4 * Copyright (C) 1991, 1992 Linus Torvalds
6 * GK 2/5/95 - Changed to support mounting root fs via NFS
7 * Added initrd & change_root: Werner Almesberger & Hans Lermen, Feb '96
8 * Moan early if gcc is old, avoiding bogus kernels - Paul Gortmaker, May '96
9 * Simplified starting of init: Michael A. Griffith <grif@acm.org>
12 #include <linux/types.h>
13 #include <linux/module.h>
14 #include <linux/proc_fs.h>
15 #include <linux/kernel.h>
16 #include <linux/syscalls.h>
17 #include <linux/stackprotector.h>
18 #include <linux/string.h>
19 #include <linux/ctype.h>
20 #include <linux/delay.h>
21 #include <linux/ioport.h>
22 #include <linux/init.h>
23 #include <linux/initrd.h>
24 #include <linux/bootmem.h>
25 #include <linux/acpi.h>
26 #include <linux/tty.h>
27 #include <linux/percpu.h>
28 #include <linux/kmod.h>
29 #include <linux/vmalloc.h>
30 #include <linux/kernel_stat.h>
31 #include <linux/start_kernel.h>
32 #include <linux/security.h>
33 #include <linux/smp.h>
34 #include <linux/profile.h>
35 #include <linux/rcupdate.h>
36 #include <linux/moduleparam.h>
37 #include <linux/kallsyms.h>
38 #include <linux/writeback.h>
39 #include <linux/cpu.h>
40 #include <linux/cpuset.h>
41 #include <linux/cgroup.h>
42 #include <linux/efi.h>
43 #include <linux/tick.h>
44 #include <linux/interrupt.h>
45 #include <linux/taskstats_kern.h>
46 #include <linux/delayacct.h>
47 #include <linux/unistd.h>
48 #include <linux/rmap.h>
49 #include <linux/mempolicy.h>
50 #include <linux/key.h>
51 #include <linux/buffer_head.h>
52 #include <linux/page_cgroup.h>
53 #include <linux/debug_locks.h>
54 #include <linux/debugobjects.h>
55 #include <linux/lockdep.h>
56 #include <linux/kmemleak.h>
57 #include <linux/pid_namespace.h>
58 #include <linux/device.h>
59 #include <linux/kthread.h>
60 #include <linux/sched.h>
61 #include <linux/signal.h>
62 #include <linux/idr.h>
63 #include <linux/kgdb.h>
64 #include <linux/ftrace.h>
65 #include <linux/async.h>
66 #include <linux/kmemcheck.h>
67 #include <linux/sfi.h>
68 #include <linux/shmem_fs.h>
69 #include <linux/slab.h>
70 #include <linux/perf_event.h>
71 #include <linux/file.h>
72 #include <linux/ptrace.h>
73 #include <linux/blkdev.h>
74 #include <linux/elevator.h>
78 #include <asm/setup.h>
79 #include <asm/sections.h>
80 #include <asm/cacheflush.h>
82 #ifdef CONFIG_X86_LOCAL_APIC
86 static int kernel_init(void *);
88 extern void init_IRQ(void);
89 extern void fork_init(unsigned long);
90 extern void mca_init(void);
91 extern void sbus_init(void);
92 extern void radix_tree_init(void);
93 #ifndef CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA
94 static inline void mark_rodata_ro(void) { }
98 extern void tc_init(void);
102 * Debug helper: via this flag we know that we are in 'early bootup code'
103 * where only the boot processor is running with IRQ disabled. This means
104 * two things - IRQ must not be enabled before the flag is cleared and some
105 * operations which are not allowed with IRQ disabled are allowed while the
108 bool early_boot_irqs_disabled __read_mostly;
110 enum system_states system_state __read_mostly;
111 EXPORT_SYMBOL(system_state);
114 * Boot command-line arguments
116 #define MAX_INIT_ARGS CONFIG_INIT_ENV_ARG_LIMIT
117 #define MAX_INIT_ENVS CONFIG_INIT_ENV_ARG_LIMIT
119 extern void time_init(void);
120 /* Default late time init is NULL. archs can override this later. */
121 void (*__initdata late_time_init)(void);
122 extern void softirq_init(void);
124 /* Untouched command line saved by arch-specific code. */
125 char __initdata boot_command_line[COMMAND_LINE_SIZE];
126 /* Untouched saved command line (eg. for /proc) */
127 char *saved_command_line;
128 /* Command line for parameter parsing */
129 static char *static_command_line;
131 static char *execute_command;
132 static char *ramdisk_execute_command;
135 * If set, this is an indication to the drivers that reset the underlying
136 * device before going ahead with the initialization otherwise driver might
137 * rely on the BIOS and skip the reset operation.
