1 /* GLIB sliced memory - fast concurrent memory chunk allocator
2 * Copyright (C) 2005 Tim Janik
4 * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
5 * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
6 * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
7 * version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
9 * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
10 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
11 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
12 * Lesser General Public License for more details.
14 * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
15 * License along with this library; if not, write to the
16 * Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330,
17 * Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
22 #include "glibconfig.h"
24 #if defined HAVE_POSIX_MEMALIGN && defined POSIX_MEMALIGN_WITH_COMPLIANT_ALLOCS
25 # define HAVE_COMPLIANT_POSIX_MEMALIGN 1
28 #if defined(HAVE_COMPLIANT_POSIX_MEMALIGN) && !defined(_XOPEN_SOURCE)
29 #define _XOPEN_SOURCE 600 /* posix_memalign() */
31 #include <stdlib.h> /* posix_memalign() */
36 #include <unistd.h> /* sysconf() */
43 #include <stdio.h> /* fputs/fprintf */
48 #include "gmem.h" /* gslice.h */
49 #include "gstrfuncs.h"
51 #include "gtestutils.h"
53 #include "gthreadprivate.h"
54 #include "glib_trace.h"
56 /* the GSlice allocator is split up into 4 layers, roughly modelled after the slab
57 * allocator and magazine extensions as outlined in:
58 * + [Bonwick94] Jeff Bonwick, The slab allocator: An object-caching kernel
59 * memory allocator. USENIX 1994, http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/bonwick94slab.html
60 * + [Bonwick01] Bonwick and Jonathan Adams, Magazines and vmem: Extending the
61 * slab allocator to many cpu's and arbitrary resources.
62 * USENIX 2001, http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/bonwick01magazines.html
64 * - the thread magazines. for each (aligned) chunk size, a magazine (a list)
65 * of recently freed and soon to be allocated chunks is maintained per thread.
66 * this way, most alloc/free requests can be quickly satisfied from per-thread
67 * free lists which only require one g_private_get() call to retrive the
69 * - the magazine cache. allocating and freeing chunks to/from threads only
70 * occours at magazine sizes from a global depot of magazines. the depot
71 * maintaines a 15 second working set of allocated magazines, so full
72 * magazines are not allocated and released too often.
73 * the chunk size dependent magazine sizes automatically adapt (within limits,
74 * see [3]) to lock contention to properly scale performance across a variety
76 * - the slab allocator. this allocator allocates slabs (blocks of memory) close
77 * to the system page size or multiples thereof which have to be page aligned.
78 * the blocks are divided into smaller chunks which are used to satisfy
79 * allocations from the upper layers. the space provided by the reminder of
80 * the chunk size division is used for cache colorization (random distribution
81 * of chunk addresses) to improve processor cache utilization. multiple slabs
82 * with the same chunk size are kept in a partially sorted ring to allow O(1)
83 * freeing and allocation of chunks (as long as the allocation of an entirely
84 * new slab can be avoided).
85 * - the page allocator. on most modern systems, posix_memalign(3) or
86 * memalign(3) should be available, so this is used to allocate blocks with
87 * system page size based alignments and sizes or multiples thereof.
88 * if no memalign variant is provided, valloc() is used instead and
89 * block sizes are limited to the system page size (no multiples thereof).
90 * as a fallback, on system without even valloc(), a malloc(3)-based page
91 * allocator with alloc-only behaviour is used.
94 * [1] some systems memalign(3) implementations may rely on boundary tagging for
95 * the handed out memory chunks. to avoid excessive page-wise fragmentation,
96 * we reserve 2 * sizeof (void*) per block size for the systems memalign(3),
97 * specified in NATIVE_MALLOC_PADDING.
98 * [2] using the slab allocator alone already provides for a fast and efficient
99 * allocator, it doesn't properly scale beyond single-threaded uses though.
100 * also, the slab allocator implements eager free(3)-ing, i.e. does not
101 * provide any form of caching or working set maintenance. so if used alone,
102 * it's vulnerable to trashing for sequences of balanced (alloc, free) pairs
103 * at certain thresholds.
104 * [3] magazine sizes are bound by an implementation specific minimum size and
105 * a chunk size specific maximum to limit magazine storage sizes to roughly
107 * [4] allocating ca. 8 chunks per block/page keeps a good balance between
108 * external and internal fragmentation (<= 12.5%). [Bonwick94]
111 /* --- macros and constants --- */
112 #define LARGEALIGNMENT (256)
113 #define P2ALIGNMENT (2 * sizeof (gsize)) /* fits 2 pointers (assumed to be 2 * GLIB_SIZEOF_SIZE_T below) */
114 #define ALIGN(size, base) ((base) * (gsize) (((size) + (base) - 1) / (base)))
115 #define NATIVE_MALLOC_PADDING P2ALIGNMENT /* per-page padding left for native malloc(3) see [1] */
116 #define SLAB_INFO_SIZE P2ALIGN (sizeof (SlabInfo) + NATIVE_MALLOC_PADDING)
117 #define MAX_MAGAZINE_SIZE (256) /* see [3] and allocator_get_magazine_threshold() for this */
118 #define MIN_MAGAZINE_SIZE (4)
119 #define MAX_STAMP_COUNTER (7) /* distributes the load of gettimeofday() */
