1 /* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
3 * Variant of atomic_t specialized for reference counts.
5 * The interface matches the atomic_t interface (to aid in porting) but only
6 * provides the few functions one should use for reference counting.
11 * refcount_t differs from atomic_t in that the counter saturates at
12 * REFCOUNT_SATURATED and will not move once there. This avoids wrapping the
13 * counter and causing 'spurious' use-after-free issues. In order to avoid the
14 * cost associated with introducing cmpxchg() loops into all of the saturating
15 * operations, we temporarily allow the counter to take on an unchecked value
16 * and then explicitly set it to REFCOUNT_SATURATED on detecting that underflow
17 * or overflow has occurred. Although this is racy when multiple threads
18 * access the refcount concurrently, by placing REFCOUNT_SATURATED roughly
19 * equidistant from 0 and INT_MAX we minimise the scope for error:
21 * INT_MAX REFCOUNT_SATURATED UINT_MAX
22 * 0 (0x7fff_ffff) (0xc000_0000) (0xffff_ffff)
23 * +--------------------------------+----------------+----------------+
24 * <---------- bad value! ---------->
26 * (in a signed view of the world, the "bad value" range corresponds to
27 * a negative counter value).
29 * As an example, consider a refcount_inc() operation that causes the counter
32 * int old = atomic_fetch_add_relaxed(r);
33 * // old is INT_MAX, refcount now INT_MIN (0x8000_0000)
35 * atomic_set(r, REFCOUNT_SATURATED);
37 * If another thread also performs a refcount_inc() operation between the two
38 * atomic operations, then the count will continue to edge closer to 0. If it
39 * reaches a value of 1 before /any/ of the threads reset it to the saturated
40 * value, then a concurrent refcount_dec_and_test() may erroneously free the
42 * Linux limits the maximum number of tasks to PID_MAX_LIMIT, which is currently
43 * 0x400000 (and can't easily be raised in the future beyond FUTEX_TID_MASK).
44 * With the current PID limit, if no batched refcounting operations are used and
45 * the attacker can't repeatedly trigger kernel oopses in the middle of refcount
46 * operations, this makes it impossible for a saturated refcount to leave the
47 * saturation range, even if it is possible for multiple uses of the same
48 * refcount to nest in the context of a single task:
50 * (UINT_MAX+1-REFCOUNT_SATURATED) / PID_MAX_LIMIT =
51 * 0x40000000 / 0x400000 = 0x100 = 256
53 * If hundreds of references are added/removed with a single refcounting
54 * operation, it may potentially be possible to leave the saturation range; but
55 * given the precise timing details involved with the round-robin scheduling of
56 * each thread manipulating the refcount and the need to hit the race multiple
57 * times in succession, there doesn't appear to be a practical avenue of attack
58 * even if using refcount_add() operations with larger increments.
63 * Memory ordering rules are slightly relaxed wrt regular atomic_t functions
64 * and provide only what is strictly required for refcounts.
66 * The increments are fully relaxed; these will not provide ordering. The
67 * rationale is that whatever is used to obtain the object we're increasing the
68 * reference count on will provide the ordering. For locked data structures,
69 * its the lock acquire, for RCU/lockless data structures its the dependent
72 * Do note that inc_not_zero() provides a control dependency which will order
73 * future stores against the inc, this ensures we'll never modify the object
74 * if we did not in fact acquire a reference.
76 * The decrements will provide release order, such that all the prior loads and
77 * stores will be issued before, it also provides a control dependency, which
78 * will order us against the subsequent free().
80 * The control dependency is against the load of the cmpxchg (ll/sc) that
81 * succeeded. This means the stores aren't fully ordered, but this is fine
82 * because the 1->0 transition indicates no concurrency.
84 * Note that the allocator is responsible for ordering things between free()
87 * The decrements dec_and_test() and sub_and_test() also provide acquire
88 * ordering on success.
