1 README for gdb-4.9 release
2 Updated 10-May-93 by Fred Fish
4 This is GDB, the GNU source-level debugger, presently running under un*x.
5 A summary of new features is in the file `NEWS'.
8 Unpacking and Installation -- quick overview
9 ==========================
11 In this release, the GDB debugger sources, the generic GNU include
12 files, the BFD ("binary file description") library, the readline
13 library, and other libraries all have directories of their own
14 underneath the gdb-4.9 directory. The idea is that a variety of GNU
15 tools can share a common copy of these things. Be aware of variation
16 over time--for example don't try to build gdb with a copy of bfd from
17 a release other than the gdb release (such as a binutils or gas
18 release), especially if the releases are more than a few weeks apart.
19 Configuration scripts and makefiles exist to cruise up and down this
20 directory tree and automatically build all the pieces in the right
23 When you unpack the gdb-4.9.tar.z or gdb-4.9.tar.Z file, you'll find
24 a directory called `gdb-4.9', which contains:
26 Makefile.in config.sub* glob/ opcodes/
27 README configure* include/ readline/
28 bfd/ configure.in libiberty/ texinfo/
30 config.guess* gdb/ move-if-change*
32 To build GDB, you can just do:
37 cp gdb/gdb /usr/local/bin/gdb (or wherever you want)
39 This will configure and build all the libraries as well as GDB.
40 If `configure' can't determine your system type, specify one as its
41 argument, e.g. sun4 or decstation.
43 If you get compiler warnings during this stage, see the `Reporting Bugs'
44 section below; there are a few known problems.
46 GDB can be used as a cross-debugger, running on a machine of one type
47 while debugging a program running on a machine of another type. See below.
53 The GDB 4 release includes an already-formatted reference card,
54 ready for printing with PostScript or GhostScript, in the `gdb'
55 subdirectory of the main source directory. (In `gdb-4.9/gdb/refcard.ps'.)
56 If you can use PostScript or GhostScript with your printer, you can
57 print the reference card immediately with `refcard.ps'.
59 The release also includes the source for the reference card. You
60 can format it, using TeX, by typing:
64 The GDB reference card is designed to print in landscape mode on US
65 "letter" size paper; that is, on a sheet 11 inches wide by 8.5 inches
66 high. You will need to specify this form of printing as an option to
67 your DVI output program.
69 All the documentation for GDB comes as part of the machine-readable
70 distribution. The documentation is written in Texinfo format, which is
71 a documentation system that uses a single source file to produce both
72 on-line information and a printed manual. You can use one of the Info
73 formatting commands to create the on-line version of the documentation
74 and TeX (or `texi2roff') to typeset the printed version.
76 GDB includes an already formatted copy of the on-line Info version of
77 this manual in the `gdb' subdirectory. The main Info file is
78 `gdb-VERSION-NUMBER/gdb/gdb.info', and it refers to subordinate files
79 matching `gdb.info*' in the same directory. If necessary, you can
80 print out these files, or read them with any editor; but they are
81 easier to read using the `info' subsystem in GNU Emacs or the
82 standalone `info' program, available as part of the GNU Texinfo
85 If you want to format these Info files yourself, you need one of the
86 Info formatting programs, such as `texinfo-format-buffer' or `makeinfo'.
88 If you have `makeinfo' installed, and are in the top level GDB
89 source directory (`gdb-4.9', in the case of version 4.9), you can make
90 the Info file by typing:
95 If you want to typeset and print copies of this manual, you need TeX,
96 a program to print its DVI output files, and `texinfo.tex', the Texinfo
99 TeX is a typesetting program; it does not print files directly, but
100 produces output files called DVI files. To print a typeset document,
101 you need a program to print DVI files. If your system has TeX
102 installed, chances are it has such a program. The precise command to
103 use depends on your system; `lpr -d' is common; another (for PostScript
104 devices) is `dvips'. The DVI print command may require a file name
105 without any extension or a `.dvi' extension.
