1 /* gf128mul.h - GF(2^128) multiplication functions
3 * Copyright (c) 2003, Dr Brian Gladman, Worcester, UK.
4 * Copyright (c) 2006 Rik Snel <rsnel@cube.dyndns.org>
6 * Based on Dr Brian Gladman's (GPL'd) work published at
7 * http://fp.gladman.plus.com/cryptography_technology/index.htm
8 * See the original copyright notice below.
10 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
11 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free
12 * Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option)
16 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
17 Copyright (c) 2003, Dr Brian Gladman, Worcester, UK. All rights reserved.
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22 form is allowed (with or without changes) provided that:
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43 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
44 Issue Date: 31/01/2006
46 An implementation of field multiplication in Galois Field GF(2^128)
49 #ifndef _CRYPTO_GF128MUL_H
50 #define _CRYPTO_GF128MUL_H
52 #include <asm/byteorder.h>
53 #include <crypto/b128ops.h>
54 #include <linux/slab.h>
58 * For some background on GF(2^128) see for example:
59 * http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/ST/toolkit/BCM/documents/proposedmodes/gcm/gcm-revised-spec.pdf
61 * The elements of GF(2^128) := GF(2)[X]/(X^128-X^7-X^2-X^1-1) can
62 * be mapped to computer memory in a variety of ways. Let's examine
65 * Take a look at the 16 binary octets below in memory order. The msb's
66 * are left and the lsb's are right. char b[16] is an array and b[0] is
69 * 10000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 .... 00000000 00000000 00000000
70 * b[0] b[1] b[2] b[3] b[13] b[14] b[15]
72 * Every bit is a coefficient of some power of X. We can store the bits
73 * in every byte in little-endian order and the bytes themselves also in
74 * little endian order. I will call this lle (little-little-endian).
75 * The above buffer represents the polynomial 1, and X^7+X^2+X^1+1 looks
76 * like 11100001 00000000 .... 00000000 = { 0xE1, 0x00, }.
77 * This format was originally implemented in gf128mul and is used
78 * in GCM (Galois/Counter mode) and in ABL (Arbitrary Block Length).
80 * Another convention says: store the bits in bigendian order and the
81 * bytes also. This is bbe (big-big-endian). Now the buffer above
82 * represents X^127. X^7+X^2+X^1+1 looks like 00000000 .... 10000111,
83 * b[15] = 0x87 and the rest is 0. LRW uses this convention and bbe
84 * is partly implemented.
86 * Both of the above formats are easy to implement on big-endian
89 * XTS and EME (the latter of which is patent encumbered) use the ble
90 * format (bits are stored in big endian order and the bytes in little
91 * endian). The above buffer represents X^7 in this case and the
92 * primitive polynomial is b[0] = 0x87.
94 * The common machine word-size is smaller than 128 bits, so to make
95 * an efficient implementation we must split into machine word sizes.
96 * This implementation uses 64-bit words for the moment. Machine
97 * endianness comes into play. The lle format in relation to machine
98 * endianness is discussed below by the original author of gf128mul Dr
101 * Let's look at the bbe and ble format on a little endian machine.
103 * bbe on a little endian machine u32 x[4]:
105 * MS x[0] LS MS x[1] LS
106 * ms ls ms ls ms ls ms ls ms ls ms ls ms ls ms ls
107 * 103..96 111.104 119.112 127.120 71...64 79...72 87...80 95...88
109 * MS x[2] LS MS x[3] LS
110 * ms ls ms ls ms ls ms ls ms ls ms ls ms ls ms ls
111 * 39...32 47...40 55...48 63...56 07...00 15...08 23...16 31...24
113 * ble on a little endian machine
115 * MS x[0] LS MS x[1] LS
116 * ms ls ms ls ms ls ms ls ms ls ms ls ms ls ms ls
117 * 31...24 23...16 15...08 07...00 63...56 55...48 47...40 39...32
119 * MS x[2] LS MS x[3] LS
120 * ms ls ms ls ms ls ms ls ms ls ms ls ms ls ms ls
121 * 95...88 87...80 79...72 71...64 127.120 199.112 111.104 103..96
123 * Multiplications in GF(2^128) are mostly bit-shifts, so you see why
124 * ble (and lbe also) are easier to implement on a little-endian
125 * machine than on a big-endian machine. The converse holds for bbe
128 * Note: to have good alignment, it seems to me that it is sufficient
129 * to keep elements of GF(2^128) in type u64[2]. On 32-bit wordsize
130 * machines this will automatically aligned to wordsize and on a 64-bit
133 /* Multiply a GF(2^128) field element by x. Field elements are
134 held in arrays of bytes in which field bits 8n..8n + 7 are held in
135 byte[n], with lower indexed bits placed in the more numerically
136 significant bit positions within bytes.