92 #ifndef _LINUX_REFCOUNT_H
93 #define _LINUX_REFCOUNT_H
95 #include <linux/atomic.h>
96 #include <linux/bug.h>
97 #include <linux/compiler.h>
98 #include <linux/limits.h>
99 #include <linux/spinlock_types.h>
104 * typedef refcount_t - variant of atomic_t specialized for reference counts
105 * @refs: atomic_t counter field
107 * The counter saturates at REFCOUNT_SATURATED and will not move once
108 * there. This avoids wrapping the counter and causing 'spurious'
109 * use-after-free bugs.
111 typedef struct refcount_struct {
115 #define REFCOUNT_INIT(n) { .refs = ATOMIC_INIT(n), }
116 #define REFCOUNT_MAX INT_MAX
117 #define REFCOUNT_SATURATED (INT_MIN / 2)
119 enum refcount_saturation_type {
120 REFCOUNT_ADD_NOT_ZERO_OVF,
127 void refcount_warn_saturate(refcount_t *r, enum refcount_saturation_type t);
130 * refcount_set - set a refcount's value
132 * @n: value to which the refcount will be set
134 static inline void refcount_set(refcount_t *r, int n)
136 atomic_set(&r->refs, n);
140 * refcount_read - get a refcount's value
143 * Return: the refcount's value
145 static inline unsigned int refcount_read(const refcount_t *r)
147 return atomic_read(&r->refs);
150 static inline __must_check bool __refcount_add_not_zero(int i, refcount_t *r, int *oldp)
152 int old = refcount_read(r);
157 } while (!atomic_try_cmpxchg_relaxed(&r->refs, &old, old + i));
162 if (unlikely(old < 0 || old + i < 0))
163 refcount_warn_saturate(r, REFCOUNT_ADD_NOT_ZERO_OVF);
169 * refcount_add_not_zero - add a value to a refcount unless it is 0
170 * @i: the value to add to the refcount
173 * Will saturate at REFCOUNT_SATURATED and WARN.
175 * Provides no memory ordering, it is assumed the caller has guaranteed the
176 * object memory to be stable (RCU, etc.). It does provide a control dependency
177 * and thereby orders future stores. See the comment on top.
179 * Use of this function is not recommended for the normal reference counting
180 * use case in which references are taken and released one at a time. In these
181 * cases, refcount_inc(), or one of its variants, should instead be used to
182 * increment a reference count.
184 * Return: false if the passed refcount is 0, true otherwise
186 static inline __must_check bool refcount_add_not_zero(int i, refcount_t *r)
188 return __refcount_add_not_zero(i, r, NULL);
191 static inline void __refcount_add(int i, refcount_t *r, int *oldp)
193 int old = atomic_fetch_add_relaxed(i, &r->refs);
199 refcount_warn_saturate(r, REFCOUNT_ADD_UAF);
200 else if (unlikely(old < 0 || old + i < 0))
201 refcount_warn_saturate(r, REFCOUNT_ADD_OVF);
205 * refcount_add - add a value to a refcount
206 * @i: the value to add to the refcount
209 * Similar to atomic_add(), but will saturate at REFCOUNT_SATURATED and WARN.
211 * Provides no memory ordering, it is assumed the caller has guaranteed the
212 * object memory to be stable (RCU, etc.). It does provide a control dependency
213 * and thereby orders future stores. See the comment on top.
215 * Use of this function is not recommended for the normal reference counting
216 * use case in which references are taken and released one at a time. In these
217 * cases, refcount_inc(), or one of its variants, should instead be used to
218 * increment a reference count.
220 static inline void refcount_add(int i, refcount_t *r)
222 __refcount_add(i, r, NULL);
225 static inline __must_check bool __refcount_inc_not_zero(refcount_t *r, int *oldp)
227 return __refcount_add_not_zero(1, r, oldp);
231 * refcount_inc_not_zero - increment a refcount unless it is 0
232 * @r: the refcount to increment
234 * Similar to atomic_inc_not_zero(), but will saturate at REFCOUNT_SATURATED
237 * Provides no memory ordering, it is assumed the caller has guaranteed the
238 * object memory to be stable (RCU, etc.). It does provide a control dependency
239 * and thereby orders future stores. See the comment on top.