120 #define MAX_SLAB_CHUNK_SIZE(al) (((al)->max_page_size - SLAB_INFO_SIZE) / 8) /* we want at last 8 chunks per page, see [4] */
121 #define MAX_SLAB_INDEX(al) (SLAB_INDEX (al, MAX_SLAB_CHUNK_SIZE (al)) + 1)
122 #define SLAB_INDEX(al, asize) ((asize) / P2ALIGNMENT - 1) /* asize must be P2ALIGNMENT aligned */
123 #define SLAB_CHUNK_SIZE(al, ix) (((ix) + 1) * P2ALIGNMENT)
124 #define SLAB_BPAGE_SIZE(al,csz) (8 * (csz) + SLAB_INFO_SIZE)
126 /* optimized version of ALIGN (size, P2ALIGNMENT) */
127 #if GLIB_SIZEOF_SIZE_T * 2 == 8 /* P2ALIGNMENT */
128 #define P2ALIGN(size) (((size) + 0x7) & ~(gsize) 0x7)
129 #elif GLIB_SIZEOF_SIZE_T * 2 == 16 /* P2ALIGNMENT */
130 #define P2ALIGN(size) (((size) + 0xf) & ~(gsize) 0xf)
132 #define P2ALIGN(size) ALIGN (size, P2ALIGNMENT)
135 /* special helpers to avoid gmessage.c dependency */
136 static void mem_error (const char *format, ...) G_GNUC_PRINTF (1,2);
137 #define mem_assert(cond) do { if (G_LIKELY (cond)) ; else mem_error ("assertion failed: %s", #cond); } while (0)
139 /* --- structures --- */
140 typedef struct _ChunkLink ChunkLink;
141 typedef struct _SlabInfo SlabInfo;
142 typedef struct _CachedMagazine CachedMagazine;
150 SlabInfo *next, *prev;
154 gsize count; /* approximative chunks list length */
157 Magazine *magazine1; /* array of MAX_SLAB_INDEX (allocator) */
158 Magazine *magazine2; /* array of MAX_SLAB_INDEX (allocator) */
161 gboolean always_malloc;
162 gboolean bypass_magazines;
163 gboolean debug_blocks;
164 gsize working_set_msecs;
165 guint color_increment;
168 /* const after initialization */
169 gsize min_page_size, max_page_size;
171 gsize max_slab_chunk_size_for_magazine_cache;
173 GMutex *magazine_mutex;
174 ChunkLink **magazines; /* array of MAX_SLAB_INDEX (allocator) */
175 guint *contention_counters; /* array of MAX_SLAB_INDEX (allocator) */
181 SlabInfo **slab_stack; /* array of MAX_SLAB_INDEX (allocator) */
185 /* --- g-slice prototypes --- */
186 static gpointer slab_allocator_alloc_chunk (gsize chunk_size);
187 static void slab_allocator_free_chunk (gsize chunk_size,
189 static void private_thread_memory_cleanup (gpointer data);
190 static gpointer allocator_memalign (gsize alignment,
192 static void allocator_memfree (gsize memsize,
194 static inline void magazine_cache_update_stamp (void);
195 static inline gsize allocator_get_magazine_threshold (Allocator *allocator,
198 /* --- g-slice memory checker --- */
199 static void smc_notify_alloc (void *pointer,
201 static int smc_notify_free (void *pointer,
204 /* --- variables --- */
205 static GPrivate *private_thread_memory = NULL;
206 static gsize sys_page_size = 0;
207 static Allocator allocator[1] = { { 0, }, };
208 static SliceConfig slice_config = {
209 FALSE, /* always_malloc */
210 FALSE, /* bypass_magazines */
211 FALSE, /* debug_blocks */
212 15 * 1000, /* working_set_msecs */
213 1, /* color increment, alt: 0x7fffffff */
215 static GMutex *smc_tree_mutex = NULL; /* mutex for G_SLICE=debug-blocks */
217 /* --- auxillary funcitons --- */
219 g_slice_set_config (GSliceConfig ckey,
222 g_return_if_fail (sys_page_size == 0);
225 case G_SLICE_CONFIG_ALWAYS_MALLOC:
226 slice_config.always_malloc = value != 0;
228 case G_SLICE_CONFIG_BYPASS_MAGAZINES:
229 slice_config.bypass_magazines = value != 0;
231 case G_SLICE_CONFIG_WORKING_SET_MSECS:
232 slice_config.working_set_msecs = value;
234 case G_SLICE_CONFIG_COLOR_INCREMENT:
235 slice_config.color_increment = value;
241 g_slice_get_config (GSliceConfig ckey)
245 case G_SLICE_CONFIG_ALWAYS_MALLOC:
246 return slice_config.always_malloc;
247 case G_SLICE_CONFIG_BYPASS_MAGAZINES:
248 return slice_config.bypass_magazines;
249 case G_SLICE_CONFIG_WORKING_SET_MSECS:
250 return slice_config.working_set_msecs;
251 case G_SLICE_CONFIG_CHUNK_SIZES:
252 return MAX_SLAB_INDEX (allocator);
253 case G_SLICE_CONFIG_COLOR_INCREMENT:
254 return slice_config.color_increment;
261 g_slice_get_config_state (GSliceConfig ckey,
266 g_return_val_if_fail (n_values != NULL, NULL);
271 case G_SLICE_CONFIG_CONTENTION_COUNTER:
272 array[i++] = SLAB_CHUNK_SIZE (allocator, address);
273 array[i++] = allocator->contention_counters[address];
274 array[i++] = allocator_get_magazine_threshold (allocator, address);
276 return g_memdup (array, sizeof (array[0]) * *n_values);
283 slice_config_init (SliceConfig *config)
285 /* don't use g_malloc/g_message here */
287 const gchar *val = _g_getenv_nomalloc ("G_SLICE", buffer);
288 const GDebugKey keys[] = {
289 { "always-malloc", 1 << 0 },
290 { "debug-blocks", 1 << 1 },
292 gint flags = !val ? 0 : g_parse_debug_string (val, keys, G_N_ELEMENTS (keys));
293 *config = slice_config;
294 if (flags & (1 << 0)) /* always-malloc */
295 config->always_malloc = TRUE;
296 if (flags & (1 << 1)) /* debug-blocks */
297 config->debug_blocks = TRUE;
301 g_slice_init_nomessage (void)
303 /* we may not use g_error() or friends here */
304 mem_assert (sys_page_size == 0);
305 mem_assert (MIN_MAGAZINE_SIZE >= 4);
309 SYSTEM_INFO system_info;
310 GetSystemInfo (&system_info);
311 sys_page_size = system_info.dwPageSize;
314 sys_page_size = sysconf (_SC_PAGESIZE); /* = sysconf (_SC_PAGE_SIZE); = getpagesize(); */
316 mem_assert (sys_page_size >= 2 * LARGEALIGNMENT);
317 mem_assert ((sys_page_size & (sys_page_size - 1)) == 0);
318 slice_config_init (&allocator->config);
319 allocator->min_page_size = sys_page_size;
320 #if HAVE_COMPLIANT_POSIX_MEMALIGN || HAVE_MEMALIGN
321 /* allow allocation of pages up to 8KB (with 8KB alignment).
322 * this is useful because many medium to large sized structures
323 * fit less than 8 times (see [4]) into 4KB pages.
