_low_pfn) {
657 printk(KERN_CRIT "initrd overwritten (0x%08lx < 0x%08lx) - "
659 page_to_pfn(virt_to_page((void *)initrd_start)),
665 enable_debug_pagealloc();
668 debug_objects_mem_init();
670 setup_per_cpu_pageset();
680 efi_enter_virtual_mode();
682 thread_info_cache_init();
684 fork_init(totalram_pages);
690 vfs_caches_init(totalram_pages);
692 /* rootfs populating might need page-writeback */
693 page_writeback_init();
694 #ifdef CONFIG_PROC_FS
699 taskstats_init_early();
704 acpi_early_init(); /* before LAPIC and SMP init */
709 /* Do the rest non-__init'ed, we're now alive */
713 /* Call all constructor functions linked into the kernel. */
714 static void __init do_ctors(void)
716 #ifdef CONFIG_CONSTRUCTORS
717 ctor_fn_t *fn = (ctor_fn_t *) __ctors_start;
719 for (; fn < (ctor_fn_t *) __ctors_end; fn++)
725 core_param(initcall_debug, initcall_debug, bool, 0644);
727 static char msgbuf[64];
728 static struct boot_trace_call call;
729 static struct boot_trace_ret ret;
731 int do_one_initcall(initcall_t fn)
733 int count = preempt_count();
734 ktime_t calltime, delta, rettime;
736 if (initcall_debug) {
737 call.caller = task_pid_nr(current);
738 printk("calling %pF @ %i\n", fn, call.caller);
739 calltime = ktime_get();
740 trace_boot_call(&call, fn);
746 if (initcall_debug) {
747 disable_boot_trace();
748 rettime = ktime_get();
749 delta = ktime_sub(rettime, calltime);
750 ret.duration = (unsigned long long) ktime_to_ns(delta) >> 10;
751 trace_boot_ret(&ret, fn);
752 printk("initcall %pF returned %d after %Ld usecs\n", fn,
753 ret.result, ret.duration);
758 if (ret.result && ret.result != -ENODEV && initcall_debug)
759 sprintf(msgbuf, "error code %d ", ret.result);
761 if (preempt_count() != count) {
762 strlcat(msgbuf, "preemption imbalance ", sizeof(msgbuf));
763 preempt_count() = count;
765 if (irqs_disabled()) {
766 strlcat(msgbuf, "disabled interrupts ", sizeof(msgbuf));
770 printk("initcall %pF returned with %s\n", fn, msgbuf);
777 extern initcall_t __initcall_start[], __initcall_end[], __early_initcall_end[];
779 static void __init do_initcalls(void)
783 for (fn = __early_initcall_end; fn < __initcall_end; fn++)
784 do_one_initcall(*fn);
786 /* Make sure there is no pending stuff from the initcall sequence */
787 flush_scheduled_work();
791 * Ok, the machine is now initialized. None of the devices
792 * have been touched yet, but the CPU subsystem is up and
793 * running, and memory and process management works.
795 * Now we can finally start doing some real work..
797 static void __init do_basic_setup(void)
801 usermodehelper_init();
809 static void __init do_pre_smp_initcalls(void)
813 for (fn = __initcall_start; fn < __early_initcall_end; fn++)
814 do_one_initcall(*fn);
817 static void run_init_process(char *init_filename)
819 argv_init[0] = init_filename;
820 kernel_execve(init_filename, argv_init, envp_init);
823 /* This is a non __init function. Force it to be noinline otherwise gcc
824 * makes it inline to init() and it becomes part of init.text section
826 static noinline int init_post(void)
827 __releases(kernel_lock)
829 /* need to finish all async __init code before freeing the memory */
830 async_synchronize_full();
834 system_state = SYSTEM_RUNNING;
835 numa_default_policy();
838 current->signal->flags |= SIGNAL_UNKILLABLE;
840 if (ramdisk_execute_command) {
841 run_init_process(ramdisk_execute_command);
842 printk(KERN_WARNING "Failed to execute %s\n",
843 ramdisk_execute_command);
847 * We try each of these until one succeeds.
849 * The Bourne shell can be used instead of init if we are
850 * trying to recover a really broken machine.
852 if (execute_command) {
853 run_init_process(execute_command);
854 printk(KERN_WARNING "Failed to execute %s. Attempting "
855 "defaults...\n", execute_command);
857 run_init_process("/sbin/init");
858 run_init_process("/etc/init");
859 run_init_process("/bin/init");
860 run_init_process("/bin/sh");
862 panic("No init found. Try passing init= option to kernel. "
863 "See Linux Documentation/init.txt for guidance.");
866 static int __init kernel_init(void * unused)
869 * Wait until kthreadd is all set-up.
871 wait_for_completion(&kthreadd_done);
875 * init can allocate pages on any node
877 set_mems_allowed(node_states[N_HIGH_MEMORY]);
879 * init can run on any cpu.
881 set_cpus_allowed_ptr(current, cpu_all_mask);
883 * Tell the world that we're going to be the grim
884 * reaper of innocent orphaned children.
886 * We don't want people to have to make incorrect
887 * assumptions about where in the task array this
890 init_pid_ns.child_reaper = current;
892 cad_pid = task_pid(current);
894 smp_prepare_cpus(setup_max_cpus);
896 do_pre_smp_initcalls();
904 /* Open the /dev/console on the rootfs, this should never fail */
905 if (sys_open((const char __user *) "/dev/console", O_RDWR, 0) < 0)
906 printk(KERN_WARNING "Warning: unable to open an initial console.\n");
911 * check if there is an early userspace init. If yes, let it do all
915 if (!ramdisk_execute_command)
916 ramdisk_execute_command = "/init";
918 if (sys_access((const char __user *) ramdisk_execute_command, 0) != 0) {
919 ramdisk_execute_command = NULL;
924 * Ok, we have completed the initial bootup, and
925 * we're essentially up and running. Get rid of the
926 * initmem segments and start the user-mode stuff..