[platform/upstream/glib.git] / glib / gconvert.c

/* GLIB - Library of useful routines for C programming
 *
 * gconvert.c: Convert between character sets using iconv
 * Copyright Red Hat Inc., 2000
 * Authors: Havoc Pennington <hp@redhat.com>, Owen Taylor <otaylor@redhat.com>
 *
 * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
 * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
 * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
 * version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
 * Lesser General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
 * License along with this library; if not, write to the
 * Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330,
 * Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
 */

#include "config.h"
#include "glibconfig.h"

#ifndef G_OS_WIN32
#include <iconv.h>
#endif
#include <errno.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

#ifdef G_OS_WIN32
#include "win_iconv.c"
#endif

#ifdef G_PLATFORM_WIN32
#define STRICT
#include <windows.h>
#undef STRICT
#endif

#include "gconvert.h"

#include "gcharset.h"
#include "gslist.h"
#include "gstrfuncs.h"
#include "gtestutils.h"
#include "gthread.h"
#include "gunicode.h"
#include "gfileutils.h"

#ifdef NEED_ICONV_CACHE
#include "glist.h"
#include "ghash.h"
#endif

#include "glibintl.h"

#if defined(USE_LIBICONV_GNU) && !defined (_LIBICONV_H)
#error GNU libiconv in use but included iconv.h not from libiconv
#endif
#if !defined(USE_LIBICONV_GNU) && defined (_LIBICONV_H)
#error GNU libiconv not in use but included iconv.h is from libiconv
#endif


/**
 * SECTION:conversions
 * @title: Character Set Conversion
 * @short_description: convert strings between different character sets
 *
 * The g_convert() family of function wraps the functionality of iconv(). In
 * addition to pure character set conversions, GLib has functions to deal
 * with the extra complications of encodings for file names.
 *
 * <refsect2 id="file-name-encodings">
 * <title>File Name Encodings</title>
 * <para>
 * Historically, Unix has not had a defined encoding for file
 * names:  a file name is valid as long as it does not have path
 * separators in it ("/").  However, displaying file names may
 * require conversion:  from the character set in which they were
 * created, to the character set in which the application
 * operates.  Consider the Spanish file name
 * "<filename>Presentaci&oacute;n.sxi</filename>".  If the
 * application which created it uses ISO-8859-1 for its encoding,
 * </para>
 * <programlisting id="filename-iso8859-1">
 * Character:  P  r  e  s  e  n  t  a  c  i  &oacute;  n  .  s  x  i
 * Hex code:   50 72 65 73 65 6e 74 61 63 69 f3 6e 2e 73 78 69
 * </programlisting>
 * <para>
 * However, if the application use UTF-8, the actual file name on
 * disk would look like this:
 * </para>
 * <programlisting id="filename-utf-8">
 * Character:  P  r  e  s  e  n  t  a  c  i  &oacute;     n  .  s  x  i
 * Hex code:   50 72 65 73 65 6e 74 61 63 69 c3 b3 6e 2e 73 78 69
 * </programlisting>
 * <para>
 * Glib uses UTF-8 for its strings, and GUI toolkits like GTK+
 * that use Glib do the same thing.  If you get a file name from
 * the file system, for example, from readdir(3) or from g_dir_read_name(),
 * and you wish to display the file name to the user, you
 * <emphasis>will</emphasis> need to convert it into UTF-8.  The
 * opposite case is when the user types the name of a file he
 * wishes to save:  the toolkit will give you that string in
 * UTF-8 encoding, and you will need to convert it to the
 * character set used for file names before you can create the
 * file with open(2) or fopen(3).
 * </para>
 * <para>
 * By default, Glib assumes that file names on disk are in UTF-8
 * encoding.  This is a valid assumption for file systems which
 * were created relatively recently:  most applications use UTF-8
 * encoding for their strings, and that is also what they use for
 * the file names they create.  However, older file systems may
 * still contain file names created in "older" encodings, such as
 * ISO-8859-1. In this case, for compatibility reasons, you may
 * want to instruct Glib to use that particular encoding for file
 * names rather than UTF-8.  You can do this by specifying the
 * encoding for file names in the <link
 * linkend="G_FILENAME_ENCODING"><envar>G_FILENAME_ENCODING</envar></link>
 * environment variable.  For example, if your installation uses
 * ISO-8859-1 for file names, you can put this in your
 * <filename>~/.profile</filename>:
 * </para>
 * <programlisting>
 * export G_FILENAME_ENCODING=ISO-8859-1
 * </programlisting>
 * <para>
 * Glib provides the functions g_filename_to_utf8() and
 * g_filename_from_utf8() to perform the necessary conversions. These
 * functions convert file names from the encoding specified in
 * <envar>G_FILENAME_ENCODING</envar> to UTF-8 and vice-versa.
 * <xref linkend="file-name-encodings-diagram"/> illustrates how
 * these functions are used to convert between UTF-8 and the
 * encoding for file names in the file system.
 * </para>
 * <figure id="file-name-encodings-diagram">
 * <title>Conversion between File Name Encodings</title>
 * <graphic fileref="file-name-encodings.png" format="PNG"/>
 * </figure>
 * <refsect3 id="file-name-encodings-checklist">
 * <title>Checklist for Application Writers</title>
 * <para>
 * This section is a practical summary of the detailed
 * description above.  You can use this as a checklist of
 * things to do to make sure your applications process file
 * name encodings correctly.
 * </para>
 * <orderedlist>
 * <listitem><para>
 * If you get a file name from the file system from a function
 * such as readdir(3) or gtk_file_chooser_get_filename(),
 * you do not need to do any conversion to pass that
 * file name to functions like open(2), rename(2), or
 * fopen(3) &mdash; those are "raw" file names which the file
 * system understands.
 * </para></listitem>
 * <listitem><para>
 * If you need to display a file name, convert it to UTF-8 first by
 * using g_filename_to_utf8(). If conversion fails, display a string like
 * "<literal>Unknown file name</literal>". <emphasis>Do not</emphasis>
 * convert this string back into the encoding used for file names if you
 * wish to pass it to the file system; use the original file name instead.
 * For example, the document window of a word processor could display
 * "Unknown file name" in its title bar but still let the user save the
 * file, as it would keep the raw file name internally. This can happen
 * if the user has not set the <envar>G_FILENAME_ENCODING</envar>
 * environment variable even though he has files whose names are not
 * encoded in UTF-8.
 * </para></listitem>
 * <listitem><para>
 * If your user interface lets the user type a file name for saving or
 * renaming, convert it to the encoding used for file names in the file
 * system by using g_filename_from_utf8(). Pass the converted file name
 * to functions like fopen(3). If conversion fails, ask the user to enter
 * a different file name. This can happen if the user types Japanese
 * characters when <envar>G_FILENAME_ENCODING</envar> is set to
 * <literal>ISO-8859-1</literal>, for example.
 * </para></listitem>
 * </orderedlist>
 * </refsect3>
 * </refsect2>
 */

/* We try to terminate strings in unknown charsets with this many zero bytes
 * to ensure that multibyte strings really are nul-terminated when we return
 * them from g_convert() and friends.
 */
#define NUL_TERMINATOR_LENGTH 4

GQuark 
g_convert_error_quark (void)
{
  return g_quark_from_static_string ("g_convert_error");
}

static gboolean
try_conversion (const char *to_codeset,
                const char *from_codeset,
                iconv_t    *cd)
{
  *cd = iconv_open (to_codeset, from_codeset);

  if (*cd == (iconv_t)-1 && errno == EINVAL)
    return FALSE;
  else
    return TRUE;
}

static gboolean
try_to_aliases (const char **to_aliases,
                const char  *from_codeset,
                iconv_t     *cd)
{
  if (to_aliases)
    {
      const char **p = to_aliases;
      while (*p)
        {
          if (try_conversion (*p, from_codeset, cd))
            return TRUE;

          p++;
        }
    }

  return FALSE;
}

G_GNUC_INTERNAL extern const char ** 
_g_charset_get_aliases (const char *canonical_name);