107 TeX also requires a macro definitions file called `texinfo.tex'.
108 This file tells TeX how to typeset a document written in Texinfo
109 format. On its own, TeX cannot read, much less typeset a Texinfo file.
110 `texinfo.tex' is distributed with GDB and is located in the
111 `gdb-VERSION-NUMBER/texinfo' directory.
113 If you have TeX and a DVI printer program installed, you can typeset
114 and print this manual. First switch to the the `gdb' subdirectory of
115 the main source directory (for example, to `gdb-4.9/gdb') and then type:
123 GDB comes with a `configure' script that automates the process of
124 preparing GDB for installation; you can then use `make' to build the
127 The GDB distribution includes all the source code you need for GDB in
128 a single directory, whose name is usually composed by appending the
129 version number to `gdb'.
131 For example, the GDB version 4.9 distribution is in the `gdb-4.9'
132 directory. That directory contains:
134 `gdb-4.9/configure (and supporting files)'
135 script for configuring GDB and all its supporting libraries.
138 the source specific to GDB itself
141 source for the Binary File Descriptor library
147 source for the `-liberty' free software library
150 source for the library of opcode tables and disassemblers
153 source for the GNU command-line interface
156 source for the GNU filename pattern-matching subroutine
159 source for the GNU memory-mapped malloc package
162 source for some simulators (z8000, H8/300, H8/500, etc)
164 The simplest way to configure and build GDB is to run `configure'
165 from the `gdb-VERSION-NUMBER' source directory, which in this example
166 is the `gdb-4.9' directory.
168 First switch to the `gdb-VERSION-NUMBER' source directory if you are
169 not already in it; then run `configure'. Pass the identifier for the
170 platform on which GDB will run as an argument.
178 where HOST is an identifier such as `sun4' or `decstation', that
179 identifies the platform where GDB will run.
181 Running `configure HOST' followed by `make' builds the `bfd',
182 `readline', `mmalloc', and `libiberty' libraries, then `gdb' itself.
183 The configured source files, and the binaries, are left in the
184 corresponding source directories.
186 `configure' is a Bourne-shell (`/bin/sh') script; if your system
187 does not recognize this automatically when you run a different shell,
188 you may need to run `sh' on it explicitly:
192 If you run `configure' from a directory that contains source
193 directories for multiple libraries or programs, such as the `gdb-4.9'
194 source directory for version 4.9, `configure' creates configuration
195 files for every directory level underneath (unless you tell it not to,
196 with the `--norecursion' option).
198 You can run the `configure' script from any of the subordinate
199 directories in the GDB distribution, if you only want to configure that
200 subdirectory; but be sure to specify a path to it.
202 For example, with version 4.9, type the following to configure only
203 the `bfd' subdirectory:
208 You can install `gdb' anywhere; it has no hardwired paths. However,
209 you should make sure that the shell on your path (named by the `SHELL'
210 environment variable) is publicly readable. Remember that GDB uses the
211 shell to start your program--some systems refuse to let GDB debug child
212 processes whose programs are not readable.
215 Compiling GDB in another directory
216 ==================================
218 If you want to run GDB versions for several host or target machines,
219 you need a different `gdb' compiled for each combination of host and
220 target. `configure' is designed to make this easy by allowing you to
221 generate each configuration in a separate subdirectory, rather than in
222 the source directory. If your `make' program handles the `VPATH'
223 feature correctly (GNU `make' and SunOS 'make' are two that should),
224 running `make' in each of these directories builds the `gdb' program
227 To build `gdb' in a separate directory, run `configure' with the
228 `--srcdir' option to specify where to find the source. (You also need
229 to specify a path to find `configure' itself from your working
230 directory. If the path to `configure' would be the same as the
231 argument to `--srcdir', you can leave out the `--srcdir' option; it
234 For example, with version 4.9, you can build GDB in a separate
235 directory for a Sun 4 like this:
240 ../gdb-4.9/configure sun4
243 When `configure' builds a configuration using a remote source
244 directory, it creates a tree for the binaries with the same structure
245 (and using the same names) as the tree under the source directory. In
246 the example, you'd find the Sun 4 library `libiberty.a' in the
247 directory `gdb-sun4/libiberty', and GDB itself in `gdb-sun4/gdb'.