324 * we allow very small page sizes here, to reduce wastage in
325 * threads if only small allocations are required (this does
326 * bear the risk of incresing allocation times and fragmentation
329 allocator->min_page_size = MAX (allocator->min_page_size, 4096);
330 allocator->max_page_size = MAX (allocator->min_page_size, 8192);
331 allocator->min_page_size = MIN (allocator->min_page_size, 128);
333 /* we can only align to system page size */
334 allocator->max_page_size = sys_page_size;
336 if (allocator->config.always_malloc)
338 allocator->contention_counters = NULL;
339 allocator->magazines = NULL;
340 allocator->slab_stack = NULL;
344 allocator->contention_counters = g_new0 (guint, MAX_SLAB_INDEX (allocator));
345 allocator->magazines = g_new0 (ChunkLink*, MAX_SLAB_INDEX (allocator));
346 allocator->slab_stack = g_new0 (SlabInfo*, MAX_SLAB_INDEX (allocator));
349 allocator->magazine_mutex = NULL; /* _g_slice_thread_init_nomessage() */
350 allocator->mutex_counter = 0;
351 allocator->stamp_counter = MAX_STAMP_COUNTER; /* force initial update */
352 allocator->last_stamp = 0;
353 allocator->slab_mutex = NULL; /* _g_slice_thread_init_nomessage() */
354 allocator->color_accu = 0;
355 magazine_cache_update_stamp();
356 /* values cached for performance reasons */
357 allocator->max_slab_chunk_size_for_magazine_cache = MAX_SLAB_CHUNK_SIZE (allocator);
358 if (allocator->config.always_malloc || allocator->config.bypass_magazines)
359 allocator->max_slab_chunk_size_for_magazine_cache = 0; /* non-optimized cases */
360 /* at this point, g_mem_gc_friendly() should be initialized, this
361 * should have been accomplished by the above g_malloc/g_new calls
366 allocator_categorize (gsize aligned_chunk_size)
368 /* speed up the likely path */
369 if (G_LIKELY (aligned_chunk_size && aligned_chunk_size <= allocator->max_slab_chunk_size_for_magazine_cache))
370 return 1; /* use magazine cache */
372 /* the above will fail (max_slab_chunk_size_for_magazine_cache == 0) if the
373 * allocator is still uninitialized, or if we are not configured to use the
377 g_slice_init_nomessage ();
378 if (!allocator->config.always_malloc &&
379 aligned_chunk_size &&
380 aligned_chunk_size <= MAX_SLAB_CHUNK_SIZE (allocator))
382 if (allocator->config.bypass_magazines)
383 return 2; /* use slab allocator, see [2] */
384 return 1; /* use magazine cache */
386 return 0; /* use malloc() */
390 _g_slice_thread_init_nomessage (void)
392 /* we may not use g_error() or friends here */
394 g_slice_init_nomessage();
397 /* g_slice_init_nomessage() has been called already, probably due
398 * to a g_slice_alloc1() before g_thread_init().
401 private_thread_memory = g_private_new (private_thread_memory_cleanup);
402 allocator->magazine_mutex = g_mutex_new();
403 allocator->slab_mutex = g_mutex_new();
404 if (allocator->config.debug_blocks)
405 smc_tree_mutex = g_mutex_new();
409 g_mutex_lock_a (GMutex *mutex,
410 guint *contention_counter)
412 gboolean contention = FALSE;
413 if (!g_mutex_trylock (mutex))
415 g_mutex_lock (mutex);
420 allocator->mutex_counter++;
421 if (allocator->mutex_counter >= 1) /* quickly adapt to contention */
423 allocator->mutex_counter = 0;
424 *contention_counter = MIN (*contention_counter + 1, MAX_MAGAZINE_SIZE);
427 else /* !contention */
429 allocator->mutex_counter--;
430 if (allocator->mutex_counter < -11) /* moderately recover magazine sizes */
432 allocator->mutex_counter = 0;
433 *contention_counter = MAX (*contention_counter, 1) - 1;
438 static inline ThreadMemory*
439 thread_memory_from_self (void)
441 ThreadMemory *tmem = g_private_get (private_thread_memory);
442 if (G_UNLIKELY (!tmem))
444 static ThreadMemory *single_thread_memory = NULL; /* remember single-thread info for multi-threaded case */
445 if (single_thread_memory && g_thread_supported ())
447 g_mutex_lock (allocator->slab_mutex);
448 if (single_thread_memory)
450 /* GSlice has been used before g_thread_init(), and now
451 * we are running threaded. to cope with it, use the saved
452 * thread memory structure from when we weren't threaded.
454 tmem = single_thread_memory;
455 single_thread_memory = NULL; /* slab_mutex protected when multi-threaded */
457 g_mutex_unlock (allocator->slab_mutex);
461 const guint n_magazines = MAX_SLAB_INDEX (allocator);
462 tmem = g_malloc0 (sizeof (ThreadMemory) + sizeof (Magazine) * 2 * n_magazines);
463 tmem->magazine1 = (Magazine*) (tmem + 1);
464 tmem->magazine2 = &tmem->magazine1[n_magazines];
466 /* g_private_get/g_private_set works in the single-threaded xor the multi-
467 * threaded case. but not *across* g_thread_init(), after multi-thread
468 * initialization it returns NULL for previously set single-thread data.
470 g_private_set (private_thread_memory, tmem);
471 /* save single-thread thread memory structure, in case we need to
472 * pick it up again after multi-thread initialization happened.
474 if (!single_thread_memory && !g_thread_supported ())
475 single_thread_memory = tmem; /* no slab_mutex created yet */
480 static inline ChunkLink*
481 magazine_chain_pop_head (ChunkLink **magazine_chunks)
483 /* magazine chains are linked via ChunkLink->next.
484 * each ChunkLink->data of the toplevel chain may point to a subchain,
485 * linked via ChunkLink->next. ChunkLink->data of the subchains just
486 * contains uninitialized junk.
488 ChunkLink *chunk = (*magazine_chunks)->data;
489 if (G_UNLIKELY (chunk))
491 /* allocating from freed list */
492 (*magazine_chunks)->data = chunk->next;
496 chunk = *magazine_chunks;
497 *magazine_chunks = chunk->next;
502 #if 0 /* useful for debugging */
504 magazine_count (ChunkLink *head)
511 ChunkLink *child = head->data;
513 for (child = head->data; child; child = child->next)
522 allocator_get_magazine_threshold (Allocator *allocator,
525 /* the magazine size calculated here has a lower bound of MIN_MAGAZINE_SIZE,
526 * which is required by the implementation. also, for moderately sized chunks
527 * (say >= 64 bytes), magazine sizes shouldn't be much smaller then the number
528 * of chunks available per page/2 to avoid excessive traffic in the magazine
529 * cache for small to medium sized structures.