139 * This is useful if kernel is booting in an unreliable environment.
140 * For ex. kdump situaiton where previous kernel has crashed, BIOS has been
141 * skipped and devices will be in unknown state.
143 unsigned int reset_devices;
144 EXPORT_SYMBOL(reset_devices);
146 static int __init set_reset_devices(char *str)
152 __setup("reset_devices", set_reset_devices);
154 static const char * argv_init[MAX_INIT_ARGS+2] = { "init", NULL, };
155 const char * envp_init[MAX_INIT_ENVS+2] = { "HOME=/", "TERM=linux", NULL, };
156 static const char *panic_later, *panic_param;
158 extern const struct obs_kernel_param __setup_start[], __setup_end[];
160 static int __init obsolete_checksetup(char *line)
162 const struct obs_kernel_param *p;
163 int had_early_param = 0;
167 int n = strlen(p->str);
168 if (parameqn(line, p->str, n)) {
170 /* Already done in parse_early_param?
171 * (Needs exact match on param part).
172 * Keep iterating, as we can have early
173 * params and __setups of same names 8( */
174 if (line[n] == '\0' || line[n] == '=')
176 } else if (!p->setup_func) {
177 printk(KERN_WARNING "Parameter %s is obsolete,"
178 " ignored\n", p->str);
180 } else if (p->setup_func(line + n))
184 } while (p < __setup_end);
186 return had_early_param;
190 * This should be approx 2 Bo*oMips to start (note initial shift), and will
191 * still work even if initially too large, it will just take slightly longer
193 unsigned long loops_per_jiffy = (1<<12);
195 EXPORT_SYMBOL(loops_per_jiffy);
197 static int __init debug_kernel(char *str)
199 console_loglevel = 10;
203 static int __init quiet_kernel(char *str)
205 console_loglevel = 4;
209 early_param("debug", debug_kernel);
210 early_param("quiet", quiet_kernel);
212 static int __init loglevel(char *str)
217 * Only update loglevel value when a correct setting was passed,
218 * to prevent blind crashes (when loglevel being set to 0) that
219 * are quite hard to debug
221 if (get_option(&str, &newlevel)) {
222 console_loglevel = newlevel;
229 early_param("loglevel", loglevel);
231 /* Change NUL term back to "=", to make "param" the whole string. */
232 static int __init repair_env_string(char *param, char *val, const char *unused)
235 /* param=val or param="val"? */
236 if (val == param+strlen(param)+1)
238 else if (val == param+strlen(param)+2) {
240 memmove(val-1, val, strlen(val)+1);
249 * Unknown boot options get handed to init, unless they look like
250 * unused parameters (modprobe will find them in /proc/cmdline).
252 static int __init unknown_bootoption(char *param, char *val, const char *unused)
254 repair_env_string(param, val, unused);
256 /* Handle obsolete-style parameters */
257 if (obsolete_checksetup(param))
260 /* Unused module parameter. */
261 if (strchr(param, '.') && (!val || strchr(param, '.') < val))
268 /* Environment option */
270 for (i = 0; envp_init[i]; i++) {
271 if (i == MAX_INIT_ENVS) {
272 panic_later = "Too many boot env vars at `%s'";
275 if (!strncmp(param, envp_init[i], val - param))
278 envp_init[i] = param;
280 /* Command line option */
282 for (i = 0; argv_init[i]; i++) {
283 if (i == MAX_INIT_ARGS) {
284 panic_later = "Too many boot init vars at `%s'";
288 argv_init[i] = param;
293 static int __init init_setup(char *str)
297 execute_command = str;
299 * In case LILO is going to boot us with default command line,
300 * it prepends "auto" before the whole cmdline which makes
301 * the shell think it should execute a script with such name.
302 * So we ignore all arguments entered _before_ init=... [MJ]
304 for (i = 1; i < MAX_INIT_ARGS; i++)
308 __setup("init=", init_setup);
310 static int __init rdinit_setup(char *str)
314 ramdisk_execute_command = str;
315 /* See "auto" comment in init_setup */
316 for (i = 1; i < MAX_INIT_ARGS; i++)
320 __setup("rdinit=", rdinit_setup);
323 static const unsigned int setup_max_cpus = NR_CPUS;
324 #ifdef CONFIG_X86_LOCAL_APIC
325 static void __init smp_init(void)
327 APIC_init_uniprocessor();
330 #define smp_init() do { } while (0)
333 static inline void setup_nr_cpu_ids(void) { }
334 static inline void smp_prepare_cpus(unsigned int maxcpus) { }
338 * We need to store the untouched command line for future reference.
