4 * Copyright (C) 1991, 1992 Linus Torvalds
6 * GK 2/5/95 - Changed to support mounting root fs via NFS
7 * Added initrd & change_root: Werner Almesberger & Hans Lermen, Feb '96
8 * Moan early if gcc is old, avoiding bogus kernels - Paul Gortmaker, May '96
9 * Simplified starting of init: Michael A. Griffith <grif@acm.org>
12 #include <linux/types.h>
13 #include <linux/module.h>
14 #include <linux/proc_fs.h>
15 #include <linux/kernel.h>
16 #include <linux/syscalls.h>
17 #include <linux/stackprotector.h>
18 #include <linux/string.h>
19 #include <linux/ctype.h>
20 #include <linux/delay.h>
21 #include <linux/ioport.h>
22 #include <linux/init.h>
23 #include <linux/initrd.h>
24 #include <linux/bootmem.h>
25 #include <linux/acpi.h>
26 #include <linux/tty.h>
27 #include <linux/percpu.h>
28 #include <linux/kmod.h>
29 #include <linux/vmalloc.h>
30 #include <linux/kernel_stat.h>
31 #include <linux/start_kernel.h>
32 #include <linux/security.h>
33 #include <linux/smp.h>
34 #include <linux/profile.h>
35 #include <linux/rcupdate.h>
36 #include <linux/moduleparam.h>
37 #include <linux/kallsyms.h>
38 #include <linux/writeback.h>
39 #include <linux/cpu.h>
40 #include <linux/cpuset.h>
41 #include <linux/cgroup.h>
42 #include <linux/efi.h>
43 #include <linux/tick.h>
44 #include <linux/interrupt.h>
45 #include <linux/taskstats_kern.h>
46 #include <linux/delayacct.h>
47 #include <linux/unistd.h>
48 #include <linux/rmap.h>
49 #include <linux/mempolicy.h>
50 #include <linux/key.h>
51 #include <linux/buffer_head.h>
52 #include <linux/page_cgroup.h>
53 #include <linux/debug_locks.h>
54 #include <linux/debugobjects.h>
55 #include <linux/lockdep.h>
56 #include <linux/kmemleak.h>
57 #include <linux/pid_namespace.h>
58 #include <linux/device.h>
59 #include <linux/kthread.h>
60 #include <linux/sched.h>
61 #include <linux/signal.h>
62 #include <linux/idr.h>
63 #include <linux/kgdb.h>
64 #include <linux/ftrace.h>
65 #include <linux/async.h>
66 #include <linux/kmemcheck.h>
67 #include <linux/sfi.h>
68 #include <linux/shmem_fs.h>
69 #include <linux/slab.h>
70 #include <linux/perf_event.h>
74 #include <asm/setup.h>
75 #include <asm/sections.h>
76 #include <asm/cacheflush.h>
78 #ifdef CONFIG_X86_LOCAL_APIC
82 static int kernel_init(void *);
84 extern void init_IRQ(void);
85 extern void fork_init(unsigned long);
86 extern void mca_init(void);
87 extern void sbus_init(void);
88 extern void prio_tree_init(void);
89 extern void radix_tree_init(void);
90 #ifndef CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA
91 static inline void mark_rodata_ro(void) { }
95 extern void tc_init(void);
99 * Debug helper: via this flag we know that we are in 'early bootup code'
100 * where only the boot processor is running with IRQ disabled. This means
101 * two things - IRQ must not be enabled before the flag is cleared and some
102 * operations which are not allowed with IRQ disabled are allowed while the
105 bool early_boot_irqs_disabled __read_mostly;
107 enum system_states system_state __read_mostly;
108 EXPORT_SYMBOL(system_state);
111 * Boot command-line arguments
113 #define MAX_INIT_ARGS CONFIG_INIT_ENV_ARG_LIMIT
114 #define MAX_INIT_ENVS CONFIG_INIT_ENV_ARG_LIMIT
116 extern void time_init(void);
117 /* Default late time init is NULL. archs can override this later. */
118 void (*__initdata late_time_init)(void);
119 extern void softirq_init(void);
121 /* Untouched command line saved by arch-specific code. */
122 char __initdata boot_command_line[COMMAND_LINE_SIZE];
123 /* Untouched saved command line (eg. for /proc) */
124 char *saved_command_line;
125 /* Command line for parameter parsing */
126 static char *static_command_line;
128 static char *execute_command;
129 static char *ramdisk_execute_command;
132 * If set, this is an indication to the drivers that reset the underlying
133 * device before going ahead with the initialization otherwise driver might
134 * rely on the BIOS and skip the reset operation.