530 * the upper bound of the magazine size is effectively provided by
531 * MAX_MAGAZINE_SIZE. for larger chunks, this number is scaled down so that
532 * the content of a single magazine doesn't exceed ca. 16KB.
534 gsize chunk_size = SLAB_CHUNK_SIZE (allocator, ix);
535 guint threshold = MAX (MIN_MAGAZINE_SIZE, allocator->max_page_size / MAX (5 * chunk_size, 5 * 32));
536 guint contention_counter = allocator->contention_counters[ix];
537 if (G_UNLIKELY (contention_counter)) /* single CPU bias */
539 /* adapt contention counter thresholds to chunk sizes */
540 contention_counter = contention_counter * 64 / chunk_size;
541 threshold = MAX (threshold, contention_counter);
546 /* --- magazine cache --- */
548 magazine_cache_update_stamp (void)
550 if (allocator->stamp_counter >= MAX_STAMP_COUNTER)
553 g_get_current_time (&tv);
554 allocator->last_stamp = tv.tv_sec * 1000 + tv.tv_usec / 1000; /* milli seconds */
555 allocator->stamp_counter = 0;
558 allocator->stamp_counter++;
561 static inline ChunkLink*
562 magazine_chain_prepare_fields (ChunkLink *magazine_chunks)
568 /* checked upon initialization: mem_assert (MIN_MAGAZINE_SIZE >= 4); */
569 /* ensure a magazine with at least 4 unused data pointers */
570 chunk1 = magazine_chain_pop_head (&magazine_chunks);
571 chunk2 = magazine_chain_pop_head (&magazine_chunks);
572 chunk3 = magazine_chain_pop_head (&magazine_chunks);
573 chunk4 = magazine_chain_pop_head (&magazine_chunks);
574 chunk4->next = magazine_chunks;
575 chunk3->next = chunk4;
576 chunk2->next = chunk3;
577 chunk1->next = chunk2;
581 /* access the first 3 fields of a specially prepared magazine chain */
582 #define magazine_chain_prev(mc) ((mc)->data)
583 #define magazine_chain_stamp(mc) ((mc)->next->data)
584 #define magazine_chain_uint_stamp(mc) GPOINTER_TO_UINT ((mc)->next->data)
585 #define magazine_chain_next(mc) ((mc)->next->next->data)
586 #define magazine_chain_count(mc) ((mc)->next->next->next->data)
589 magazine_cache_trim (Allocator *allocator,
593 /* g_mutex_lock (allocator->mutex); done by caller */
594 /* trim magazine cache from tail */
595 ChunkLink *current = magazine_chain_prev (allocator->magazines[ix]);
596 ChunkLink *trash = NULL;
597 while (ABS (stamp - magazine_chain_uint_stamp (current)) >= allocator->config.working_set_msecs)
600 ChunkLink *prev = magazine_chain_prev (current);
601 ChunkLink *next = magazine_chain_next (current);
602 magazine_chain_next (prev) = next;
603 magazine_chain_prev (next) = prev;
604 /* clear special fields, put on trash stack */
605 magazine_chain_next (current) = NULL;
606 magazine_chain_count (current) = NULL;
607 magazine_chain_stamp (current) = NULL;
608 magazine_chain_prev (current) = trash;
610 /* fixup list head if required */
611 if (current == allocator->magazines[ix])
613 allocator->magazines[ix] = NULL;
618 g_mutex_unlock (allocator->magazine_mutex);
622 const gsize chunk_size = SLAB_CHUNK_SIZE (allocator, ix);
623 g_mutex_lock (allocator->slab_mutex);
627 trash = magazine_chain_prev (current);
628 magazine_chain_prev (current) = NULL; /* clear special field */
631 ChunkLink *chunk = magazine_chain_pop_head (¤t);
632 slab_allocator_free_chunk (chunk_size, chunk);
635 g_mutex_unlock (allocator->slab_mutex);
640 magazine_cache_push_magazine (guint ix,
641 ChunkLink *magazine_chunks,
642 gsize count) /* must be >= MIN_MAGAZINE_SIZE */
644 ChunkLink *current = magazine_chain_prepare_fields (magazine_chunks);
645 ChunkLink *next, *prev;
646 g_mutex_lock (allocator->magazine_mutex);
647 /* add magazine at head */
648 next = allocator->magazines[ix];
650 prev = magazine_chain_prev (next);
652 next = prev = current;
653 magazine_chain_next (prev) = current;
654 magazine_chain_prev (next) = current;
655 magazine_chain_prev (current) = prev;
656 magazine_chain_next (current) = next;
657 magazine_chain_count (current) = (gpointer) count;
659 magazine_cache_update_stamp();
660 magazine_chain_stamp (current) = GUINT_TO_POINTER (allocator->last_stamp);
661 allocator->magazines[ix] = current;
662 /* free old magazines beyond a certain threshold */
663 magazine_cache_trim (allocator, ix, allocator->last_stamp);
664 /* g_mutex_unlock (allocator->mutex); was done by magazine_cache_trim() */
668 magazine_cache_pop_magazine (guint ix,
671 g_mutex_lock_a (allocator->magazine_mutex, &allocator->contention_counters[ix]);
672 if (!allocator->magazines[ix])
674 guint magazine_threshold = allocator_get_magazine_threshold (allocator, ix);
675 gsize i, chunk_size = SLAB_CHUNK_SIZE (allocator, ix);
676 ChunkLink *chunk, *head;
677 g_mutex_unlock (allocator->magazine_mutex);
678 g_mutex_lock (allocator->slab_mutex);
679 head = slab_allocator_alloc_chunk (chunk_size);
682 for (i = 1; i < magazine_threshold; i++)
684 chunk->next = slab_allocator_alloc_chunk (chunk_size);
689 g_mutex_unlock (allocator->slab_mutex);
695 ChunkLink *current = allocator->magazines[ix];
696 ChunkLink *prev = magazine_chain_prev (current);
697 ChunkLink *next = magazine_chain_next (current);
699 magazine_chain_next (prev) = next;
700 magazine_chain_prev (next) = prev;
701 allocator->magazines[ix] = next == current ? NULL : next;
702 g_mutex_unlock (allocator->magazine_mutex);
703 /* clear special fields and hand out */
704 *countp = (gsize) magazine_chain_count (current);
705 magazine_chain_prev (current) = NULL;
706 magazine_chain_next (current) = NULL;
707 magazine_chain_count (current) = NULL;