138 On little endian machines the bit indexes translate into the bit
139 positions within four 32-bit words in the following way
141 MS x[0] LS MS x[1] LS
142 ms ls ms ls ms ls ms ls ms ls ms ls ms ls ms ls
143 24...31 16...23 08...15 00...07 56...63 48...55 40...47 32...39
145 MS x[2] LS MS x[3] LS
146 ms ls ms ls ms ls ms ls ms ls ms ls ms ls ms ls
147 88...95 80...87 72...79 64...71 120.127 112.119 104.111 96..103
149 On big endian machines the bit indexes translate into the bit
150 positions within four 32-bit words in the following way
152 MS x[0] LS MS x[1] LS
153 ms ls ms ls ms ls ms ls ms ls ms ls ms ls ms ls
154 00...07 08...15 16...23 24...31 32...39 40...47 48...55 56...63
156 MS x[2] LS MS x[3] LS
157 ms ls ms ls ms ls ms ls ms ls ms ls ms ls ms ls
158 64...71 72...79 80...87 88...95 96..103 104.111 112.119 120.127
161 /* A slow generic version of gf_mul, implemented for lle and bbe
162 * It multiplies a and b and puts the result in a */
163 void gf128mul_lle(be128 *a, const be128 *b);
165 void gf128mul_bbe(be128 *a, const be128 *b);
168 * The following functions multiply a field element by x in
169 * the polynomial field representation. They use 64-bit word operations
170 * to gain speed but compensate for machine endianness and hence work
171 * correctly on both styles of machine.
173 * They are defined here for performance.
176 static inline u64 gf128mul_mask_from_bit(u64 x, int which)
178 /* a constant-time version of 'x & ((u64)1 << which) ? (u64)-1 : 0' */
179 return ((s64)(x << (63 - which)) >> 63);
182 static inline void gf128mul_x_lle(be128 *r, const be128 *x)
184 u64 a = be64_to_cpu(x->a);
185 u64 b = be64_to_cpu(x->b);
187 /* equivalent to gf128mul_table_le[(b << 7) & 0xff] << 48
188 * (see crypto/gf128mul.c): */
189 u64 _tt = gf128mul_mask_from_bit(b, 0) & ((u64)0xe1 << 56);
191 r->b = cpu_to_be64((b >> 1) | (a << 63));
192 r->a = cpu_to_be64((a >> 1) ^ _tt);
195 static inline void gf128mul_x_bbe(be128 *r, const be128 *x)
197 u64 a = be64_to_cpu(x->a);
198 u64 b = be64_to_cpu(x->b);
200 /* equivalent to gf128mul_table_be[a >> 63] (see crypto/gf128mul.c): */
201 u64 _tt = gf128mul_mask_from_bit(a, 63) & 0x87;
203 r->a = cpu_to_be64((a << 1) | (b >> 63));
204 r->b = cpu_to_be64((b << 1) ^ _tt);
208 static inline void gf128mul_x_ble(le128 *r, const le128 *x)
210 u64 a = le64_to_cpu(x->a);
211 u64 b = le64_to_cpu(x->b);
213 /* equivalent to gf128mul_table_be[b >> 63] (see crypto/gf128mul.c): */
214 u64 _tt = gf128mul_mask_from_bit(a, 63) & 0x87;
216 r->a = cpu_to_le64((a << 1) | (b >> 63));
217 r->b = cpu_to_le64((b << 1) ^ _tt);
220 /* 4k table optimization */
226 struct gf128mul_4k *gf128mul_init_4k_lle(const be128 *g);
227 struct gf128mul_4k *gf128mul_init_4k_bbe(const be128 *g);
228 void gf128mul_4k_lle(be128 *a, const struct gf128mul_4k *t);
229 void gf128mul_4k_bbe(be128 *a, const struct gf128mul_4k *t);
230 void gf128mul_x8_ble(le128 *r, const le128 *x);
231 static inline void gf128mul_free_4k(struct gf128mul_4k *t)
237 /* 64k table optimization, implemented for bbe */
239 struct gf128mul_64k {
240 struct gf128mul_4k *t[16];
243 /* First initialize with the constant factor with which you
244 * want to multiply and then call gf128mul_64k_bbe with the other
245 * factor in the first argument, and the table in the second.
246 * Afterwards, the result is stored in *a.
248 struct gf128mul_64k *gf128mul_init_64k_bbe(const be128 *g);
249 void gf128mul_free_64k(struct gf128mul_64k *t);
250 void gf128mul_64k_bbe(be128 *a, const struct gf128mul_64k *t);
252 #endif /* _CRYPTO_GF128MUL_H */