249 One popular reason to build several GDB configurations in separate
250 directories is to configure GDB for cross-compiling (where GDB runs on
251 one machine--the host--while debugging programs that run on another
252 machine--the target). You specify a cross-debugging target by giving
253 the `--target=TARGET' option to `configure'.
255 When you run `make' to build a program or library, you must run it
256 in a configured directory--whatever directory you were in when you
257 called `configure' (or one of its subdirectories).
259 The `Makefile' that `configure' generates in each source directory
260 also runs recursively. If you type `make' in a source directory such
261 as `gdb-4.9' (or in a separate configured directory configured with
262 `--srcdir=PATH/gdb-4.9'), you will build all the required libraries,
265 When you have multiple hosts or targets configured in separate
266 directories, you can run `make' on them in parallel (for example, if
267 they are NFS-mounted on each of the hosts); they will not interfere
271 Specifying names for hosts and targets
272 ======================================
274 The specifications used for hosts and targets in the `configure'
275 script are based on a three-part naming scheme, but some short
276 predefined aliases are also supported. The full naming scheme encodes
277 three pieces of information in the following pattern:
279 ARCHITECTURE-VENDOR-OS
281 For example, you can use the alias `sun4' as a HOST argument or in a
282 `--target=TARGET' option. The equivalent full name is
285 The `configure' script accompanying GDB does not provide any query
286 facility to list all supported host and target names or aliases.
287 `configure' calls the Bourne shell script `config.sub' to map
288 abbreviations to full names; you can read the script, if you wish, or
289 you can use it to test your guesses on abbreviations--for example:
295 % sh config.sub decstation
297 % sh config.sub hp300bsd
299 % sh config.sub i386v
301 % sh config.sub i786v
302 Invalid configuration `i786v': machine `i786v' not recognized
304 `config.sub' is also distributed in the GDB source directory
305 (`gdb-4.9', for version 4.9).
311 Here is a summary of the `configure' options and arguments that are
312 most often useful for building GDB. `configure' also has several other
313 options not listed here. *note : (configure.info)What Configure Does,
314 for a full explanation of `configure'.
319 [--norecursion] [--rm]
320 [--target=TARGET] HOST
322 You may introduce options with a single `-' rather than `--' if you
323 prefer; but you may abbreviate option names if you use `--'.
326 Display a quick summary of how to invoke `configure'.
329 Configure the source to install programs and files under directory
333 *Warning: using this option requires GNU `make', or another `make'
334 that compatibly implements the `VPATH' feature.*
335 Use this option to make configurations in directories separate
336 from the GDB source directories. Among other things, you can use
337 this to build (or maintain) several configurations simultaneously,
338 in separate directories. `configure' writes configuration
339 specific files in the current directory, but arranges for them to
340 use the source in the directory PATH. `configure' will create
341 directories under the working directory in parallel to the source
342 directories below PATH.
345 Configure only the directory level where `configure' is executed;
346 do not propagate configuration to subdirectories.
349 Remove the configuration that the other arguments specify.
352 Configure GDB for cross-debugging programs running on the specified
353 TARGET. Without this option, GDB is configured to debug programs
354 that run on the same machine (HOST) as GDB itself.
356 There is no convenient way to generate a list of all available
360 Configure GDB to run on the specified HOST.
362 There is no convenient way to generate a list of all available
365 `configure' accepts other options, for compatibility with configuring
366 other GNU tools recursively; but these are the only options that affect
367 GDB or its supporting libraries.
370 Languages other than C
371 =======================
373 GDB provides some support for debugging C++ programs, however that support
374 only works well with GNU C++, and even then only on systems that use stabs
375 debugging format. In particular, cfront based compilers such as Sun's C++
376 are not fully supported.