708 magazine_chain_stamp (current) = NULL;
713 /* --- thread magazines --- */
715 private_thread_memory_cleanup (gpointer data)
717 ThreadMemory *tmem = data;
718 const guint n_magazines = MAX_SLAB_INDEX (allocator);
720 for (ix = 0; ix < n_magazines; ix++)
724 mags[0] = &tmem->magazine1[ix];
725 mags[1] = &tmem->magazine2[ix];
726 for (j = 0; j < 2; j++)
728 Magazine *mag = mags[j];
729 if (mag->count >= MIN_MAGAZINE_SIZE)
730 magazine_cache_push_magazine (ix, mag->chunks, mag->count);
733 const gsize chunk_size = SLAB_CHUNK_SIZE (allocator, ix);
734 g_mutex_lock (allocator->slab_mutex);
737 ChunkLink *chunk = magazine_chain_pop_head (&mag->chunks);
738 slab_allocator_free_chunk (chunk_size, chunk);
740 g_mutex_unlock (allocator->slab_mutex);
748 thread_memory_magazine1_reload (ThreadMemory *tmem,
751 Magazine *mag = &tmem->magazine1[ix];
752 mem_assert (mag->chunks == NULL); /* ensure that we may reset mag->count */
754 mag->chunks = magazine_cache_pop_magazine (ix, &mag->count);
758 thread_memory_magazine2_unload (ThreadMemory *tmem,
761 Magazine *mag = &tmem->magazine2[ix];
762 magazine_cache_push_magazine (ix, mag->chunks, mag->count);
768 thread_memory_swap_magazines (ThreadMemory *tmem,
771 Magazine xmag = tmem->magazine1[ix];
772 tmem->magazine1[ix] = tmem->magazine2[ix];
773 tmem->magazine2[ix] = xmag;
776 static inline gboolean
777 thread_memory_magazine1_is_empty (ThreadMemory *tmem,
780 return tmem->magazine1[ix].chunks == NULL;
783 static inline gboolean
784 thread_memory_magazine2_is_full (ThreadMemory *tmem,
787 return tmem->magazine2[ix].count >= allocator_get_magazine_threshold (allocator, ix);
790 static inline gpointer
791 thread_memory_magazine1_alloc (ThreadMemory *tmem,
794 Magazine *mag = &tmem->magazine1[ix];
795 ChunkLink *chunk = magazine_chain_pop_head (&mag->chunks);
796 if (G_LIKELY (mag->count > 0))
802 thread_memory_magazine2_free (ThreadMemory *tmem,
806 Magazine *mag = &tmem->magazine2[ix];
807 ChunkLink *chunk = mem;
809 chunk->next = mag->chunks;
814 /* --- API functions --- */
816 g_slice_alloc (gsize mem_size)
821 chunk_size = P2ALIGN (mem_size);
822 acat = allocator_categorize (chunk_size);
823 if (G_LIKELY (acat == 1)) /* allocate through magazine layer */
825 ThreadMemory *tmem = thread_memory_from_self();
826 guint ix = SLAB_INDEX (allocator, chunk_size);
827 if (G_UNLIKELY (thread_memory_magazine1_is_empty (tmem, ix)))
829 thread_memory_swap_magazines (tmem, ix);
830 if (G_UNLIKELY (thread_memory_magazine1_is_empty (tmem, ix)))
831 thread_memory_magazine1_reload (tmem, ix);
833 mem = thread_memory_magazine1_alloc (tmem, ix);
835 else if (acat == 2) /* allocate through slab allocator */
837 g_mutex_lock (allocator->slab_mutex);
838 mem = slab_allocator_alloc_chunk (chunk_size);
839 g_mutex_unlock (allocator->slab_mutex);
841 else /* delegate to system malloc */
842 mem = g_malloc (mem_size);
843 if (G_UNLIKELY (allocator->config.debug_blocks))
844 smc_notify_alloc (mem, mem_size);
846 TRACE (GLIB_SLICE_ALLOC((void*)mem, mem_size));
852 g_slice_alloc0 (gsize mem_size)
854 gpointer mem = g_slice_alloc (mem_size);
856 memset (mem, 0, mem_size);
861 g_slice_copy (gsize mem_size,
862 gconstpointer mem_block)
864 gpointer mem = g_slice_alloc (mem_size);
866 memcpy (mem, mem_block, mem_size);
871 g_slice_free1 (gsize mem_size,
874 gsize chunk_size = P2ALIGN (mem_size);
875 guint acat = allocator_categorize (chunk_size);
876 if (G_UNLIKELY (!mem_block))
878 if (G_UNLIKELY (allocator->config.debug_blocks) &&
879 !smc_notify_free (mem_block, mem_size))
881 if (G_LIKELY (acat == 1)) /* allocate through magazine layer */
883 ThreadMemory *tmem = thread_memory_from_self();
884 guint ix = SLAB_INDEX (allocator, chunk_size);
885 if (G_UNLIKELY (thread_memory_magazine2_is_full (tmem, ix)))
887 thread_memory_swap_magazines (tmem, ix);
888 if (G_UNLIKELY (thread_memory_magazine2_is_full (tmem, ix)))
889 thread_memory_magazine2_unload (tmem, ix);
891 if (G_UNLIKELY (g_mem_gc_friendly))
892 memset (mem_block, 0, chunk_size);
893 thread_memory_magazine2_free (tmem, ix, mem_block);
895 else if (acat == 2) /* allocate through slab allocator */
897 if (G_UNLIKELY (g_mem_gc_friendly))
898 memset (mem_block, 0, chunk_size);
899 g_mutex_lock (allocator->slab_mutex);
900 slab_allocator_free_chunk (chunk_size, mem_block);
901 g_mutex_unlock (allocator->slab_mutex);
903 else /* delegate to system malloc */
905 if (G_UNLIKELY (g_mem_gc_friendly))
906 memset (mem_block, 0, mem_size);
909 TRACE (GLIB_SLICE_FREE((void*)mem_block, mem_size));
913 g_slice_free_chain_with_offset (gsize mem_size,
917 gpointer slice = mem_chain;
918 /* while the thread magazines and the magazine cache are implemented so that
919 * they can easily be extended to allow for free lists containing more free
920 * lists for the first level nodes, which would allow O(1) freeing in this
921 * function, the benefit of such an extension is questionable, because:
922 * - the magazine size counts will become mere lower bounds which confuses
923 * the code adapting to lock contention;
924 * - freeing a single node to the thread magazines is very fast, so this
925 * O(list_length) operation is multiplied by a fairly small factor;
926 * - memory usage histograms on larger applications seem to indicate that
927 * the amount of released multi node lists is negligible in comparison
928 * to single node releases.