339 * We also need to store the touched command line since the parameter
340 * parsing is performed in place, and we should allow a component to
341 * store reference of name/value for future reference.
343 static void __init setup_command_line(char *command_line)
345 saved_command_line = alloc_bootmem(strlen (boot_command_line)+1);
346 static_command_line = alloc_bootmem(strlen (command_line)+1);
347 strcpy (saved_command_line, boot_command_line);
348 strcpy (static_command_line, command_line);
352 * We need to finalize in a non-__init function or else race conditions
353 * between the root thread and the init thread may cause start_kernel to
354 * be reaped by free_initmem before the root thread has proceeded to
357 * gcc-3.4 accidentally inlines this function, so use noinline.
360 static __initdata DECLARE_COMPLETION(kthreadd_done);
362 static noinline void __init_refok rest_init(void)
366 rcu_scheduler_starting();
368 * We need to spawn init first so that it obtains pid 1, however
369 * the init task will end up wanting to create kthreads, which, if
370 * we schedule it before we create kthreadd, will OOPS.
372 kernel_thread(kernel_init, NULL, CLONE_FS | CLONE_SIGHAND);
373 numa_default_policy();
374 pid = kernel_thread(kthreadd, NULL, CLONE_FS | CLONE_FILES);
376 kthreadd_task = find_task_by_pid_ns(pid, &init_pid_ns);
378 complete(&kthreadd_done);
381 * The boot idle thread must execute schedule()
382 * at least once to get things moving:
384 init_idle_bootup_task(current);
385 schedule_preempt_disabled();
386 /* Call into cpu_idle with preempt disabled */
390 /* Check for early params. */
391 static int __init do_early_param(char *param, char *val, const char *unused)
393 const struct obs_kernel_param *p;
395 for (p = __setup_start; p < __setup_end; p++) {
396 if ((p->early && parameq(param, p->str)) ||
397 (strcmp(param, "console") == 0 &&
398 strcmp(p->str, "earlycon") == 0)
400 if (p->setup_func(val) != 0)
402 "Malformed early option '%s'\n", param);
405 /* We accept everything at this stage. */
409 void __init parse_early_options(char *cmdline)
411 parse_args("early options", cmdline, NULL, 0, 0, 0, do_early_param);
414 /* Arch code calls this early on, or if not, just before other parsing. */
415 void __init parse_early_param(void)
417 static __initdata int done = 0;
418 static __initdata char tmp_cmdline[COMMAND_LINE_SIZE];
423 /* All fall through to do_early_param. */
424 strlcpy(tmp_cmdline, boot_command_line, COMMAND_LINE_SIZE);
425 parse_early_options(tmp_cmdline);
430 * Activate the first processor.
433 static void __init boot_cpu_init(void)
435 int cpu = smp_processor_id();
436 /* Mark the boot cpu "present", "online" etc for SMP and UP case */
437 set_cpu_online(cpu, true);
438 set_cpu_active(cpu, true);
439 set_cpu_present(cpu, true);
440 set_cpu_possible(cpu, true);
443 void __init __weak smp_setup_processor_id(void)
447 # if THREAD_SIZE >= PAGE_SIZE
448 void __init __weak thread_info_cache_init(void)
454 * Set up kernel memory allocators
456 static void __init mm_init(void)
459 * page_cgroup requires contiguous pages,
460 * bigger than MAX_ORDER unless SPARSEMEM.
462 page_cgroup_init_flatmem();
466 pgtable_cache_init();
470 asmlinkage void __init start_kernel(void)
473 extern const struct kernel_param __start___param[], __stop___param[];
476 * Need to run as early as possible, to initialize the
480 smp_setup_processor_id();
481 debug_objects_early_init();
484 * Set up the the initial canary ASAP:
486 boot_init_stack_canary();
491 early_boot_irqs_disabled = true;
494 * Interrupts are still disabled. Do necessary setups, then
500 printk(KERN_NOTICE "%s", linux_banner);
501 setup_arch(&command_line);
502 mm_init_owner(&init_mm, &init_task);
503 mm_init_cpumask(&init_mm);
504 setup_command_line(command_line);
506 setup_per_cpu_areas();
507 smp_prepare_boot_cpu(); /* arch-specific boot-cpu hooks */
509 build_all_zonelists(NULL, NULL);
512 printk(KERN_NOTICE "Kernel command line: %s\n", boot_command_line);
514 parse_args("Booting kernel", static_command_line, __start___param,
515 __stop___param - __start___param,
516 -1, -1, &unknown_bootoption);
521 * These use large bootmem allocations and must precede
526 vfs_caches_init_early();
532 * Set up the scheduler prior starting any interrupts (such as the
533 * timer interrupt). Full topology setup happens at smp_init()
534 * time - but meanwhile we still have a functioning scheduler.