/**
 * g_iconv_open:
 * @to_codeset: destination codeset
 * @from_codeset: source codeset
 * 
 * Same as the standard UNIX routine iconv_open(), but
 * may be implemented via libiconv on UNIX flavors that lack
 * a native implementation.
 * 
 * GLib provides g_convert() and g_locale_to_utf8() which are likely
 * more convenient than the raw iconv wrappers.
 * 
 * Return value: a "conversion descriptor", or (GIConv)-1 if
 *  opening the converter failed.
 **/
GIConv
g_iconv_open (const gchar  *to_codeset,
              const gchar  *from_codeset)
{
  iconv_t cd;
  
  if (!try_conversion (to_codeset, from_codeset, &cd))
    {
      const char **to_aliases = _g_charset_get_aliases (to_codeset);
      const char **from_aliases = _g_charset_get_aliases (from_codeset);

      if (from_aliases)
        {
          const char **p = from_aliases;
          while (*p)
            {
              if (try_conversion (to_codeset, *p, &cd))
                goto out;

              if (try_to_aliases (to_aliases, *p, &cd))
                goto out;

              p++;
            }
        }

      if (try_to_aliases (to_aliases, from_codeset, &cd))
        goto out;
    }

 out:
  return (cd == (iconv_t)-1) ? (GIConv)-1 : (GIConv)cd;
}

/**
 * g_iconv:
 * @converter: conversion descriptor from g_iconv_open()
 * @inbuf: bytes to convert
 * @inbytes_left: inout parameter, bytes remaining to convert in @inbuf
 * @outbuf: converted output bytes
 * @outbytes_left: inout parameter, bytes available to fill in @outbuf
 * 
 * Same as the standard UNIX routine iconv(), but
 * may be implemented via libiconv on UNIX flavors that lack
 * a native implementation.
 *
 * GLib provides g_convert() and g_locale_to_utf8() which are likely
 * more convenient than the raw iconv wrappers.
 * 
 * Return value: count of non-reversible conversions, or -1 on error
 **/
gsize 
g_iconv (GIConv   converter,
         gchar  **inbuf,
         gsize   *inbytes_left,
         gchar  **outbuf,
         gsize   *outbytes_left)
{
  iconv_t cd = (iconv_t)converter;

  return iconv (cd, inbuf, inbytes_left, outbuf, outbytes_left);
}

/**
 * g_iconv_close:
 * @converter: a conversion descriptor from g_iconv_open()
 *
 * Same as the standard UNIX routine iconv_close(), but
 * may be implemented via libiconv on UNIX flavors that lack
 * a native implementation. Should be called to clean up
 * the conversion descriptor from g_iconv_open() when
 * you are done converting things.
 *
 * GLib provides g_convert() and g_locale_to_utf8() which are likely
 * more convenient than the raw iconv wrappers.
 * 
 * Return value: -1 on error, 0 on success
 **/
gint
g_iconv_close (GIConv converter)
{
  iconv_t cd = (iconv_t)converter;

  return iconv_close (cd);
}


#ifdef NEED_ICONV_CACHE

#define ICONV_CACHE_SIZE   (16)

struct _iconv_cache_bucket {
  gchar *key;
  guint32 refcount;
  gboolean used;
  GIConv cd;
};

static GList *iconv_cache_list;
static GHashTable *iconv_cache;
static GHashTable *iconv_open_hash;
static guint iconv_cache_size = 0;
G_LOCK_DEFINE_STATIC (iconv_cache_lock);

/* caller *must* hold the iconv_cache_lock */
static void
iconv_cache_init (void)
{
  static gboolean initialized = FALSE;
  
  if (initialized)
    return;
  
  iconv_cache_list = NULL;
  iconv_cache = g_hash_table_new (g_str_hash, g_str_equal);
  iconv_open_hash = g_hash_table_new (g_direct_hash, g_direct_equal);
  
  initialized = TRUE;
}


/*
 * iconv_cache_bucket_new:
 * @key: cache key
 * @cd: iconv descriptor
 *
 * Creates a new cache bucket, inserts it into the cache and
 * increments the cache size.
 *
 * This assumes ownership of @key.
 *
 * Returns a pointer to the newly allocated cache bucket.
 **/
static struct _iconv_cache_bucket *
iconv_cache_bucket_new (gchar *key, GIConv cd)
{
  struct _iconv_cache_bucket *bucket;
  
  bucket = g_new (struct _iconv_cache_bucket, 1);
  bucket->key = key;
  bucket->refcount = 1;
  bucket->used = TRUE;
  bucket->cd = cd;
  
  g_hash_table_insert (iconv_cache, bucket->key, bucket);
  
  /* FIXME: if we sorted the list so items with few refcounts were
     first, then we could expire them faster in iconv_cache_expire_unused () */
  iconv_cache_list = g_list_prepend (iconv_cache_list, bucket);
  
  iconv_cache_size++;
  
  return bucket;
}


/*
 * iconv_cache_bucket_expire:
 * @node: cache bucket's node
 * @bucket: cache bucket
 *
 * Expires a single cache bucket @bucket. This should only ever be
 * called on a bucket that currently has no used iconv descriptors
 * open.
 *
 * @node is not a required argument. If @node is not supplied, we
 * search for it ourselves.
 **/
static void
iconv_cache_bucket_expire (GList *node, struct _iconv_cache_bucket *bucket)
{
  g_hash_table_remove (iconv_cache, bucket->key);
  
  if (node == NULL)
    node = g_list_find (iconv_cache_list, bucket);
  
  g_assert (node != NULL);
  
  if (node->prev)
    {
      node->prev->next = node->next;
      if (node->next)
        node->next->prev = node->prev;
    }
  else
    {
      iconv_cache_list = node->next;
      if (node->next)
        node->next->prev = NULL;
    }
  
  g_list_free_1 (node);
  
  g_free (bucket->key);
  g_iconv_close (bucket->cd);
  g_free (bucket);
  
  iconv_cache_size--;
}


/*
 * iconv_cache_expire_unused:
 *
 * Expires as many unused cache buckets as it needs to in order to get
 * the total number of buckets < ICONV_CACHE_SIZE.
 **/
static void
iconv_cache_expire_unused (void)
{
  struct _iconv_cache_bucket *bucket;
  GList *node, *next;
  
  node = iconv_cache_list;
  while (node && iconv_cache_size >= ICONV_CACHE_SIZE)
    {
      next = node->next;
      
      bucket = node->data;
      if (bucket->refcount == 0)
        iconv_cache_bucket_expire (node, bucket);
      
      node = next;
    }
}

static GIConv
open_converter (const gchar *to_codeset,
                const gchar *from_codeset,
                GError     **error)
{
  struct _iconv_cache_bucket *bucket;
  gchar *key, *dyn_key, auto_key[80];
  GIConv cd;
  gsize len_from_codeset, len_to_codeset;
  
  /* create our key */
  len_from_codeset = strlen (from_codeset);
  len_to_codeset = strlen (to_codeset);
  if (len_from_codeset + len_to_codeset + 2 < sizeof (auto_key))
    {
      key = auto_key;
      dyn_key = NULL;
    }
  else
    key = dyn_key = g_malloc (len_from_codeset + len_to_codeset + 2);
  memcpy (key, from_codeset, len_from_codeset);
  key[len_from_codeset] = ':';
  strcpy (key + len_from_codeset + 1, to_codeset);

  G_LOCK (iconv_cache_lock);
  
  /* make sure the cache has been initialized */
  iconv_cache_init ();
  
  bucket = g_hash_table_lookup (iconv_cache, key);
  if (bucket)
    {
      g_free (dyn_key);

      if (bucket->used)
        {
          cd = g_iconv_open (to_codeset, from_codeset);
          if (cd == (GIConv) -1)
            goto error;
        }
      else
        {
          /* Apparently iconv on Solaris <= 7 segfaults if you pass in
           * NULL for anything but inbuf; work around that. (NULL outbuf
           * or NULL *outbuf is allowed by Unix98.)
           */
          gsize inbytes_left = 0;
          gchar *outbuf = NULL;
          gsize outbytes_left = 0;
                
          cd = bucket->cd;
          bucket->used = TRUE;
          
          /* reset the descriptor */
          g_iconv (cd, NULL, &inbytes_left, &outbuf, &outbytes_left);
        }
      
      bucket->refcount++;
    }
  else
    {
      cd = g_iconv_open (to_codeset, from_codeset);
      if (cd == (GIConv) -1) 
        {
          g_free (dyn_key);
          goto error;
        }
      
      iconv_cache_expire_unused ();

      bucket = iconv_cache_bucket_new (dyn_key ? dyn_key : g_strdup (key), cd);
    }
  
  g_hash_table_insert (iconv_open_hash, cd, bucket->key);
  
  G_UNLOCK (iconv_cache_lock);
  
  return cd;
  
 error:
  