929 * - the major performance bottle neck, namely g_private_get() or
930 * g_mutex_lock()/g_mutex_unlock() has already been moved out of the
931 * inner loop for freeing chained slices.
933 gsize chunk_size = P2ALIGN (mem_size);
934 guint acat = allocator_categorize (chunk_size);
935 if (G_LIKELY (acat == 1)) /* allocate through magazine layer */
937 ThreadMemory *tmem = thread_memory_from_self();
938 guint ix = SLAB_INDEX (allocator, chunk_size);
941 guint8 *current = slice;
942 slice = *(gpointer*) (current + next_offset);
943 if (G_UNLIKELY (allocator->config.debug_blocks) &&
944 !smc_notify_free (current, mem_size))
946 if (G_UNLIKELY (thread_memory_magazine2_is_full (tmem, ix)))
948 thread_memory_swap_magazines (tmem, ix);
949 if (G_UNLIKELY (thread_memory_magazine2_is_full (tmem, ix)))
950 thread_memory_magazine2_unload (tmem, ix);
952 if (G_UNLIKELY (g_mem_gc_friendly))
953 memset (current, 0, chunk_size);
954 thread_memory_magazine2_free (tmem, ix, current);
957 else if (acat == 2) /* allocate through slab allocator */
959 g_mutex_lock (allocator->slab_mutex);
962 guint8 *current = slice;
963 slice = *(gpointer*) (current + next_offset);
964 if (G_UNLIKELY (allocator->config.debug_blocks) &&
965 !smc_notify_free (current, mem_size))
967 if (G_UNLIKELY (g_mem_gc_friendly))
968 memset (current, 0, chunk_size);
969 slab_allocator_free_chunk (chunk_size, current);
971 g_mutex_unlock (allocator->slab_mutex);
973 else /* delegate to system malloc */
976 guint8 *current = slice;
977 slice = *(gpointer*) (current + next_offset);
978 if (G_UNLIKELY (allocator->config.debug_blocks) &&
979 !smc_notify_free (current, mem_size))
981 if (G_UNLIKELY (g_mem_gc_friendly))
982 memset (current, 0, mem_size);
987 /* --- single page allocator --- */
989 allocator_slab_stack_push (Allocator *allocator,
993 /* insert slab at slab ring head */
994 if (!allocator->slab_stack[ix])
1001 SlabInfo *next = allocator->slab_stack[ix], *prev = next->prev;
1007 allocator->slab_stack[ix] = sinfo;
1011 allocator_aligned_page_size (Allocator *allocator,
1014 gsize val = 1 << g_bit_storage (n_bytes - 1);
1015 val = MAX (val, allocator->min_page_size);
1020 allocator_add_slab (Allocator *allocator,
1026 gsize addr, padding, n_chunks, color = 0;
1027 gsize page_size = allocator_aligned_page_size (allocator, SLAB_BPAGE_SIZE (allocator, chunk_size));
1028 /* allocate 1 page for the chunks and the slab */
1029 gpointer aligned_memory = allocator_memalign (page_size, page_size - NATIVE_MALLOC_PADDING);
1030 guint8 *mem = aligned_memory;
1034 const gchar *syserr = "unknown error";
1036 syserr = strerror (errno);
1038 mem_error ("failed to allocate %u bytes (alignment: %u): %s\n",
1039 (guint) (page_size - NATIVE_MALLOC_PADDING), (guint) page_size, syserr);
1041 /* mask page adress */
1042 addr = ((gsize) mem / page_size) * page_size;
1043 /* assert alignment */
1044 mem_assert (aligned_memory == (gpointer) addr);
1045 /* basic slab info setup */
1046 sinfo = (SlabInfo*) (mem + page_size - SLAB_INFO_SIZE);
1047 sinfo->n_allocated = 0;
1048 sinfo->chunks = NULL;
1049 /* figure cache colorization */
1050 n_chunks = ((guint8*) sinfo - mem) / chunk_size;
1051 padding = ((guint8*) sinfo - mem) - n_chunks * chunk_size;
1054 color = (allocator->color_accu * P2ALIGNMENT) % padding;
1055 allocator->color_accu += allocator->config.color_increment;
1057 /* add chunks to free list */
1058 chunk = (ChunkLink*) (mem + color);
1059 sinfo->chunks = chunk;
1060 for (i = 0; i < n_chunks - 1; i++)
1062 chunk->next = (ChunkLink*) ((guint8*) chunk + chunk_size);
1063 chunk = chunk->next;
1065 chunk->next = NULL; /* last chunk */
1066 /* add slab to slab ring */
1067 allocator_slab_stack_push (allocator, ix, sinfo);
1071 slab_allocator_alloc_chunk (gsize chunk_size)
1074 guint ix = SLAB_INDEX (allocator, chunk_size);
1075 /* ensure non-empty slab */
1076 if (!allocator->slab_stack[ix] || !allocator->slab_stack[ix]->chunks)
1077 allocator_add_slab (allocator, ix, chunk_size);
1078 /* allocate chunk */
1079 chunk = allocator->slab_stack[ix]->chunks;
1080 allocator->slab_stack[ix]->chunks = chunk->next;
1081 allocator->slab_stack[ix]->n_allocated++;
1082 /* rotate empty slabs */
1083 if (!allocator->slab_stack[ix]->chunks)
1084 allocator->slab_stack[ix] = allocator->slab_stack[ix]->next;
1089 slab_allocator_free_chunk (gsize chunk_size,
1094 guint ix = SLAB_INDEX (allocator, chunk_size);
1095 gsize page_size = allocator_aligned_page_size (allocator, SLAB_BPAGE_SIZE (allocator, chunk_size));
1096 gsize addr = ((gsize) mem / page_size) * page_size;
1097 /* mask page adress */
1098 guint8 *page = (guint8*) addr;
1099 SlabInfo *sinfo = (SlabInfo*) (page + page_size - SLAB_INFO_SIZE);
1100 /* assert valid chunk count */
1101 mem_assert (sinfo->n_allocated > 0);
1102 /* add chunk to free list */
1103 was_empty = sinfo->chunks == NULL;
1104 chunk = (ChunkLink*) mem;
1105 chunk->next = sinfo->chunks;
1106 sinfo->chunks = chunk;
1107 sinfo->n_allocated--;