378 GDB should work with FORTRAN programs. If you have problems, please send a
379 bug report; you may have to refer to some FORTRAN variables with a trailing
382 Pascal programs which use sets, subranges, file variables, or nested functions
383 will not currently work.
385 Partial Modula-2 and Chill support is now in GDB.
391 I have't done this myself so I can't really offer any advice.
392 Remote debugging over serial lines works fine, but the kernel debugging
393 code in here has not been tested in years. Van Jacobson has
394 better kernel debugging, but the UC lawyers won't let FSF have it.
400 The files m68k-stub.c, i386-stub.c, and sparc-stub.c are examples of
401 remote stubs to be used with remote.c. They are designed to run
402 standalone on an m68k, i386, or SPARC cpu and communicate properly with
403 the remote.c stub over a serial line.
405 The file rem-multi.shar contains a general stub that can probably
406 run on various different flavors of unix to allow debugging over a
407 serial line from one machine to another.
409 Some working remote interfaces for talking to existing ROM monitors
411 remote-adapt.c AMD 29000 "Adapt"
412 remote-eb.c AMD 29000 "EBMON"
413 remote-es1800.c Ericsson 1800 monitor
414 remote-hms.c Hitachi Micro Systems H8/300 monitor
415 remote-mips.c MIPS remote debugging protocol
416 remote-mm.c AMD 29000 "minimon"
417 remote-nindy.c Intel 960 "Nindy"
418 remote-sim.c Generalized simulator protocol
419 remote-st2000.c Tandem ST-2000 monitor
420 remote-udi.c AMD 29000 using the AMD "Universal Debug Interface"
421 remote-vx.c VxWorks realtime kernel
422 remote-z8k.c Zilog Z8000 simulator
424 Remote-vx.c and the vx-share subdirectory contain a remote interface for the
425 VxWorks realtime kernel, which communicates over TCP using the Sun
426 RPC library. This would be a useful starting point for other remote-
427 via-ethernet back ends.
429 Remote-udi.c and the 29k-share subdirectory contain a remote interface
430 for AMD 29000 programs, which uses the AMD "Universal Debug Interface".
431 This allows GDB to talk to software simulators, emulators, and/or bare
432 hardware boards, via network or serial interfaces. Note that GDB only
433 provides an interface that speaks UDI, not a complete solution. You
434 will need something on the other end that also speaks UDI.
440 The correct address for reporting bugs found in gdb is
441 "bug-gdb@prep.ai.mit.edu". Please email all bugs, and all requests for
442 help with GDB, to that address. Please include the GDB version number
443 (e.g. gdb-4.9), and how you configured it (e.g. "sun4" or "mach386
444 host, i586-intel-synopsys target"). If you include the banner that GDB
445 prints when it starts up, that will give us enough information.
447 For more information on how/whether to report bugs, see the GDB Bugs
448 section of the GDB manual (gdb/doc/gdb.texinfo).
452 * Under Ultrix 4.2 (DECstation-3100) or Alphas under OSF/1, we have
453 seen problems with backtraces after interrupting the inferior out
454 of a read(). The problem is caused by ptrace() returning an
455 incorrect value for the frame pointer register (register 15 or
456 30). As far as we can tell, this is a kernel problem. Any help
457 with this would be greatly appreciated.
459 * On the SPARC GDB reports incorrect values of struct arguments to
460 functions, for the seventh and subsequent arguments. We have been looking
461 at this but no fix is available yet.
463 * On DECstations there are warnings about shift counts out of range in
464 various BFD modules. None of them is a cause for alarm, they are actually
465 a result of bugs in the DECstation compiler.