  G_UNLOCK (iconv_cache_lock);
  
  /* Something went wrong.  */
  if (error)
    {
      if (errno == EINVAL)
        g_set_error (error, G_CONVERT_ERROR, G_CONVERT_ERROR_NO_CONVERSION,
                     _("Conversion from character set '%s' to '%s' is not supported"),
                     from_codeset, to_codeset);
      else
        g_set_error (error, G_CONVERT_ERROR, G_CONVERT_ERROR_FAILED,
                     _("Could not open converter from '%s' to '%s'"),
                     from_codeset, to_codeset);
    }
  
  return cd;
}

static int
close_converter (GIConv converter)
{
  struct _iconv_cache_bucket *bucket;
  const gchar *key;
  GIConv cd;
  
  cd = converter;
  
  if (cd == (GIConv) -1)
    return 0;
  
  G_LOCK (iconv_cache_lock);
  
  key = g_hash_table_lookup (iconv_open_hash, cd);
  if (key)
    {
      g_hash_table_remove (iconv_open_hash, cd);
      
      bucket = g_hash_table_lookup (iconv_cache, key);
      g_assert (bucket);
      
      bucket->refcount--;
      
      if (cd == bucket->cd)
        bucket->used = FALSE;
      else
        g_iconv_close (cd);
      
      if (!bucket->refcount && iconv_cache_size > ICONV_CACHE_SIZE)
        {
          /* expire this cache bucket */
          iconv_cache_bucket_expire (NULL, bucket);
        }
    }
  else
    {
      G_UNLOCK (iconv_cache_lock);
      
      g_warning ("This iconv context wasn't opened using open_converter");
      
      return g_iconv_close (converter);
    }
  
  G_UNLOCK (iconv_cache_lock);
  
  return 0;
}

#else  /* !NEED_ICONV_CACHE */

static GIConv
open_converter (const gchar *to_codeset,
                const gchar *from_codeset,
                GError     **error)
{
  GIConv cd;

  cd = g_iconv_open (to_codeset, from_codeset);

  if (cd == (GIConv) -1)
    {
      /* Something went wrong.  */
      if (error)
        {
          if (errno == EINVAL)
            g_set_error (error, G_CONVERT_ERROR, G_CONVERT_ERROR_NO_CONVERSION,
                         _("Conversion from character set '%s' to '%s' is not supported"),
                         from_codeset, to_codeset);
          else
            g_set_error (error, G_CONVERT_ERROR, G_CONVERT_ERROR_FAILED,
                         _("Could not open converter from '%s' to '%s'"),
                         from_codeset, to_codeset);
        }
    }
  
  return cd;
}

static int
close_converter (GIConv cd)
{
  if (cd == (GIConv) -1)
    return 0;
  
  return g_iconv_close (cd);  
}

#endif /* NEED_ICONV_CACHE */

/**
 * g_convert_with_iconv:
 * @str:           the string to convert
 * @len:           the length of the string, or -1 if the string is 
 *                 nul-terminated<footnoteref linkend="nul-unsafe"/>. 
 * @converter:     conversion descriptor from g_iconv_open()
 * @bytes_read:    location to store the number of bytes in the
 *                 input string that were successfully converted, or %NULL.
 *                 Even if the conversion was successful, this may be 
 *                 less than @len if there were partial characters
 *                 at the end of the input. If the error
 *                 #G_CONVERT_ERROR_ILLEGAL_SEQUENCE occurs, the value
 *                 stored will the byte offset after the last valid
 *                 input sequence.
 * @bytes_written: the number of bytes stored in the output buffer (not 
 *                 including the terminating nul).
 * @error:         location to store the error occurring, or %NULL to ignore
 *                 errors. Any of the errors in #GConvertError may occur.
 *
 * Converts a string from one character set to another. 
 * 
 * Note that you should use g_iconv() for streaming 
 * conversions<footnote id="streaming-state">
 *  <para>
 * Despite the fact that @byes_read can return information about partial 
 * characters, the <literal>g_convert_...</literal> functions
 * are not generally suitable for streaming. If the underlying converter 
 * being used maintains internal state, then this won't be preserved 
 * across successive calls to g_convert(), g_convert_with_iconv() or 
 * g_convert_with_fallback(). (An example of this is the GNU C converter 
 * for CP1255 which does not emit a base character until it knows that 
 * the next character is not a mark that could combine with the base 
 * character.)
 *  </para>
 * </footnote>. 
 *
 * Return value: If the conversion was successful, a newly allocated
 *               nul-terminated string, which must be freed with
 *               g_free(). Otherwise %NULL and @error will be set.
 **/
gchar*
g_convert_with_iconv (const gchar *str,
                      gssize       len,
                      GIConv       converter,
                      gsize       *bytes_read, 
                      gsize       *bytes_written, 
                      GError     **error)
{
  gchar *dest;
  gchar *outp;
  const gchar *p;
  gsize inbytes_remaining;
  gsize outbytes_remaining;
  gsize err;
  gsize outbuf_size;
  gboolean have_error = FALSE;
  gboolean done = FALSE;
  gboolean reset = FALSE;
  
  g_return_val_if_fail (converter != (GIConv) -1, NULL);
     
  if (len < 0)
    len = strlen (str);

  p = str;
  inbytes_remaining = len;
  outbuf_size = len + NUL_TERMINATOR_LENGTH;
  
  outbytes_remaining = outbuf_size - NUL_TERMINATOR_LENGTH;
  outp = dest = g_malloc (outbuf_size);

  while (!done && !have_error)
    {
      if (reset)
        err = g_iconv (converter, NULL, &inbytes_remaining, &outp, &outbytes_remaining);
      else
        err = g_iconv (converter, (char **)&p, &inbytes_remaining, &outp, &outbytes_remaining);

      if (err == (gsize) -1)
        {
          switch (errno)
            {
            case EINVAL:
              /* Incomplete text, do not report an error */
              done = TRUE;
              break;
            case E2BIG:
              {
                gsize used = outp - dest;
                
                outbuf_size *= 2;
                dest = g_realloc (dest, outbuf_size);
                
                outp = dest + used;
                outbytes_remaining = outbuf_size - used - NUL_TERMINATOR_LENGTH;
              }
              break;
            case EILSEQ:
              g_set_error_literal (error, G_CONVERT_ERROR, G_CONVERT_ERROR_ILLEGAL_SEQUENCE,
                                   _("Invalid byte sequence in conversion input"));
              have_error = TRUE;
              break;
            default:
              {
                int errsv = errno;

                g_set_error (error, G_CONVERT_ERROR, G_CONVERT_ERROR_FAILED,
                             _("Error during conversion: %s"),
                             g_strerror (errsv));
              }
              have_error = TRUE;
              break;
            }
        }
      else 
        {
          if (!reset)
            {
              /* call g_iconv with NULL inbuf to cleanup shift state */
              reset = TRUE;
              inbytes_remaining = 0;
            }
          else
            done = TRUE;
        }
    }

  memset (outp, 0, NUL_TERMINATOR_LENGTH);
  
  if (bytes_read)
    *bytes_read = p - str;
  else
    {
      if ((p - str) != len) 
        {
          if (!have_error)
            {
              g_set_error_literal (error, G_CONVERT_ERROR, G_CONVERT_ERROR_PARTIAL_INPUT,
                                   _("Partial character sequence at end of input"));
              have_error = TRUE;
            }
        }
    }

  if (bytes_written)
    *bytes_written = outp - dest;       /* Doesn't include '\0' */

  if (have_error)
    {
      g_free (dest);
      return NULL;
    }
  else
    return dest;
}