241 * Return: true if the increment was successful, false otherwise
243 static inline __must_check bool refcount_inc_not_zero(refcount_t *r)
245 return __refcount_inc_not_zero(r, NULL);
248 static inline void __refcount_inc(refcount_t *r, int *oldp)
250 __refcount_add(1, r, oldp);
254 * refcount_inc - increment a refcount
255 * @r: the refcount to increment
257 * Similar to atomic_inc(), but will saturate at REFCOUNT_SATURATED and WARN.
259 * Provides no memory ordering, it is assumed the caller already has a
260 * reference on the object.
262 * Will WARN if the refcount is 0, as this represents a possible use-after-free
265 static inline void refcount_inc(refcount_t *r)
267 __refcount_inc(r, NULL);
270 static inline __must_check bool __refcount_sub_and_test(int i, refcount_t *r, int *oldp)
272 int old = atomic_fetch_sub_release(i, &r->refs);
278 smp_acquire__after_ctrl_dep();
282 if (unlikely(old < 0 || old - i < 0))
283 refcount_warn_saturate(r, REFCOUNT_SUB_UAF);
289 * refcount_sub_and_test - subtract from a refcount and test if it is 0
290 * @i: amount to subtract from the refcount
293 * Similar to atomic_dec_and_test(), but it will WARN, return false and
294 * ultimately leak on underflow and will fail to decrement when saturated
295 * at REFCOUNT_SATURATED.
297 * Provides release memory ordering, such that prior loads and stores are done
298 * before, and provides an acquire ordering on success such that free()
301 * Use of this function is not recommended for the normal reference counting
302 * use case in which references are taken and released one at a time. In these
303 * cases, refcount_dec(), or one of its variants, should instead be used to
304 * decrement a reference count.
306 * Return: true if the resulting refcount is 0, false otherwise
308 static inline __must_check bool refcount_sub_and_test(int i, refcount_t *r)
310 return __refcount_sub_and_test(i, r, NULL);
313 static inline __must_check bool __refcount_dec_and_test(refcount_t *r, int *oldp)
315 return __refcount_sub_and_test(1, r, oldp);
319 * refcount_dec_and_test - decrement a refcount and test if it is 0
322 * Similar to atomic_dec_and_test(), it will WARN on underflow and fail to
323 * decrement when saturated at REFCOUNT_SATURATED.
325 * Provides release memory ordering, such that prior loads and stores are done
326 * before, and provides an acquire ordering on success such that free()
329 * Return: true if the resulting refcount is 0, false otherwise
331 static inline __must_check bool refcount_dec_and_test(refcount_t *r)
333 return __refcount_dec_and_test(r, NULL);
336 static inline void __refcount_dec(refcount_t *r, int *oldp)
338 int old = atomic_fetch_sub_release(1, &r->refs);
343 if (unlikely(old <= 1))
344 refcount_warn_saturate(r, REFCOUNT_DEC_LEAK);
348 * refcount_dec - decrement a refcount
351 * Similar to atomic_dec(), it will WARN on underflow and fail to decrement
352 * when saturated at REFCOUNT_SATURATED.
354 * Provides release memory ordering, such that prior loads and stores are done
357 static inline void refcount_dec(refcount_t *r)
359 __refcount_dec(r, NULL);
362 extern __must_check bool refcount_dec_if_one(refcount_t *r);
363 extern __must_check bool refcount_dec_not_one(refcount_t *r);
364 extern __must_check bool refcount_dec_and_mutex_lock(refcount_t *r, struct mutex *lock) __cond_acquires(lock);
365 extern __must_check bool refcount_dec_and_lock(refcount_t *r, spinlock_t *lock) __cond_acquires(lock);
366 extern __must_check bool refcount_dec_and_lock_irqsave(refcount_t *r,
368 unsigned long *flags) __cond_acquires(lock);
369 #endif /* _LINUX_REFCOUNT_H */