136 * This is useful if kernel is booting in an unreliable environment.
137 * For ex. kdump situaiton where previous kernel has crashed, BIOS has been
138 * skipped and devices will be in unknown state.
140 unsigned int reset_devices;
141 EXPORT_SYMBOL(reset_devices);
143 static int __init set_reset_devices(char *str)
149 __setup("reset_devices", set_reset_devices);
151 static const char * argv_init[MAX_INIT_ARGS+2] = { "init", NULL, };
152 const char * envp_init[MAX_INIT_ENVS+2] = { "HOME=/", "TERM=linux", NULL, };
153 static const char *panic_later, *panic_param;
155 extern const struct obs_kernel_param __setup_start[], __setup_end[];
157 static int __init obsolete_checksetup(char *line)
159 const struct obs_kernel_param *p;
160 int had_early_param = 0;
164 int n = strlen(p->str);
165 if (parameqn(line, p->str, n)) {
167 /* Already done in parse_early_param?
168 * (Needs exact match on param part).
169 * Keep iterating, as we can have early
170 * params and __setups of same names 8( */
171 if (line[n] == '\0' || line[n] == '=')
173 } else if (!p->setup_func) {
174 printk(KERN_WARNING "Parameter %s is obsolete,"
175 " ignored\n", p->str);
177 } else if (p->setup_func(line + n))
181 } while (p < __setup_end);
183 return had_early_param;
187 * This should be approx 2 Bo*oMips to start (note initial shift), and will
188 * still work even if initially too large, it will just take slightly longer
190 unsigned long loops_per_jiffy = (1<<12);
192 EXPORT_SYMBOL(loops_per_jiffy);
194 static int __init debug_kernel(char *str)
196 console_loglevel = 10;
200 static int __init quiet_kernel(char *str)
202 console_loglevel = 4;
206 early_param("debug", debug_kernel);
207 early_param("quiet", quiet_kernel);
209 static int __init loglevel(char *str)
214 * Only update loglevel value when a correct setting was passed,
215 * to prevent blind crashes (when loglevel being set to 0) that
216 * are quite hard to debug
218 if (get_option(&str, &newlevel)) {
219 console_loglevel = newlevel;
226 early_param("loglevel", loglevel);
229 * Unknown boot options get handed to init, unless they look like
230 * unused parameters (modprobe will find them in /proc/cmdline).
232 static int __init unknown_bootoption(char *param, char *val)
234 /* Change NUL term back to "=", to make "param" the whole string. */
236 /* param=val or param="val"? */
237 if (val == param+strlen(param)+1)
239 else if (val == param+strlen(param)+2) {
241 memmove(val-1, val, strlen(val)+1);
247 /* Handle obsolete-style parameters */
248 if (obsolete_checksetup(param))
251 /* Unused module parameter. */
252 if (strchr(param, '.') && (!val || strchr(param, '.') < val))
259 /* Environment option */
261 for (i = 0; envp_init[i]; i++) {
262 if (i == MAX_INIT_ENVS) {
263 panic_later = "Too many boot env vars at `%s'";
266 if (!strncmp(param, envp_init[i], val - param))
269 envp_init[i] = param;
271 /* Command line option */
273 for (i = 0; argv_init[i]; i++) {
274 if (i == MAX_INIT_ARGS) {
275 panic_later = "Too many boot init vars at `%s'";
279 argv_init[i] = param;
284 static int __init init_setup(char *str)
288 execute_command = str;
290 * In case LILO is going to boot us with default command line,
291 * it prepends "auto" before the whole cmdline which makes
292 * the shell think it should execute a script with such name.