/**
 * g_convert:
 * @str:           the string to convert
 * @len:           the length of the string, or -1 if the string is 
 *                 nul-terminated<footnote id="nul-unsafe">
                     <para>
                       Note that some encodings may allow nul bytes to 
                       occur inside strings. In that case, using -1 for 
                       the @len parameter is unsafe.
                     </para>
                   </footnote>. 
 * @to_codeset:    name of character set into which to convert @str
 * @from_codeset:  character set of @str.
 * @bytes_read: (out):   location to store the number of bytes in the
 *                 input string that were successfully converted, or %NULL.
 *                 Even if the conversion was successful, this may be 
 *                 less than @len if there were partial characters
 *                 at the end of the input. If the error
 *                 #G_CONVERT_ERROR_ILLEGAL_SEQUENCE occurs, the value
 *                 stored will the byte offset after the last valid
 *                 input sequence.
 * @bytes_written: (out): the number of bytes stored in the output buffer (not 
 *                 including the terminating nul).
 * @error:         location to store the error occurring, or %NULL to ignore
 *                 errors. Any of the errors in #GConvertError may occur.
 *
 * Converts a string from one character set to another.
 *
 * Note that you should use g_iconv() for streaming 
 * conversions<footnoteref linkend="streaming-state"/>.
 *
 * Return value: If the conversion was successful, a newly allocated
 *               nul-terminated string, which must be freed with
 *               g_free(). Otherwise %NULL and @error will be set.
 **/
gchar*
g_convert (const gchar *str,
           gssize       len,  
           const gchar *to_codeset,
           const gchar *from_codeset,
           gsize       *bytes_read, 
           gsize       *bytes_written, 
           GError     **error)
{
  gchar *res;
  GIConv cd;

  g_return_val_if_fail (str != NULL, NULL);
  g_return_val_if_fail (to_codeset != NULL, NULL);
  g_return_val_if_fail (from_codeset != NULL, NULL);
  
  cd = open_converter (to_codeset, from_codeset, error);

  if (cd == (GIConv) -1)
    {
      if (bytes_read)
        *bytes_read = 0;
      
      if (bytes_written)
        *bytes_written = 0;
      
      return NULL;
    }

  res = g_convert_with_iconv (str, len, cd,
                              bytes_read, bytes_written,
                              error);

  close_converter (cd);

  return res;
}

/**
 * g_convert_with_fallback:
 * @str:          the string to convert
 * @len:          the length of the string, or -1 if the string is 
 *                nul-terminated<footnoteref linkend="nul-unsafe"/>. 
 * @to_codeset:   name of character set into which to convert @str
 * @from_codeset: character set of @str.
 * @fallback:     UTF-8 string to use in place of character not
 *                present in the target encoding. (The string must be
 *                representable in the target encoding). 
                  If %NULL, characters not in the target encoding will 
                  be represented as Unicode escapes \uxxxx or \Uxxxxyyyy.
 * @bytes_read:   location to store the number of bytes in the
 *                input string that were successfully converted, or %NULL.
 *                Even if the conversion was successful, this may be 
 *                less than @len if there were partial characters
 *                at the end of the input.
 * @bytes_written: the number of bytes stored in the output buffer (not 
 *                including the terminating nul).
 * @error:        location to store the error occurring, or %NULL to ignore
 *                errors. Any of the errors in #GConvertError may occur.
 *
 * Converts a string from one character set to another, possibly
 * including fallback sequences for characters not representable
 * in the output. Note that it is not guaranteed that the specification
 * for the fallback sequences in @fallback will be honored. Some
 * systems may do an approximate conversion from @from_codeset
 * to @to_codeset in their iconv() functions, 
 * in which case GLib will simply return that approximate conversion.
 *
 * Note that you should use g_iconv() for streaming 
 * conversions<footnoteref linkend="streaming-state"/>.
 *
 * Return value: If the conversion was successful, a newly allocated
 *               nul-terminated string, which must be freed with
 *               g_free(). Otherwise %NULL and @error will be set.
 **/
gchar*
g_convert_with_fallback (const gchar *str,
                         gssize       len,    
                         const gchar *to_codeset,
                         const gchar *from_codeset,
                         const gchar *fallback,
                         gsize       *bytes_read,
                         gsize       *bytes_written,
                         GError     **error)
{
  gchar *utf8;
  gchar *dest;
  gchar *outp;
  const gchar *insert_str = NULL;
  const gchar *p;
  gsize inbytes_remaining;   
  const gchar *save_p = NULL;
  gsize save_inbytes = 0;
  gsize outbytes_remaining; 
  gsize err;
  GIConv cd;
  gsize outbuf_size;
  gboolean have_error = FALSE;
  gboolean done = FALSE;

  GError *local_error = NULL;
  
  g_return_val_if_fail (str != NULL, NULL);
  g_return_val_if_fail (to_codeset != NULL, NULL);
  g_return_val_if_fail (from_codeset != NULL, NULL);
     
  if (len < 0)
    len = strlen (str);
  
  /* Try an exact conversion; we only proceed if this fails
   * due to an illegal sequence in the input string.
   */
  dest = g_convert (str, len, to_codeset, from_codeset, 
                    bytes_read, bytes_written, &local_error);
  if (!local_error)
    return dest;

  if (!g_error_matches (local_error, G_CONVERT_ERROR, G_CONVERT_ERROR_ILLEGAL_SEQUENCE))
    {
      g_propagate_error (error, local_error);
      return NULL;
    }
  else
    g_error_free (local_error);

  local_error = NULL;
  
  /* No go; to proceed, we need a converter from "UTF-8" to
   * to_codeset, and the string as UTF-8.
   */
  cd = open_converter (to_codeset, "UTF-8", error);
  if (cd == (GIConv) -1)
    {
      if (bytes_read)
        *bytes_read = 0;
      
      if (bytes_written)
        *bytes_written = 0;
      
      return NULL;
    }

  utf8 = g_convert (str, len, "UTF-8", from_codeset, 
                    bytes_read, &inbytes_remaining, error);
  if (!utf8)
    {
      close_converter (cd);
      if (bytes_written)
        *bytes_written = 0;
      return NULL;
    }

  /* Now the heart of the code. We loop through the UTF-8 string, and
   * whenever we hit an offending character, we form fallback, convert
   * the fallback to the target codeset, and then go back to
   * converting the original string after finishing with the fallback.
   *
   * The variables save_p and save_inbytes store the input state
   * for the original string while we are converting the fallback
   */
  p = utf8;

  outbuf_size = len + NUL_TERMINATOR_LENGTH;
  outbytes_remaining = outbuf_size - NUL_TERMINATOR_LENGTH;
  outp = dest = g_malloc (outbuf_size);

  while (!done && !have_error)
    {
      gsize inbytes_tmp = inbytes_remaining;
      err = g_iconv (cd, (char **)&p, &inbytes_tmp, &outp, &outbytes_remaining);
      inbytes_remaining = inbytes_tmp;

      if (err == (gsize) -1)
        {
          switch (errno)
            {
            case EINVAL:
              g_assert_not_reached();
              break;
            case E2BIG:
              {
                gsize used = outp - dest;

                outbuf_size *= 2;
                dest = g_realloc (dest, outbuf_size);
                
                outp = dest + used;
                outbytes_remaining = outbuf_size - used - NUL_TERMINATOR_LENGTH;
                
                break;
              }
            case EILSEQ:
              if (save_p)
                {
                  /* Error converting fallback string - fatal
                   */
                  g_set_error (error, G_CONVERT_ERROR, G_CONVERT_ERROR_ILLEGAL_SEQUENCE,
                               _("Cannot convert fallback '%s' to codeset '%s'"),
                               insert_str, to_codeset);
                  have_error = TRUE;
                  break;
                }
              else if (p)
                {
                  if (!fallback)
                    { 
                      gunichar ch = g_utf8_get_char (p);
                      insert_str = g_strdup_printf (ch < 0x10000 ? "\\u%04x" : "\\U%08x",
                                                    ch);
                    }
                  else
                    insert_str = fallback;
                  
                  save_p = g_utf8_next_char (p);
                  save_inbytes = inbytes_remaining - (save_p - p);
                  p = insert_str;
                  inbytes_remaining = strlen (p);
                  break;
                }
              /* fall thru if p is NULL */
            default:
              {
                int errsv = errno;

                g_set_error (error, G_CONVERT_ERROR, G_CONVERT_ERROR_FAILED,
                             _("Error during conversion: %s"),
                             g_strerror (errsv));
              }

              have_error = TRUE;
              break;
            }
        }
      else
        {
          if (save_p)
            {
              if (!fallback)
                g_free ((gchar *)insert_str);
              p = save_p;
              inbytes_remaining = save_inbytes;
              save_p = NULL;
            }
          else if (p)
            {
              /* call g_iconv with NULL inbuf to cleanup shift state */
              p = NULL;
              inbytes_remaining = 0;
            }
          else
            done = TRUE;
        }
    }

  /* Cleanup
   */
  memset (outp, 0, NUL_TERMINATOR_LENGTH);
  
  close_converter (cd);

  if (bytes_written)
    *bytes_written = outp - dest;       /* Doesn't include '\0' */

  g_free (utf8);

  if (have_error)
    {
      if (save_p && !fallback)
        g_free ((gchar *)insert_str);
      g_free (dest);
      return NULL;
    }
  else
    return dest;
}