538 * Disable preemption - early bootup scheduling is extremely
539 * fragile until we cpu_idle() for the first time.
542 if (!irqs_disabled()) {
543 printk(KERN_WARNING "start_kernel(): bug: interrupts were "
544 "enabled *very* early, fixing it\n");
551 /* init some links before init_ISA_irqs() */
560 call_function_init();
561 if (!irqs_disabled())
562 printk(KERN_CRIT "start_kernel(): bug: interrupts were "
564 early_boot_irqs_disabled = false;
567 kmem_cache_init_late();
570 * HACK ALERT! This is early. We're enabling the console before
571 * we've done PCI setups etc, and console_init() must be aware of
572 * this. But we do want output early, in case something goes wrong.
576 panic(panic_later, panic_param);
581 * Need to run this when irqs are enabled, because it wants
582 * to self-test [hard/soft]-irqs on/off lock inversion bugs
587 #ifdef CONFIG_BLK_DEV_INITRD
588 if (initrd_start && !initrd_below_start_ok &&
589 page_to_pfn(virt_to_page((void *)initrd_start)) < min_low_pfn) {
590 printk(KERN_CRIT "initrd overwritten (0x%08lx < 0x%08lx) - "
592 page_to_pfn(virt_to_page((void *)initrd_start)),
598 debug_objects_mem_init();
600 setup_per_cpu_pageset();
609 if (efi_enabled(EFI_RUNTIME_SERVICES))
610 efi_enter_virtual_mode();
612 thread_info_cache_init();
614 fork_init(totalram_pages);
620 vfs_caches_init(totalram_pages);
622 /* rootfs populating might need page-writeback */
623 page_writeback_init();
624 #ifdef CONFIG_PROC_FS
629 taskstats_init_early();
634 acpi_early_init(); /* before LAPIC and SMP init */
637 if (efi_enabled(EFI_RUNTIME_SERVICES)) {
639 efi_free_boot_services();
644 /* Do the rest non-__init'ed, we're now alive */
648 /* Call all constructor functions linked into the kernel. */
649 static void __init do_ctors(void)
651 #ifdef CONFIG_CONSTRUCTORS
652 ctor_fn_t *fn = (ctor_fn_t *) __ctors_start;
654 for (; fn < (ctor_fn_t *) __ctors_end; fn++)
660 core_param(initcall_debug, initcall_debug, bool, 0644);
662 static char msgbuf[64];
664 static int __init_or_module do_one_initcall_debug(initcall_t fn)
666 ktime_t calltime, delta, rettime;
667 unsigned long long duration;
670 printk(KERN_DEBUG "calling %pF @ %i\n", fn, task_pid_nr(current));
671 calltime = ktime_get();
673 rettime = ktime_get();
674 delta = ktime_sub(rettime, calltime);
675 duration = (unsigned long long) ktime_to_ns(delta) >> 10;
676 printk(KERN_DEBUG "initcall %pF returned %d after %lld usecs\n", fn,
682 int __init_or_module do_one_initcall(initcall_t fn)
684 int count = preempt_count();
688 ret = do_one_initcall_debug(fn);
694 if (ret && ret != -ENODEV && initcall_debug)
695 sprintf(msgbuf, "error code %d ", ret);
697 if (preempt_count() != count) {
698 strlcat(msgbuf, "preemption imbalance ", sizeof(msgbuf));
699 preempt_count() = count;
701 if (irqs_disabled()) {
702 strlcat(msgbuf, "disabled interrupts ", sizeof(msgbuf));
706 printk("initcall %pF returned with %s\n", fn, msgbuf);
713 extern initcall_t __initcall_start[];
714 extern initcall_t __initcall0_start[];
715 extern initcall_t __initcall1_start[];
716 extern initcall_t __initcall2_start[];
717 extern initcall_t __initcall3_start[];
718 extern initcall_t __initcall4_start[];
719 extern initcall_t __initcall5_start[];
720 extern initcall_t __initcall6_start[];
721 extern initcall_t __initcall7_start[];
722 extern initcall_t __initcall_end[];
724 static initcall_t *initcall_levels[] __initdata = {
736 /* Keep these in sync with initcalls in include/linux/init.h */
737 static char *initcall_level_names[] __initdata = {
748 static void __init do_initcall_level(int level)
750 extern const struct kernel_param __start___param[], __stop___param[];
753 strcpy(static_command_line, saved_command_line);
754 parse_args(initcall_level_names[level],
755 static_command_line, __start___param,
756 __stop___param - __start___param,
760 for (fn = initcall_levels[level]; fn < initcall_levels[level+1]; fn++)
761 do_one_initcall(*fn);
764 static void __init do_initcalls(void)
768 for (level = 0; level < ARRAY_SIZE(initcall_levels) - 1; level++)
769 do_initcall_level(level);
773 * Ok, the machine is now initialized. None of the devices
774 * have been touched yet, but the CPU subsystem is up and
775 * running, and memory and process management works.