467 * On Solaris (2.1, at least) using the "run" command when the program
468 is already running restarts the program, but may leave a core dump
469 from the previous execution in the current directory. Other SVR4
470 based systems don't seem to have this problem, using the same gdb
473 * Notes for the DEC Alpha using OSF/1:
474 The debugging output of native cc has two known problems; we view these
476 The linker miscompacts symbol tables, which causes gdb to confuse the
477 type of variables or results in `struct <illegal>' type outputs.
478 dbx has the same problems with those executables. A workaround is to
479 specify -Wl,-b when linking, but that will increase the executable size
481 If a structure has incomplete type in one file (e.g. "struct foo *"
482 without a definition for "struct foo"), gdb will be unable to find the
483 structure definition from another file.
484 It has been reported that the Ultrix 4.3A compiler on decstations has the
487 If you intend to compile gdb with gcc-2.4.5, be warned that the file
488 bfd/libbfd.c will be miscompiled due to a bug in gcc, you have
489 to compile this file with native cc. You will get many warnings from
490 gcc while compiling gdb, but these can be ignored for now. Again, these
491 problems are Alpha-specific.
493 GDB can produce warnings about symbols that it does not understand. By
494 default, these warnings are disabled. You can enable them by executing
495 `set complaint 10' (which you can put in your ~/.gdbinit if you like).
496 I recommend doing this if you are working on a compiler, assembler,
497 linker, or gdb, since it will point out problems that you may be able
498 to fix. Warnings produced during symbol reading indicate some mismatch
499 between the object file and GDB's symbol reading code. In many cases,
500 it's a mismatch between the specs for the object file format, and what
501 the compiler actually outputs or the debugger actually understands.
505 =====================
507 There is an "xxgdb", which seems to work for simple operations,
508 which was posted to comp.sources.x.
510 For those interested in auto display of source and the availability of
511 an editor while debugging I suggest trying gdb-mode in gnu-emacs
512 (Try typing M-x gdb RETURN). Comments on this mode are welcome.
516 =====================
518 There is a lot of information about writing code for GDB in the
519 internals manual, distributed with GDB in gdb/doc/gdbint.texinfo. You
520 can read it by hand, print it by using TeX and texinfo, or process it
521 into an `info' file for use with Emacs' info mode or the standalone
522 `info' program. In particular, see the nodes Getting Started,
523 Debugging GDB, New Architectures, Coding Style, Clean Design, and
526 If you are pondering writing anything but a short patch, especially
527 take note of the information about copyrights in the node Submitting
528 Patches. It can take quite a while to get all the paperwork done, so
529 we encourage you to start that process as soon as you decide you are
530 planning to work on something, or at least well ahead of when you
531 think you will be ready to submit the patches.
537 There is a dejagnu based testsuite available for testing your newly
538 built gdb, or for regression testing gdb's with local modifications.
539 The testsuite is distributed separately from the base gdb distribution
540 for the convenience of people that wish to get either gdb or the testsuite
543 The name of the testsuite is gdb-4.9-testsuite.tar.z. You unpack it in the
544 same directory in which you unpacked the base gdb distribution, and it
545 will create and populate the directory gdb-4.9/gdb/testsuite.
547 Running the testsuite requires the prior installation of dejagnu, which
548 should be available via ftp. Once dejagnu is installed, you can run
549 the tests in one of two ways:
551 (1) cd gdb-4.9/gdb (assuming you also unpacked gdb)
556 (2) cd gdb-4.9/gdb/testsuite
557 make (builds the test executables)
558 make site.exp (builds the site specific file)
559 runtest -tool gdb GDB=../gdb (or GDB=<somepath> as appropriate)
561 The second method gives you slightly more control in case of problems with
562 building one or more test executables, in case you wish to remove some
563 test executables before running the tests, or if you are using the testsuite
564 'standalone', without it being part of the gdb source tree.
566 See the dejagnu documentation for further details.
569 (this is for editing this file with GNU emacs)