/*
 * g_locale_to_utf8
 *
 * 
 */

static gchar *
strdup_len (const gchar *string,
            gssize       len,
            gsize       *bytes_written,
            gsize       *bytes_read,
            GError      **error)
         
{
  gsize real_len;

  if (!g_utf8_validate (string, len, NULL))
    {
      if (bytes_read)
        *bytes_read = 0;
      if (bytes_written)
        *bytes_written = 0;

      g_set_error_literal (error, G_CONVERT_ERROR, G_CONVERT_ERROR_ILLEGAL_SEQUENCE,
                           _("Invalid byte sequence in conversion input"));
      return NULL;
    }
  
  if (len < 0)
    real_len = strlen (string);
  else
    {
      real_len = 0;
      
      while (real_len < len && string[real_len])
        real_len++;
    }
  
  if (bytes_read)
    *bytes_read = real_len;
  if (bytes_written)
    *bytes_written = real_len;

  return g_strndup (string, real_len);
}

/**
 * g_locale_to_utf8:
 * @opsysstring:   a string in the encoding of the current locale. On Windows
 *                 this means the system codepage.
 * @len:           the length of the string, or -1 if the string is
 *                 nul-terminated<footnoteref linkend="nul-unsafe"/>. 
 * @bytes_read:    location to store the number of bytes in the
 *                 input string that were successfully converted, or %NULL.
 *                 Even if the conversion was successful, this may be 
 *                 less than @len if there were partial characters
 *                 at the end of the input. If the error
 *                 #G_CONVERT_ERROR_ILLEGAL_SEQUENCE occurs, the value
 *                 stored will the byte offset after the last valid
 *                 input sequence.
 * @bytes_written: the number of bytes stored in the output buffer (not 
 *                 including the terminating nul).
 * @error:         location to store the error occurring, or %NULL to ignore
 *                 errors. Any of the errors in #GConvertError may occur.
 * 
 * Converts a string which is in the encoding used for strings by
 * the C runtime (usually the same as that used by the operating
 * system) in the <link linkend="setlocale">current locale</link> into a
 * UTF-8 string.
 * 
 * Return value: The converted string, or %NULL on an error.
 **/
gchar *
g_locale_to_utf8 (const gchar  *opsysstring,
                  gssize        len,            
                  gsize        *bytes_read,    
                  gsize        *bytes_written,
                  GError      **error)
{
  const char *charset;

  if (g_get_charset (&charset))
    return strdup_len (opsysstring, len, bytes_read, bytes_written, error);
  else
    return g_convert (opsysstring, len, 
                      "UTF-8", charset, bytes_read, bytes_written, error);
}

/**
 * g_locale_from_utf8:
 * @utf8string:    a UTF-8 encoded string 
 * @len:           the length of the string, or -1 if the string is
 *                 nul-terminated<footnoteref linkend="nul-unsafe"/>. 
 * @bytes_read:    location to store the number of bytes in the
 *                 input string that were successfully converted, or %NULL.
 *                 Even if the conversion was successful, this may be 
 *                 less than @len if there were partial characters
 *                 at the end of the input. If the error
 *                 #G_CONVERT_ERROR_ILLEGAL_SEQUENCE occurs, the value
 *                 stored will the byte offset after the last valid
 *                 input sequence.
 * @bytes_written: the number of bytes stored in the output buffer (not 
 *                 including the terminating nul).
 * @error:         location to store the error occurring, or %NULL to ignore
 *                 errors. Any of the errors in #GConvertError may occur.
 * 
 * Converts a string from UTF-8 to the encoding used for strings by
 * the C runtime (usually the same as that used by the operating
 * system) in the <link linkend="setlocale">current locale</link>. On
 * Windows this means the system codepage.
 * 
 * Return value: The converted string, or %NULL on an error.
 **/
gchar *
g_locale_from_utf8 (const gchar *utf8string,
                    gssize       len,            
                    gsize       *bytes_read,    
                    gsize       *bytes_written,
                    GError     **error)
{
  const gchar *charset;

  if (g_get_charset (&charset))
    return strdup_len (utf8string, len, bytes_read, bytes_written, error);
  else
    return g_convert (utf8string, len,
                      charset, "UTF-8", bytes_read, bytes_written, error);
}

#ifndef G_PLATFORM_WIN32

typedef struct _GFilenameCharsetCache GFilenameCharsetCache;

struct _GFilenameCharsetCache {
  gboolean is_utf8;
  gchar *charset;
  gchar **filename_charsets;
};

static void
filename_charset_cache_free (gpointer data)
{
  GFilenameCharsetCache *cache = data;
  g_free (cache->charset);
  g_strfreev (cache->filename_charsets);
  g_free (cache);
}

/**
 * g_get_filename_charsets:
 * @charsets: return location for the %NULL-terminated list of encoding names
 *
 * Determines the preferred character sets used for filenames.
 * The first character set from the @charsets is the filename encoding, the
 * subsequent character sets are used when trying to generate a displayable
 * representation of a filename, see g_filename_display_name().
 *
 * On Unix, the character sets are determined by consulting the
 * environment variables <envar>G_FILENAME_ENCODING</envar> and
 * <envar>G_BROKEN_FILENAMES</envar>. On Windows, the character set
 * used in the GLib API is always UTF-8 and said environment variables
 * have no effect.
 *
 * <envar>G_FILENAME_ENCODING</envar> may be set to a comma-separated list 
 * of character set names. The special token "&commat;locale" is taken to 
 * mean the character set for the <link linkend="setlocale">current 
 * locale</link>. If <envar>G_FILENAME_ENCODING</envar> is not set, but 
 * <envar>G_BROKEN_FILENAMES</envar> is, the character set of the current 
 * locale is taken as the filename encoding. If neither environment variable 
 * is set, UTF-8 is taken as the filename encoding, but the character
 * set of the current locale is also put in the list of encodings.
 *
 * The returned @charsets belong to GLib and must not be freed.
 *
 * Note that on Unix, regardless of the locale character set or
 * <envar>G_FILENAME_ENCODING</envar> value, the actual file names present 
 * on a system might be in any random encoding or just gibberish.
 *
 * Return value: %TRUE if the filename encoding is UTF-8.
 * 
 * Since: 2.6
 */
gboolean
g_get_filename_charsets (const gchar ***filename_charsets)
{
  static GPrivate cache_private = G_PRIVATE_INIT (filename_charset_cache_free);
  GFilenameCharsetCache *cache = g_private_get (&cache_private);
  const gchar *charset;

  if (!cache)
    {
      cache = g_new0 (GFilenameCharsetCache, 1);
      g_private_set (&cache_private, cache);
    }

  g_get_charset (&charset);

  if (!(cache->charset && strcmp (cache->charset, charset) == 0))
    {
      const gchar *new_charset;
      gchar *p;
      gint i;

      g_free (cache->charset);
      g_strfreev (cache->filename_charsets);
      cache->charset = g_strdup (charset);
      
      p = getenv ("G_FILENAME_ENCODING");
      if (p != NULL && p[0] != '\0') 
        {
          cache->filename_charsets = g_strsplit (p, ",", 0);
          cache->is_utf8 = (strcmp (cache->filename_charsets[0], "UTF-8") == 0);

          for (i = 0; cache->filename_charsets[i]; i++)
            {
              if (strcmp ("@locale", cache->filename_charsets[i]) == 0)
                {
                  g_get_charset (&new_charset);
                  g_free (cache->filename_charsets[i]);
                  cache->filename_charsets[i] = g_strdup (new_charset);
                }
            }
        }
      else if (getenv ("G_BROKEN_FILENAMES") != NULL)
        {
          cache->filename_charsets = g_new0 (gchar *, 2);
          cache->is_utf8 = g_get_charset (&new_charset);
          cache->filename_charsets[0] = g_strdup (new_charset);
        }
      else 
        {
          cache->filename_charsets = g_new0 (gchar *, 3);
          cache->is_utf8 = TRUE;
          cache->filename_charsets[0] = g_strdup ("UTF-8");
          if (!g_get_charset (&new_charset))
            cache->filename_charsets[1] = g_strdup (new_charset);
        }
    }

  if (filename_charsets)
    *filename_charsets = (const gchar **)cache->filename_charsets;

  return cache->is_utf8;
}

#else /* G_PLATFORM_WIN32 */

gboolean
g_get_filename_charsets (const gchar ***filename_charsets) 
{
  static const gchar *charsets[] = {
    "UTF-8",
    NULL
  };