777 * Now we can finally start doing some real work..
779 static void __init do_basic_setup(void)
782 usermodehelper_init();
787 usermodehelper_enable();
791 static void __init do_pre_smp_initcalls(void)
795 for (fn = __initcall_start; fn < __initcall0_start; fn++)
796 do_one_initcall(*fn);
800 * This function requests modules which should be loaded by default and is
801 * called twice right after initrd is mounted and right before init is
802 * exec'd. If such modules are on either initrd or rootfs, they will be
803 * loaded before control is passed to userland.
805 void __init load_default_modules(void)
807 load_default_elevator_module();
810 static int run_init_process(const char *init_filename)
812 argv_init[0] = init_filename;
813 return do_execve(init_filename,
814 (const char __user *const __user *)argv_init,
815 (const char __user *const __user *)envp_init);
818 static noinline void __init kernel_init_freeable(void);
820 static int __ref kernel_init(void *unused)
822 kernel_init_freeable();
823 /* need to finish all async __init code before freeing the memory */
824 async_synchronize_full();
827 system_state = SYSTEM_RUNNING;
828 numa_default_policy();
830 flush_delayed_fput();
832 if (ramdisk_execute_command) {
833 if (!run_init_process(ramdisk_execute_command))
835 printk(KERN_WARNING "Failed to execute %s\n",
836 ramdisk_execute_command);
840 * We try each of these until one succeeds.
842 * The Bourne shell can be used instead of init if we are
843 * trying to recover a really broken machine.
845 if (execute_command) {
846 if (!run_init_process(execute_command))
848 printk(KERN_WARNING "Failed to execute %s. Attempting "
849 "defaults...\n", execute_command);
851 if (!run_init_process("/sbin/init") ||
852 !run_init_process("/etc/init") ||
853 !run_init_process("/bin/init") ||
854 !run_init_process("/bin/sh"))
857 panic("No init found. Try passing init= option to kernel. "
858 "See Linux Documentation/init.txt for guidance.");
861 static noinline void __init kernel_init_freeable(void)
864 * Wait until kthreadd is all set-up.
866 wait_for_completion(&kthreadd_done);
868 /* Now the scheduler is fully set up and can do blocking allocations */
869 gfp_allowed_mask = __GFP_BITS_MASK;
872 * init can allocate pages on any node
874 set_mems_allowed(node_states[N_MEMORY]);
876 * init can run on any cpu.
878 set_cpus_allowed_ptr(current, cpu_all_mask);
880 cad_pid = task_pid(current);
882 smp_prepare_cpus(setup_max_cpus);
884 do_pre_smp_initcalls();
885 lockup_detector_init();
892 /* Open the /dev/console on the rootfs, this should never fail */
893 if (sys_open((const char __user *) "/dev/console", O_RDWR, 0) < 0)
894 printk(KERN_WARNING "Warning: unable to open an initial console.\n");
899 * check if there is an early userspace init. If yes, let it do all
903 if (!ramdisk_execute_command)
904 ramdisk_execute_command = "/init";
906 if (sys_access((const char __user *) ramdisk_execute_command, 0) != 0) {
907 ramdisk_execute_command = NULL;
912 * Ok, we have completed the initial bootup, and
913 * we're essentially up and running. Get rid of the
914 * initmem segments and start the user-mode stuff..
917 /* rootfs is available now, try loading default modules */
918 load_default_modules();