1108 /* keep slab ring partially sorted, empty slabs at end */
1112 SlabInfo *next = sinfo->next, *prev = sinfo->prev;
1115 if (allocator->slab_stack[ix] == sinfo)
1116 allocator->slab_stack[ix] = next == sinfo ? NULL : next;
1117 /* insert slab at head */
1118 allocator_slab_stack_push (allocator, ix, sinfo);
1120 /* eagerly free complete unused slabs */
1121 if (!sinfo->n_allocated)
1124 SlabInfo *next = sinfo->next, *prev = sinfo->prev;
1127 if (allocator->slab_stack[ix] == sinfo)
1128 allocator->slab_stack[ix] = next == sinfo ? NULL : next;
1130 allocator_memfree (page_size, page);
1134 /* --- memalign implementation --- */
1135 #ifdef HAVE_MALLOC_H
1136 #include <malloc.h> /* memalign() */
1140 * define HAVE_POSIX_MEMALIGN 1 // if free(posix_memalign(3)) works, <stdlib.h>
1141 * define HAVE_COMPLIANT_POSIX_MEMALIGN 1 // if free(posix_memalign(3)) works for sizes != 2^n, <stdlib.h>
1142 * define HAVE_MEMALIGN 1 // if free(memalign(3)) works, <malloc.h>
1143 * define HAVE_VALLOC 1 // if free(valloc(3)) works, <stdlib.h> or <malloc.h>
1144 * if none is provided, we implement malloc(3)-based alloc-only page alignment
1147 #if !(HAVE_COMPLIANT_POSIX_MEMALIGN || HAVE_MEMALIGN || HAVE_VALLOC)
1148 static GTrashStack *compat_valloc_trash = NULL;
1152 allocator_memalign (gsize alignment,
1155 gpointer aligned_memory = NULL;
1157 #if HAVE_COMPLIANT_POSIX_MEMALIGN
1158 err = posix_memalign (&aligned_memory, alignment, memsize);
1161 aligned_memory = memalign (alignment, memsize);
1165 aligned_memory = valloc (memsize);
1168 /* simplistic non-freeing page allocator */
1169 mem_assert (alignment == sys_page_size);
1170 mem_assert (memsize <= sys_page_size);
1171 if (!compat_valloc_trash)
1173 const guint n_pages = 16;
1174 guint8 *mem = malloc (n_pages * sys_page_size);
1179 guint8 *amem = (guint8*) ALIGN ((gsize) mem, sys_page_size);
1181 i--; /* mem wasn't page aligned */
1183 g_trash_stack_push (&compat_valloc_trash, amem + i * sys_page_size);
1186 aligned_memory = g_trash_stack_pop (&compat_valloc_trash);
1188 if (!aligned_memory)
1190 return aligned_memory;
1194 allocator_memfree (gsize memsize,
1197 #if HAVE_COMPLIANT_POSIX_MEMALIGN || HAVE_MEMALIGN || HAVE_VALLOC
1200 mem_assert (memsize <= sys_page_size);
1201 g_trash_stack_push (&compat_valloc_trash, mem);
1206 mem_error (const char *format,
1211 /* at least, put out "MEMORY-ERROR", in case we segfault during the rest of the function */
1212 fputs ("\n***MEMORY-ERROR***: ", stderr);
1213 pname = g_get_prgname();
1214 fprintf (stderr, "%s[%ld]: GSlice: ", pname ? pname : "", (long)getpid());
1215 va_start (args, format);
1216 vfprintf (stderr, format, args);
1218 fputs ("\n", stderr);
1223 /* --- g-slice memory checker tree --- */
1224 typedef size_t SmcKType; /* key type */
1225 typedef size_t SmcVType; /* value type */
1230 static void smc_tree_insert (SmcKType key,
1232 static gboolean smc_tree_lookup (SmcKType key,
1234 static gboolean smc_tree_remove (SmcKType key);
1237 /* --- g-slice memory checker implementation --- */
1239 smc_notify_alloc (void *pointer,
1242 size_t adress = (size_t) pointer;
1244 smc_tree_insert (adress, size);
1249 smc_notify_ignore (void *pointer)
1251 size_t adress = (size_t) pointer;
1253 smc_tree_remove (adress);
1258 smc_notify_free (void *pointer,
1261 size_t adress = (size_t) pointer;
1266 return 1; /* ignore */
1267 found_one = smc_tree_lookup (adress, &real_size);
1270 fprintf (stderr, "GSlice: MemChecker: attempt to release non-allocated block: %p size=%" G_GSIZE_FORMAT "\n", pointer, size);
1273 if (real_size != size && (real_size || size))
1275 fprintf (stderr, "GSlice: MemChecker: attempt to release block with invalid size: %p size=%" G_GSIZE_FORMAT " invalid-size=%" G_GSIZE_FORMAT "\n", pointer, real_size, size);
1278 if (!smc_tree_remove (adress))
1280 fprintf (stderr, "GSlice: MemChecker: attempt to release non-allocated block: %p size=%" G_GSIZE_FORMAT "\n", pointer, size);
1283 return 1; /* all fine */
1286 /* --- g-slice memory checker tree implementation --- */
1287 #define SMC_TRUNK_COUNT (4093 /* 16381 */) /* prime, to distribute trunk collisions (big, allocated just once) */
1288 #define SMC_BRANCH_COUNT (511) /* prime, to distribute branch collisions */
1289 #define SMC_TRUNK_EXTENT (SMC_BRANCH_COUNT * 2039) /* key adress space per trunk, should distribute uniformly across BRANCH_COUNT */
1290 #define SMC_TRUNK_HASH(k) ((k / SMC_TRUNK_EXTENT) % SMC_TRUNK_COUNT) /* generate new trunk hash per megabyte (roughly) */
1291 #define SMC_BRANCH_HASH(k) (k % SMC_BRANCH_COUNT)
1295 unsigned int n_entries;
1298 static SmcBranch **smc_tree_root = NULL;
1301 smc_tree_abort (int errval)
1303 const char *syserr = "unknown error";
1305 syserr = strerror (errval);
1307 mem_error ("MemChecker: failure in debugging tree: %s", syserr);
1310 static inline SmcEntry*
1311 smc_tree_branch_grow_L (SmcBranch *branch,
1314 unsigned int old_size = branch->n_entries * sizeof (branch->entries[0]);