#ifdef G_OS_WIN32
  /* On Windows GLib pretends that the filename charset is UTF-8 */
  if (filename_charsets)
    *filename_charsets = charsets;

  return TRUE;
#else
  gboolean result;

  /* Cygwin works like before */
  result = g_get_charset (&(charsets[0]));

  if (filename_charsets)
    *filename_charsets = charsets;

  return result;
#endif
}

#endif /* G_PLATFORM_WIN32 */

static gboolean
get_filename_charset (const gchar **filename_charset)
{
  const gchar **charsets;
  gboolean is_utf8;
  
  is_utf8 = g_get_filename_charsets (&charsets);

  if (filename_charset)
    *filename_charset = charsets[0];
  
  return is_utf8;
}

/**
 * g_filename_to_utf8:
 * @opsysstring:   a string in the encoding for filenames
 * @len:           the length of the string, or -1 if the string is
 *                 nul-terminated<footnoteref linkend="nul-unsafe"/>. 
 * @bytes_read:    location to store the number of bytes in the
 *                 input string that were successfully converted, or %NULL.
 *                 Even if the conversion was successful, this may be 
 *                 less than @len if there were partial characters
 *                 at the end of the input. If the error
 *                 #G_CONVERT_ERROR_ILLEGAL_SEQUENCE occurs, the value
 *                 stored will the byte offset after the last valid
 *                 input sequence.
 * @bytes_written: the number of bytes stored in the output buffer (not 
 *                 including the terminating nul).
 * @error:         location to store the error occurring, or %NULL to ignore
 *                 errors. Any of the errors in #GConvertError may occur.
 * 
 * Converts a string which is in the encoding used by GLib for
 * filenames into a UTF-8 string. Note that on Windows GLib uses UTF-8
 * for filenames; on other platforms, this function indirectly depends on 
 * the <link linkend="setlocale">current locale</link>.
 * 
 * Return value: The converted string, or %NULL on an error.
 **/
gchar*
g_filename_to_utf8 (const gchar *opsysstring, 
                    gssize       len,           
                    gsize       *bytes_read,   
                    gsize       *bytes_written,
                    GError     **error)
{
  const gchar *charset;

  g_return_val_if_fail (opsysstring != NULL, NULL);

  if (get_filename_charset (&charset))
    return strdup_len (opsysstring, len, bytes_read, bytes_written, error);
  else
    return g_convert (opsysstring, len, 
                      "UTF-8", charset, bytes_read, bytes_written, error);
}

#if defined (G_OS_WIN32) && !defined (_WIN64)

#undef g_filename_to_utf8

/* Binary compatibility version. Not for newly compiled code. Also not needed for
 * 64-bit versions as there should be no old deployed binaries that would use
 * the old versions.
 */

gchar*
g_filename_to_utf8 (const gchar *opsysstring, 
                    gssize       len,           
                    gsize       *bytes_read,   
                    gsize       *bytes_written,
                    GError     **error)
{
  const gchar *charset;

  g_return_val_if_fail (opsysstring != NULL, NULL);

  if (g_get_charset (&charset))
    return strdup_len (opsysstring, len, bytes_read, bytes_written, error);
  else
    return g_convert (opsysstring, len, 
                      "UTF-8", charset, bytes_read, bytes_written, error);
}

#endif

/**
 * g_filename_from_utf8:
 * @utf8string:    a UTF-8 encoded string.
 * @len:           the length of the string, or -1 if the string is
 *                 nul-terminated.
 * @bytes_read:    location to store the number of bytes in the
 *                 input string that were successfully converted, or %NULL.
 *                 Even if the conversion was successful, this may be 
 *                 less than @len if there were partial characters
 *                 at the end of the input. If the error
 *                 #G_CONVERT_ERROR_ILLEGAL_SEQUENCE occurs, the value
 *                 stored will the byte offset after the last valid
 *                 input sequence.
 * @bytes_written: the number of bytes stored in the output buffer (not 
 *                 including the terminating nul).
 * @error:         location to store the error occurring, or %NULL to ignore
 *                 errors. Any of the errors in #GConvertError may occur.
 * 
 * Converts a string from UTF-8 to the encoding GLib uses for
 * filenames. Note that on Windows GLib uses UTF-8 for filenames;
 * on other platforms, this function indirectly depends on the 
 * <link linkend="setlocale">current locale</link>.
 * 
 * Return value: The converted string, or %NULL on an error.
 **/
gchar*
g_filename_from_utf8 (const gchar *utf8string,
                      gssize       len,            
                      gsize       *bytes_read,    
                      gsize       *bytes_written,
                      GError     **error)
{
  const gchar *charset;

  if (get_filename_charset (&charset))
    return strdup_len (utf8string, len, bytes_read, bytes_written, error);
  else
    return g_convert (utf8string, len,
                      charset, "UTF-8", bytes_read, bytes_written, error);
}

#if defined (G_OS_WIN32) && !defined (_WIN64)

#undef g_filename_from_utf8

/* Binary compatibility version. Not for newly compiled code. */

gchar*
g_filename_from_utf8 (const gchar *utf8string,
                      gssize       len,            
                      gsize       *bytes_read,    
                      gsize       *bytes_written,
                      GError     **error)
{
  const gchar *charset;

  if (g_get_charset (&charset))
    return strdup_len (utf8string, len, bytes_read, bytes_written, error);
  else
    return g_convert (utf8string, len,
                      charset, "UTF-8", bytes_read, bytes_written, error);
}

#endif

/* Test of haystack has the needle prefix, comparing case
 * insensitive. haystack may be UTF-8, but needle must
 * contain only ascii. */
static gboolean
has_case_prefix (const gchar *haystack, const gchar *needle)
{
  const gchar *h, *n;
  
  /* Eat one character at a time. */
  h = haystack;
  n = needle;

  while (*n && *h &&
         g_ascii_tolower (*n) == g_ascii_tolower (*h))
    {
      n++;
      h++;
    }
  
  return *n == '\0';
}

typedef enum {
  UNSAFE_ALL        = 0x1,  /* Escape all unsafe characters   */
  UNSAFE_ALLOW_PLUS = 0x2,  /* Allows '+'  */
  UNSAFE_PATH       = 0x8,  /* Allows '/', '&', '=', ':', '@', '+', '$' and ',' */
  UNSAFE_HOST       = 0x10, /* Allows '/' and ':' and '@' */
  UNSAFE_SLASHES    = 0x20  /* Allows all characters except for '/' and '%' */
} UnsafeCharacterSet;

static const guchar acceptable[96] = {
  /* A table of the ASCII chars from space (32) to DEL (127) */
  /*      !    "    #    $    %    &    '    (    )    *    +    ,    -    .    / */ 
  0x00,0x3F,0x20,0x20,0x28,0x00,0x2C,0x3F,0x3F,0x3F,0x3F,0x2A,0x28,0x3F,0x3F,0x1C,
  /* 0    1    2    3    4    5    6    7    8    9    :    ;    <    =    >    ? */
  0x3F,0x3F,0x3F,0x3F,0x3F,0x3F,0x3F,0x3F,0x3F,0x3F,0x38,0x20,0x20,0x2C,0x20,0x20,
  /* @    A    B    C    D    E    F    G    H    I    J    K    L    M    N    O */
  0x38,0x3F,0x3F,0x3F,0x3F,0x3F,0x3F,0x3F,0x3F,0x3F,0x3F,0x3F,0x3F,0x3F,0x3F,0x3F,
  /* P    Q    R    S    T    U    V    W    X    Y    Z    [    \    ]    ^    _ */
  0x3F,0x3F,0x3F,0x3F,0x3F,0x3F,0x3F,0x3F,0x3F,0x3F,0x3F,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x3F,
  /* `    a    b    c    d    e    f    g    h    i    j    k    l    m    n    o */
  0x20,0x3F,0x3F,0x3F,0x3F,0x3F,0x3F,0x3F,0x3F,0x3F,0x3F,0x3F,0x3F,0x3F,0x3F,0x3F,
  /* p    q    r    s    t    u    v    w    x    y    z    {    |    }    ~  DEL */
  0x3F,0x3F,0x3F,0x3F,0x3F,0x3F,0x3F,0x3F,0x3F,0x3F,0x3F,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x3F,0x20
};

static const gchar hex[16] = "0123456789ABCDEF";