293 * So we ignore all arguments entered _before_ init=... [MJ]
295 for (i = 1; i < MAX_INIT_ARGS; i++)
299 __setup("init=", init_setup);
301 static int __init rdinit_setup(char *str)
305 ramdisk_execute_command = str;
306 /* See "auto" comment in init_setup */
307 for (i = 1; i < MAX_INIT_ARGS; i++)
311 __setup("rdinit=", rdinit_setup);
314 static const unsigned int setup_max_cpus = NR_CPUS;
315 #ifdef CONFIG_X86_LOCAL_APIC
316 static void __init smp_init(void)
318 APIC_init_uniprocessor();
321 #define smp_init() do { } while (0)
324 static inline void setup_nr_cpu_ids(void) { }
325 static inline void smp_prepare_cpus(unsigned int maxcpus) { }
329 * We need to store the untouched command line for future reference.
330 * We also need to store the touched command line since the parameter
331 * parsing is performed in place, and we should allow a component to
332 * store reference of name/value for future reference.
334 static void __init setup_command_line(char *command_line)
336 saved_command_line = alloc_bootmem(strlen (boot_command_line)+1);
337 static_command_line = alloc_bootmem(strlen (command_line)+1);
338 strcpy (saved_command_line, boot_command_line);
339 strcpy (static_command_line, command_line);
343 * We need to finalize in a non-__init function or else race conditions
344 * between the root thread and the init thread may cause start_kernel to
345 * be reaped by free_initmem before the root thread has proceeded to
348 * gcc-3.4 accidentally inlines this function, so use noinline.
351 static __initdata DECLARE_COMPLETION(kthreadd_done);
353 static noinline void __init_refok rest_init(void)
357 rcu_scheduler_starting();
359 * We need to spawn init first so that it obtains pid 1, however
360 * the init task will end up wanting to create kthreads, which, if
361 * we schedule it before we create kthreadd, will OOPS.
363 kernel_thread(kernel_init, NULL, CLONE_FS | CLONE_SIGHAND);
364 numa_default_policy();
365 pid = kernel_thread(kthreadd, NULL, CLONE_FS | CLONE_FILES);
367 kthreadd_task = find_task_by_pid_ns(pid, &init_pid_ns);
369 complete(&kthreadd_done);
372 * The boot idle thread must execute schedule()
373 * at least once to get things moving:
375 init_idle_bootup_task(current);
376 schedule_preempt_disabled();
377 /* Call into cpu_idle with preempt disabled */
381 /* Check for early params. */
382 static int __init do_early_param(char *param, char *val)
384 const struct obs_kernel_param *p;
386 for (p = __setup_start; p < __setup_end; p++) {
387 if ((p->early && parameq(param, p->str)) ||
388 (strcmp(param, "console") == 0 &&
389 strcmp(p->str, "earlycon") == 0)
391 if (p->setup_func(val) != 0)
393 "Malformed early option '%s'\n", param);
396 /* We accept everything at this stage. */
400 void __init parse_early_options(char *cmdline)
402 parse_args("early options", cmdline, NULL, 0, 0, 0, do_early_param);
405 /* Arch code calls this early on, or if not, just before other parsing. */
406 void __init parse_early_param(void)
408 static __initdata int done = 0;
409 static __initdata char tmp_cmdline[COMMAND_LINE_SIZE];
414 /* All fall through to do_early_param. */
415 strlcpy(tmp_cmdline, boot_command_line, COMMAND_LINE_SIZE);
416 parse_early_options(tmp_cmdline);
421 * Activate the first processor.
424 static void __init boot_cpu_init(void)
426 int cpu = smp_processor_id();
427 /* Mark the boot cpu "present", "online" etc for SMP and UP case */
428 set_cpu_online(cpu, true);
429 set_cpu_active(cpu, true);
430 set_cpu_present(cpu, true);
431 set_cpu_possible(cpu, true);
434 void __init __weak smp_setup_processor_id(void)
438 void __init __weak thread_info_cache_init(void)
443 * Set up kernel memory allocators
445 static void __init mm_init(void)
448 * page_cgroup requires contiguous pages,
449 * bigger than MAX_ORDER unless SPARSEMEM.