1315 unsigned int new_size = old_size + sizeof (branch->entries[0]);
1317 mem_assert (index <= branch->n_entries);
1318 branch->entries = (SmcEntry*) realloc (branch->entries, new_size);
1319 if (!branch->entries)
1320 smc_tree_abort (errno);
1321 entry = branch->entries + index;
1322 g_memmove (entry + 1, entry, (branch->n_entries - index) * sizeof (entry[0]));
1323 branch->n_entries += 1;
1327 static inline SmcEntry*
1328 smc_tree_branch_lookup_nearest_L (SmcBranch *branch,
1331 unsigned int n_nodes = branch->n_entries, offs = 0;
1332 SmcEntry *check = branch->entries;
1334 while (offs < n_nodes)
1336 unsigned int i = (offs + n_nodes) >> 1;
1337 check = branch->entries + i;
1338 cmp = key < check->key ? -1 : key != check->key;
1340 return check; /* return exact match */
1343 else /* (cmp > 0) */
1346 /* check points at last mismatch, cmp > 0 indicates greater key */
1347 return cmp > 0 ? check + 1 : check; /* return insertion position for inexact match */
1351 smc_tree_insert (SmcKType key,
1354 unsigned int ix0, ix1;
1357 g_mutex_lock (smc_tree_mutex);
1358 ix0 = SMC_TRUNK_HASH (key);
1359 ix1 = SMC_BRANCH_HASH (key);
1362 smc_tree_root = calloc (SMC_TRUNK_COUNT, sizeof (smc_tree_root[0]));
1364 smc_tree_abort (errno);
1366 if (!smc_tree_root[ix0])
1368 smc_tree_root[ix0] = calloc (SMC_BRANCH_COUNT, sizeof (smc_tree_root[0][0]));
1369 if (!smc_tree_root[ix0])
1370 smc_tree_abort (errno);
1372 entry = smc_tree_branch_lookup_nearest_L (&smc_tree_root[ix0][ix1], key);
1373 if (!entry || /* need create */
1374 entry >= smc_tree_root[ix0][ix1].entries + smc_tree_root[ix0][ix1].n_entries || /* need append */
1375 entry->key != key) /* need insert */
1376 entry = smc_tree_branch_grow_L (&smc_tree_root[ix0][ix1], entry - smc_tree_root[ix0][ix1].entries);
1378 entry->value = value;
1379 g_mutex_unlock (smc_tree_mutex);
1383 smc_tree_lookup (SmcKType key,
1386 SmcEntry *entry = NULL;
1387 unsigned int ix0 = SMC_TRUNK_HASH (key), ix1 = SMC_BRANCH_HASH (key);
1388 gboolean found_one = FALSE;
1390 g_mutex_lock (smc_tree_mutex);
1391 if (smc_tree_root && smc_tree_root[ix0])
1393 entry = smc_tree_branch_lookup_nearest_L (&smc_tree_root[ix0][ix1], key);
1395 entry < smc_tree_root[ix0][ix1].entries + smc_tree_root[ix0][ix1].n_entries &&
1399 *value_p = entry->value;
1402 g_mutex_unlock (smc_tree_mutex);
1407 smc_tree_remove (SmcKType key)
1409 unsigned int ix0 = SMC_TRUNK_HASH (key), ix1 = SMC_BRANCH_HASH (key);
1410 gboolean found_one = FALSE;
1411 g_mutex_lock (smc_tree_mutex);
1412 if (smc_tree_root && smc_tree_root[ix0])
1414 SmcEntry *entry = smc_tree_branch_lookup_nearest_L (&smc_tree_root[ix0][ix1], key);
1416 entry < smc_tree_root[ix0][ix1].entries + smc_tree_root[ix0][ix1].n_entries &&
1419 unsigned int i = entry - smc_tree_root[ix0][ix1].entries;
1420 smc_tree_root[ix0][ix1].n_entries -= 1;
1421 g_memmove (entry, entry + 1, (smc_tree_root[ix0][ix1].n_entries - i) * sizeof (entry[0]));
1422 if (!smc_tree_root[ix0][ix1].n_entries)
1424 /* avoid useless pressure on the memory system */
1425 free (smc_tree_root[ix0][ix1].entries);
1426 smc_tree_root[ix0][ix1].entries = NULL;
1431 g_mutex_unlock (smc_tree_mutex);
1435 #ifdef G_ENABLE_DEBUG
1437 g_slice_debug_tree_statistics (void)
1439 g_mutex_lock (smc_tree_mutex);
1442 unsigned int i, j, t = 0, o = 0, b = 0, su = 0, ex = 0, en = 4294967295u;
1444 for (i = 0; i < SMC_TRUNK_COUNT; i++)
1445 if (smc_tree_root[i])
1448 for (j = 0; j < SMC_BRANCH_COUNT; j++)
1449 if (smc_tree_root[i][j].n_entries)
1452 su += smc_tree_root[i][j].n_entries;
1453 en = MIN (en, smc_tree_root[i][j].n_entries);
1454 ex = MAX (ex, smc_tree_root[i][j].n_entries);
1456 else if (smc_tree_root[i][j].entries)
1457 o++; /* formerly used, now empty */
1460 tf = MAX (t, 1.0); /* max(1) to be a valid divisor */
1461 bf = MAX (b, 1.0); /* max(1) to be a valid divisor */
1462 fprintf (stderr, "GSlice: MemChecker: %u trunks, %u branches, %u old branches\n", t, b, o);
1463 fprintf (stderr, "GSlice: MemChecker: %f branches per trunk, %.2f%% utilization\n",
1465 100.0 - (SMC_BRANCH_COUNT - b / tf) / (0.01 * SMC_BRANCH_COUNT));
1466 fprintf (stderr, "GSlice: MemChecker: %f entries per branch, %u minimum, %u maximum\n",
1470 fprintf (stderr, "GSlice: MemChecker: root=NULL\n");
1471 g_mutex_unlock (smc_tree_mutex);
1473 /* sample statistics (beast + GSLice + 24h scripted core & GUI activity):
1474 * PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS COMMAND
1475 * 8887 30.3 45.8 456068 414856 beast-0.7.1 empty.bse
1476 * $ cat /proc/8887/statm # total-program-size resident-set-size shared-pages text/code data/stack library dirty-pages
1477 * 114017 103714 2354 344 0 108676 0
1478 * $ cat /proc/8887/status
1489 * (gdb) print g_slice_debug_tree_statistics ()
1490 * GSlice: MemChecker: 422 trunks, 213068 branches, 0 old branches
1491 * GSlice: MemChecker: 504.900474 branches per trunk, 98.81% utilization
1492 * GSlice: MemChecker: 4.965039 entries per branch, 1 minimum, 37 maximum
1495 #endif /* G_ENABLE_DEBUG */