/* Note: This escape function works on file: URIs, but if you want to
 * escape something else, please read RFC-2396 */
static gchar *
g_escape_uri_string (const gchar *string, 
                     UnsafeCharacterSet mask)
{
#define ACCEPTABLE(a) ((a)>=32 && (a)<128 && (acceptable[(a)-32] & use_mask))

  const gchar *p;
  gchar *q;
  gchar *result;
  int c;
  gint unacceptable;
  UnsafeCharacterSet use_mask;
  
  g_return_val_if_fail (mask == UNSAFE_ALL
                        || mask == UNSAFE_ALLOW_PLUS
                        || mask == UNSAFE_PATH
                        || mask == UNSAFE_HOST
                        || mask == UNSAFE_SLASHES, NULL);
  
  unacceptable = 0;
  use_mask = mask;
  for (p = string; *p != '\0'; p++)
    {
      c = (guchar) *p;
      if (!ACCEPTABLE (c)) 
        unacceptable++;
    }
  
  result = g_malloc (p - string + unacceptable * 2 + 1);
  
  use_mask = mask;
  for (q = result, p = string; *p != '\0'; p++)
    {
      c = (guchar) *p;
      
      if (!ACCEPTABLE (c))
        {
          *q++ = '%'; /* means hex coming */
          *q++ = hex[c >> 4];
          *q++ = hex[c & 15];
        }
      else
        *q++ = *p;
    }
  
  *q = '\0';
  
  return result;
}


static gchar *
g_escape_file_uri (const gchar *hostname,
                   const gchar *pathname)
{
  char *escaped_hostname = NULL;
  char *escaped_path;
  char *res;

#ifdef G_OS_WIN32
  char *p, *backslash;

  /* Turn backslashes into forward slashes. That's what Netscape
   * does, and they are actually more or less equivalent in Windows.
   */
  
  pathname = g_strdup (pathname);
  p = (char *) pathname;
  
  while ((backslash = strchr (p, '\\')) != NULL)
    {
      *backslash = '/';
      p = backslash + 1;
    }
#endif

  if (hostname && *hostname != '\0')
    {
      escaped_hostname = g_escape_uri_string (hostname, UNSAFE_HOST);
    }

  escaped_path = g_escape_uri_string (pathname, UNSAFE_PATH);

  res = g_strconcat ("file://",
                     (escaped_hostname) ? escaped_hostname : "",
                     (*escaped_path != '/') ? "/" : "",
                     escaped_path,
                     NULL);

#ifdef G_OS_WIN32
  g_free ((char *) pathname);
#endif

  g_free (escaped_hostname);
  g_free (escaped_path);
  
  return res;
}

static int
unescape_character (const char *scanner)
{
  int first_digit;
  int second_digit;

  first_digit = g_ascii_xdigit_value (scanner[0]);
  if (first_digit < 0) 
    return -1;
  
  second_digit = g_ascii_xdigit_value (scanner[1]);
  if (second_digit < 0) 
    return -1;
  
  return (first_digit << 4) | second_digit;
}

static gchar *
g_unescape_uri_string (const char *escaped,
                       int         len,
                       const char *illegal_escaped_characters,
                       gboolean    ascii_must_not_be_escaped)
{
  const gchar *in, *in_end;
  gchar *out, *result;
  int c;
  
  if (escaped == NULL)
    return NULL;

  if (len < 0)
    len = strlen (escaped);

  result = g_malloc (len + 1);
  
  out = result;
  for (in = escaped, in_end = escaped + len; in < in_end; in++)
    {
      c = *in;

      if (c == '%')
        {
          /* catch partial escape sequences past the end of the substring */
          if (in + 3 > in_end)
            break;

          c = unescape_character (in + 1);

          /* catch bad escape sequences and NUL characters */
          if (c <= 0)
            break;

          /* catch escaped ASCII */
          if (ascii_must_not_be_escaped && c <= 0x7F)
            break;

          /* catch other illegal escaped characters */
          if (strchr (illegal_escaped_characters, c) != NULL)
            break;

          in += 2;
        }

      *out++ = c;
    }
  
  g_assert (out - result <= len);
  *out = '\0';

  if (in != in_end)
    {
      g_free (result);
      return NULL;
    }

  return result;
}

static gboolean
is_asciialphanum (gunichar c)
{
  return c <= 0x7F && g_ascii_isalnum (c);
}

static gboolean
is_asciialpha (gunichar c)
{
  return c <= 0x7F && g_ascii_isalpha (c);
}

/* allows an empty string */
static gboolean
hostname_validate (const char *hostname)
{
  const char *p;
  gunichar c, first_char, last_char;

  p = hostname;
  if (*p == '\0')
    return TRUE;
  do
    {
      /* read in a label */
      c = g_utf8_get_char (p);
      p = g_utf8_next_char (p);
      if (!is_asciialphanum (c))
        return FALSE;
      first_char = c;
      do
        {
          last_char = c;
          c = g_utf8_get_char (p);
          p = g_utf8_next_char (p);
        }
      while (is_asciialphanum (c) || c == '-');
      if (last_char == '-')
        return FALSE;
      
      /* if that was the last label, check that it was a toplabel */
      if (c == '\0' || (c == '.' && *p == '\0'))
        return is_asciialpha (first_char);
    }
  while (c == '.');
  return FALSE;
}

/**
 * g_filename_from_uri:
 * @uri: a uri describing a filename (escaped, encoded in ASCII).
 * @hostname: Location to store hostname for the URI, or %NULL.
 *            If there is no hostname in the URI, %NULL will be
 *            stored in this location.
 * @error: location to store the error occurring, or %NULL to ignore
 *         errors. Any of the errors in #GConvertError may occur.
 * 
 * Converts an escaped ASCII-encoded URI to a local filename in the
 * encoding used for filenames. 
 * 
 * Return value: a newly-allocated string holding the resulting
 *               filename, or %NULL on an error.
 **/
gchar *
g_filename_from_uri (const gchar *uri,
                     gchar      **hostname,
                     GError     **error)
{
  const char *path_part;
  const char *host_part;
  char *unescaped_hostname;
  char *result;
  char *filename;
  int offs;
#ifdef G_OS_WIN32
  char *p, *slash;
#endif

  if (hostname)
    *hostname = NULL;

  if (!has_case_prefix (uri, "file:/"))
    {
      g_set_error (error, G_CONVERT_ERROR, G_CONVERT_ERROR_BAD_URI,
                   _("The URI '%s' is not an absolute URI using the \"file\" scheme"),
                   uri);
      return NULL;
    }
  
  path_part = uri + strlen ("file:");
  
  if (strchr (path_part, '#') != NULL)
    {
      g_set_error (error, G_CONVERT_ERROR, G_CONVERT_ERROR_BAD_URI,
                   _("The local file URI '%s' may not include a '#'"),
                   uri);
      return NULL;
    }
        
  if (has_case_prefix (path_part, "///")) 
    path_part += 2;
  else if (has_case_prefix (path_part, "//"))
    {
      path_part += 2;
      host_part = path_part;

      path_part = strchr (path_part, '/');

      if (path_part == NULL)
        {
          g_set_error (error, G_CONVERT_ERROR, G_CONVERT_ERROR_BAD_URI,
                       _("The URI '%s' is invalid"),
                       uri);
          return NULL;
        }

      unescaped_hostname = g_unescape_uri_string (host_part, path_part - host_part, "", TRUE);

      if (unescaped_hostname == NULL ||
          !hostname_validate (unescaped_hostname))
        {
          g_free (unescaped_hostname);
          g_set_error (error, G_CONVERT_ERROR, G_CONVERT_ERROR_BAD_URI,
                       _("The hostname of the URI '%s' is invalid"),
                       uri);
          return NULL;
        }
      
      if (hostname)
        *hostname = unescaped_hostname;
      else
        g_free (unescaped_hostname);
    }

  filename = g_unescape_uri_string (path_part, -1, "/", FALSE);

  if (filename == NULL)
    {
      g_set_error (error, G_CONVERT_ERROR, G_CONVERT_ERROR_BAD_URI,
                   _("The URI '%s' contains invalidly escaped characters"),
                   uri);
      return NULL;
    }

  offs = 0;
#ifdef G_OS_WIN32
  /* Drop localhost */
  if (hostname && *hostname != NULL &&
      g_ascii_strcasecmp (*hostname, "localhost") == 0)
    {
      g_free (*hostname);
      *hostname = NULL;
    }