451 page_cgroup_init_flatmem();
455 pgtable_cache_init();
459 asmlinkage void __init start_kernel(void)
462 extern const struct kernel_param __start___param[], __stop___param[];
465 * Need to run as early as possible, to initialize the
469 smp_setup_processor_id();
470 debug_objects_early_init();
473 * Set up the the initial canary ASAP:
475 boot_init_stack_canary();
480 early_boot_irqs_disabled = true;
483 * Interrupts are still disabled. Do necessary setups, then
489 printk(KERN_NOTICE "%s", linux_banner);
490 setup_arch(&command_line);
491 mm_init_owner(&init_mm, &init_task);
492 mm_init_cpumask(&init_mm);
493 setup_command_line(command_line);
495 setup_per_cpu_areas();
496 smp_prepare_boot_cpu(); /* arch-specific boot-cpu hooks */
498 build_all_zonelists(NULL);
501 printk(KERN_NOTICE "Kernel command line: %s\n", boot_command_line);
503 parse_args("Booting kernel", static_command_line, __start___param,
504 __stop___param - __start___param,
505 0, 0, &unknown_bootoption);
510 * These use large bootmem allocations and must precede
515 vfs_caches_init_early();
521 * Set up the scheduler prior starting any interrupts (such as the
522 * timer interrupt). Full topology setup happens at smp_init()
523 * time - but meanwhile we still have a functioning scheduler.
527 * Disable preemption - early bootup scheduling is extremely
528 * fragile until we cpu_idle() for the first time.
531 if (!irqs_disabled()) {
532 printk(KERN_WARNING "start_kernel(): bug: interrupts were "
533 "enabled *very* early, fixing it\n");
540 /* init some links before init_ISA_irqs() */
550 call_function_init();
551 if (!irqs_disabled())
552 printk(KERN_CRIT "start_kernel(): bug: interrupts were "
554 early_boot_irqs_disabled = false;
557 /* Interrupts are enabled now so all GFP allocations are safe. */
558 gfp_allowed_mask = __GFP_BITS_MASK;
560 kmem_cache_init_late();
563 * HACK ALERT! This is early. We're enabling the console before
564 * we've done PCI setups etc, and console_init() must be aware of
565 * this. But we do want output early, in case something goes wrong.
569 panic(panic_later, panic_param);
574 * Need to run this when irqs are enabled, because it wants
575 * to self-test [hard/soft]-irqs on/off lock inversion bugs
580 #ifdef CONFIG_BLK_DEV_INITRD
581 if (initrd_start && !initrd_below_start_ok &&
582 page_to_pfn(virt_to_page((void *)initrd_start)) < min_low_pfn) {
583 printk(KERN_CRIT "initrd overwritten (0x%08lx < 0x%08lx) - "
585 page_to_pfn(virt_to_page((void *)initrd_start)),
591 debug_objects_mem_init();
593 setup_per_cpu_pageset();
603 efi_enter_virtual_mode();
605 thread_info_cache_init();
607 fork_init(totalram_pages);
613 vfs_caches_init(totalram_pages);
615 /* rootfs populating might need page-writeback */
616 page_writeback_init();
617 #ifdef CONFIG_PROC_FS
622 taskstats_init_early();
627 acpi_early_init(); /* before LAPIC and SMP init */
632 /* Do the rest non-__init'ed, we're now alive */
636 /* Call all constructor functions linked into the kernel. */
637 static void __init do_ctors(void)
639 #ifdef CONFIG_CONSTRUCTORS
640 ctor_fn_t *fn = (ctor_fn_t *) __ctors_start;
642 for (; fn < (ctor_fn_t *) __ctors_end; fn++)
648 core_param(initcall_debug, initcall_debug, bool, 0644);
650 static char msgbuf[64];
652 static int __init_or_module do_one_initcall_debug(initcall_t fn)
654 ktime_t calltime, delta, rettime;
655 unsigned long long duration;
658 printk(KERN_DEBUG "calling %pF @ %i\n", fn, task_pid_nr(current));
659 calltime = ktime_get();
661 rettime = ktime_get();
662 delta = ktime_sub(rettime, calltime);
663 duration = (unsigned long long) ktime_to_ns(delta) >> 10;
664 printk(KERN_DEBUG "initcall %pF returned %d after %lld usecs\n", fn,
670 int __init_or_module do_one_initcall(initcall_t fn)
672 int count = preempt_count();
676 ret = do_one_initcall_debug(fn);
682 if (ret && ret != -ENODEV && initcall_debug)
683 sprintf(msgbuf, "error code %d ", ret);
685 if (preempt_count() != count) {
686 strlcat(msgbuf, "preemption imbalance ", sizeof(msgbuf));
687 preempt_count() = count;
689 if (irqs_disabled()) {
690 strlcat(msgbuf, "disabled interrupts ", sizeof(msgbuf));