  /* Turn slashes into backslashes, because that's the canonical spelling */
  p = filename;
  while ((slash = strchr (p, '/')) != NULL)
    {
      *slash = '\\';
      p = slash + 1;
    }

  /* Windows URIs with a drive letter can be like "file://host/c:/foo"
   * or "file://host/c|/foo" (some Netscape versions). In those cases, start
   * the filename from the drive letter.
   */
  if (g_ascii_isalpha (filename[1]))
    {
      if (filename[2] == ':')
        offs = 1;
      else if (filename[2] == '|')
        {
          filename[2] = ':';
          offs = 1;
        }
    }
#endif

  result = g_strdup (filename + offs);
  g_free (filename);

  return result;
}

#if defined (G_OS_WIN32) && !defined (_WIN64)

#undef g_filename_from_uri

gchar *
g_filename_from_uri (const gchar *uri,
                     gchar      **hostname,
                     GError     **error)
{
  gchar *utf8_filename;
  gchar *retval = NULL;

  utf8_filename = g_filename_from_uri_utf8 (uri, hostname, error);
  if (utf8_filename)
    {
      retval = g_locale_from_utf8 (utf8_filename, -1, NULL, NULL, error);
      g_free (utf8_filename);
    }
  return retval;
}

#endif

/**
 * g_filename_to_uri:
 * @filename: an absolute filename specified in the GLib file name encoding,
 *            which is the on-disk file name bytes on Unix, and UTF-8 on 
 *            Windows
 * @hostname: (allow-none): A UTF-8 encoded hostname, or %NULL for none.
 * @error: location to store the error occurring, or %NULL to ignore
 *         errors. Any of the errors in #GConvertError may occur.
 * 
 * Converts an absolute filename to an escaped ASCII-encoded URI, with the path
 * component following Section 3.3. of RFC 2396.
 * 
 * Return value: a newly-allocated string holding the resulting
 *               URI, or %NULL on an error.
 **/
gchar *
g_filename_to_uri (const gchar *filename,
                   const gchar *hostname,
                   GError     **error)
{
  char *escaped_uri;

  g_return_val_if_fail (filename != NULL, NULL);

  if (!g_path_is_absolute (filename))
    {
      g_set_error (error, G_CONVERT_ERROR, G_CONVERT_ERROR_NOT_ABSOLUTE_PATH,
                   _("The pathname '%s' is not an absolute path"),
                   filename);
      return NULL;
    }

  if (hostname &&
      !(g_utf8_validate (hostname, -1, NULL)
        && hostname_validate (hostname)))
    {
      g_set_error_literal (error, G_CONVERT_ERROR, G_CONVERT_ERROR_ILLEGAL_SEQUENCE,
                           _("Invalid hostname"));
      return NULL;
    }
  
#ifdef G_OS_WIN32
  /* Don't use localhost unnecessarily */
  if (hostname && g_ascii_strcasecmp (hostname, "localhost") == 0)
    hostname = NULL;
#endif

  escaped_uri = g_escape_file_uri (hostname, filename);

  return escaped_uri;
}

#if defined (G_OS_WIN32) && !defined (_WIN64)

#undef g_filename_to_uri

gchar *
g_filename_to_uri (const gchar *filename,
                   const gchar *hostname,
                   GError     **error)
{
  gchar *utf8_filename;
  gchar *retval = NULL;

  utf8_filename = g_locale_to_utf8 (filename, -1, NULL, NULL, error);

  if (utf8_filename)
    {
      retval = g_filename_to_uri_utf8 (utf8_filename, hostname, error);
      g_free (utf8_filename);
    }

  return retval;
}

#endif

/**
 * g_uri_list_extract_uris:
 * @uri_list: an URI list 
 *
 * Splits an URI list conforming to the text/uri-list
 * mime type defined in RFC 2483 into individual URIs,
 * discarding any comments. The URIs are not validated.
 *
 * Returns: a newly allocated %NULL-terminated list of
 *   strings holding the individual URIs. The array should
 *   be freed with g_strfreev().
 *
 * Since: 2.6
 */
gchar **
g_uri_list_extract_uris (const gchar *uri_list)
{
  GSList *uris, *u;
  const gchar *p, *q;
  gchar **result;
  gint n_uris = 0;

  uris = NULL;

  p = uri_list;

  /* We don't actually try to validate the URI according to RFC
   * 2396, or even check for allowed characters - we just ignore
   * comments and trim whitespace off the ends.  We also
   * allow LF delimination as well as the specified CRLF.
   *
   * We do allow comments like specified in RFC 2483.
   */
  while (p)
    {
      if (*p != '#')
        {
          while (g_ascii_isspace (*p))
            p++;

          q = p;
          while (*q && (*q != '\n') && (*q != '\r'))
            q++;

          if (q > p)
            {
              q--;
              while (q > p && g_ascii_isspace (*q))
                q--;

              if (q > p)
                {
                  uris = g_slist_prepend (uris, g_strndup (p, q - p + 1));
                  n_uris++;
                }
            }
        }
      p = strchr (p, '\n');
      if (p)
        p++;
    }

  result = g_new (gchar *, n_uris + 1);

  result[n_uris--] = NULL;
  for (u = uris; u; u = u->next)
    result[n_uris--] = u->data;

  g_slist_free (uris);

  return result;
}

/**
 * g_filename_display_basename:
 * @filename: an absolute pathname in the GLib file name encoding
 *
 * Returns the display basename for the particular filename, guaranteed
 * to be valid UTF-8. The display name might not be identical to the filename,
 * for instance there might be problems converting it to UTF-8, and some files
 * can be translated in the display.
 *
 * If GLib cannot make sense of the encoding of @filename, as a last resort it 
 * replaces unknown characters with U+FFFD, the Unicode replacement character.
 * You can search the result for the UTF-8 encoding of this character (which is
 * "\357\277\275" in octal notation) to find out if @filename was in an invalid
 * encoding.
 *
 * You must pass the whole absolute pathname to this functions so that
 * translation of well known locations can be done.
 *
 * This function is preferred over g_filename_display_name() if you know the
 * whole path, as it allows translation.
 *
 * Return value: a newly allocated string containing
 *   a rendition of the basename of the filename in valid UTF-8
 *
 * Since: 2.6
 **/
gchar *
g_filename_display_basename (const gchar *filename)
{
  char *basename;
  char *display_name;

  g_return_val_if_fail (filename != NULL, NULL);
  
  basename = g_path_get_basename (filename);
  display_name = g_filename_display_name (basename);
  g_free (basename);
  return display_name;
}

/**
 * g_filename_display_name:
 * @filename: a pathname hopefully in the GLib file name encoding
 * 
 * Converts a filename into a valid UTF-8 string. The conversion is 
 * not necessarily reversible, so you should keep the original around 
 * and use the return value of this function only for display purposes.
 * Unlike g_filename_to_utf8(), the result is guaranteed to be non-%NULL 
 * even if the filename actually isn't in the GLib file name encoding.
 *
 * If GLib cannot make sense of the encoding of @filename, as a last resort it 
 * replaces unknown characters with U+FFFD, the Unicode replacement character.
 * You can search the result for the UTF-8 encoding of this character (which is
 * "\357\277\275" in octal notation) to find out if @filename was in an invalid
 * encoding.
 *
 * If you know the whole pathname of the file you should use
 * g_filename_display_basename(), since that allows location-based
 * translation of filenames.
 *
 * Return value: a newly allocated string containing
 *   a rendition of the filename in valid UTF-8
 *
 * Since: 2.6
 **/
gchar *
g_filename_display_name (const gchar *filename)
{
  gint i;
  const gchar **charsets;
  gchar *display_name = NULL;
  gboolean is_utf8;
 
  is_utf8 = g_get_filename_charsets (&charsets);

  if (is_utf8)
    {
      if (g_utf8_validate (filename, -1, NULL))
        display_name = g_strdup (filename);
    }
  
  if (!display_name)
    {
      /* Try to convert from the filename charsets to UTF-8.
       * Skip the first charset if it is UTF-8.
       */
      for (i = is_utf8 ? 1 : 0; charsets[i]; i++)
        {
          display_name = g_convert (filename, -1, "UTF-8", charsets[i], 
                                    NULL, NULL, NULL);

          if (display_name)
            break;
        }
    }
  
  /* if all conversions failed, we replace invalid UTF-8
   * by a question mark
   */
  if (!display_name) 
    display_name = _g_utf8_make_valid (filename);

  return display_name;
}