694 printk("initcall %pF returned with %s\n", fn, msgbuf);
701 extern initcall_t __initcall_start[];
702 extern initcall_t __initcall0_start[];
703 extern initcall_t __initcall1_start[];
704 extern initcall_t __initcall2_start[];
705 extern initcall_t __initcall3_start[];
706 extern initcall_t __initcall4_start[];
707 extern initcall_t __initcall5_start[];
708 extern initcall_t __initcall6_start[];
709 extern initcall_t __initcall7_start[];
710 extern initcall_t __initcall_end[];
712 static initcall_t *initcall_levels[] __initdata = {
724 static char *initcall_level_names[] __initdata = {
727 "postcore parameters",
735 static int __init ignore_unknown_bootoption(char *param, char *val)
740 static void __init do_initcall_level(int level)
742 extern const struct kernel_param __start___param[], __stop___param[];
745 strcpy(static_command_line, saved_command_line);
746 parse_args(initcall_level_names[level],
747 static_command_line, __start___param,
748 __stop___param - __start___param,
750 ignore_unknown_bootoption);
752 for (fn = initcall_levels[level]; fn < initcall_levels[level+1]; fn++)
753 do_one_initcall(*fn);
756 static void __init do_initcalls(void)
760 for (level = 0; level < ARRAY_SIZE(initcall_levels) - 1; level++)
761 do_initcall_level(level);
765 * Ok, the machine is now initialized. None of the devices
766 * have been touched yet, but the CPU subsystem is up and
767 * running, and memory and process management works.
769 * Now we can finally start doing some real work..
771 static void __init do_basic_setup(void)
774 usermodehelper_init();
779 usermodehelper_enable();
783 static void __init do_pre_smp_initcalls(void)
787 for (fn = __initcall_start; fn < __initcall0_start; fn++)
788 do_one_initcall(*fn);
791 static void run_init_process(const char *init_filename)
793 argv_init[0] = init_filename;
794 kernel_execve(init_filename, argv_init, envp_init);
797 /* This is a non __init function. Force it to be noinline otherwise gcc
798 * makes it inline to init() and it becomes part of init.text section
800 static noinline int init_post(void)
802 /* need to finish all async __init code before freeing the memory */
803 async_synchronize_full();
806 system_state = SYSTEM_RUNNING;
807 numa_default_policy();
810 current->signal->flags |= SIGNAL_UNKILLABLE;
812 if (ramdisk_execute_command) {
813 run_init_process(ramdisk_execute_command);
814 printk(KERN_WARNING "Failed to execute %s\n",
815 ramdisk_execute_command);
819 * We try each of these until one succeeds.
821 * The Bourne shell can be used instead of init if we are
822 * trying to recover a really broken machine.
824 if (execute_command) {
825 run_init_process(execute_command);
826 printk(KERN_WARNING "Failed to execute %s. Attempting "
827 "defaults...\n", execute_command);
829 run_init_process("/sbin/init");
830 run_init_process("/etc/init");
831 run_init_process("/bin/init");
832 run_init_process("/bin/sh");
834 panic("No init found. Try passing init= option to kernel. "
835 "See Linux Documentation/init.txt for guidance.");
838 static int __init kernel_init(void * unused)
841 * Wait until kthreadd is all set-up.
843 wait_for_completion(&kthreadd_done);
845 * init can allocate pages on any node
847 set_mems_allowed(node_states[N_HIGH_MEMORY]);
849 * init can run on any cpu.
851 set_cpus_allowed_ptr(current, cpu_all_mask);
853 cad_pid = task_pid(current);
855 smp_prepare_cpus(setup_max_cpus);
857 do_pre_smp_initcalls();
858 lockup_detector_init();
865 /* Open the /dev/console on the rootfs, this should never fail */
866 if (sys_open((const char __user *) "/dev/console", O_RDWR, 0) < 0)
867 printk(KERN_WARNING "Warning: unable to open an initial console.\n");
872 * check if there is an early userspace init. If yes, let it do all
876 if (!ramdisk_execute_command)
877 ramdisk_execute_command = "/init";
879 if (sys_access((const char __user *) ramdisk_execute_command, 0) != 0) {
880 ramdisk_execute_command = NULL;
885 * Ok, we have completed the initial bootup, and
886 * we're essentially up and running. Get rid of the
887 * initmem segments and start the user-mode stuff..