1 @c Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
2 @c This is part of the GAS manual.
3 @c For copying conditions, see the file as.texinfo.
7 @chapter MIPS Dependent Features
10 @node Machine Dependencies
11 @chapter MIPS Dependent Features
14 @cindex MIPS processor
15 @sc{gnu} @code{@value{AS}} for @sc{mips} architectures supports several
16 different @sc{mips} processors, and MIPS ISA levels I through IV. For
17 information about the @sc{mips} instruction set, see @cite{MIPS RISC
18 Architecture}, by Kane and Heindrich (Prentice-Hall). For an overview
19 of @sc{mips} assembly conventions, see ``Appendix D: Assembly Language
20 Programming'' in the same work.
23 * MIPS Opts:: Assembler options
24 * MIPS Object:: ECOFF object code
25 * MIPS Stabs:: Directives for debugging information
26 * MIPS ISA:: Directives to override the ISA level
30 @section Assembler options
32 The @sc{mips} configurations of @sc{gnu} @code{@value{AS}} support these
36 @cindex @code{-G} option (MIPS)
38 This option sets the largest size of an object that can be referenced
39 implicitly with the @code{gp} register. It is only accepted for targets
40 that use @sc{ecoff} format. The default value is 8.
42 @cindex @code{-EB} option (MIPS)
43 @cindex @code{-EL} option (MIPS)
44 @cindex MIPS big-endian output
45 @cindex MIPS little-endian output
46 @cindex big-endian output, MIPS
47 @cindex little-endian output, MIPS
50 Any @sc{mips} configuration of @code{@value{AS}} can select big-endian or
51 little-endian output at run time (unlike the other @sc{gnu} development
52 tools, which must be configured for one or the other). Use @samp{-EB}
53 to select big-endian output, and @samp{-EL} for little-endian.
55 @cindex MIPS architecture options
60 Generate code for a particular MIPS Instruction Set Architecture level.
61 @samp{-mips1} corresponds to the @sc{r2000} and @sc{r3000} processors,
62 @samp{-mips2} to the @sc{r6000} processor, @samp{-mips3} to the
63 @sc{r4000} processor, and @samp{-mips4} to the @sc{r8000} and
64 @sc{r10000} processors. You can also switch instruction sets during the
65 assembly; see @ref{MIPS ISA,, Directives to override the ISA level}.
69 Generate code for the MIPS 16 processor. This is equivalent to putting
70 @samp{.set mips16} at the start of the assembly file. @samp{-no-mips16}
71 turns off this option.
75 Generate code for the MIPS @sc{r4650} chip. This tells the assembler to accept
76 the @samp{mad} and @samp{madu} instruction, and to not schedule @samp{nop}
77 instructions around accesses to the @samp{HI} and @samp{LO} registers.
78 @samp{-no-m4650} turns off this option.
82 Generate code for the LSI @sc{r4010} chip. This tells the assembler to
83 accept the @sc{r4010} specific instructions (@samp{addciu}, @samp{ffc},
84 etc.), and to not schedule @samp{nop} instructions around accesses to
85 the @samp{HI} and @samp{LO} registers. @samp{-no-m4010} turns off this
89 Generate code for a particular MIPS cpu. This has little effect on the
90 assembler, but it is passed by @code{@value{GCC}}.
92 @cindex @code{-nocpp} ignored (MIPS)
94 This option is ignored. It is accepted for command-line compatibility with
95 other assemblers, which use it to turn off C style preprocessing. With
96 @sc{gnu} @code{@value{AS}}, there is no need for @samp{-nocpp}, because the
97 @sc{gnu} assembler itself never runs the C preprocessor.
101 @c FIXME! (1) reflect these options (next item too) in option summaries;
102 @c (2) stop teasing, say _which_ instructions expanded _how_.
103 @code{@value{AS}} automatically macro expands certain division and
104 multiplication instructions to check for overflow and division by zero. This
105 option causes @code{@value{AS}} to generate code to take a trap exception
106 rather than a break exception when an error is detected. The trap instructions
107 are only supported at Instruction Set Architecture level 2 and higher.
111 Generate code to take a break exception rather than a trap exception when an
112 error is detected. This is the default.
116 @section MIPS ECOFF object code
118 @cindex ECOFF sections
119 @cindex MIPS ECOFF sections
120 Assembling for a @sc{mips} @sc{ecoff} target supports some additional sections
121 besides the usual @code{.text}, @code{.data} and @code{.bss}. The
122 additional sections are @code{.rdata}, used for read-only data,
123 @code{.sdata}, used for small data, and @code{.sbss}, used for small
126 @cindex small objects, MIPS ECOFF
127 @cindex @code{gp} register, MIPS
128 When assembling for @sc{ecoff}, the assembler uses the @code{$gp} (@code{$28})
129 register to form the address of a ``small object''. Any object in the
130 @code{.sdata} or @code{.sbss} sections is considered ``small'' in this sense.
131 For external objects, or for objects in the @code{.bss} section, you can use
132 the @code{@value{GCC}} @samp{-G} option to control the size of objects addressed via
133 @code{$gp}; the default value is 8, meaning that a reference to any object
134 eight bytes or smaller uses @code{$gp}. Passing @samp{-G 0} to
135 @code{@value{AS}} prevents it from using the @code{$gp} register on the basis
136 of object size (but the assembler uses @code{$gp} for objects in @code{.sdata}
137 or @code{sbss} in any case). The size of an object in the @code{.bss} section
138 is set by the @code{.comm} or @code{.lcomm} directive that defines it. The
139 size of an external object may be set with the @code{.extern} directive. For
140 example, @samp{.extern sym,4} declares that the object at @code{sym} is 4 bytes
141 in length, whie leaving @code{sym} otherwise undefined.
143 Using small @sc{ecoff} objects requires linker support, and assumes that the
144 @code{$gp} register is correctly initialized (normally done automatically by
145 the startup code). @sc{mips} @sc{ecoff} assembly code must not modify the
149 @section Directives for debugging information
151 @cindex MIPS debugging directives
152 @sc{mips} @sc{ecoff} @code{@value{AS}} supports several directives used for
153 generating debugging information which are not support by traditional @sc{mips}
154 assemblers. These are @code{.def}, @code{.endef}, @code{.dim}, @code{.file},
155 @code{.scl}, @code{.size}, @code{.tag}, @code{.type}, @code{.val},
156 @code{.stabd}, @code{.stabn}, and @code{.stabs}. The debugging information
157 generated by the three @code{.stab} directives can only be read by @sc{gdb},
158 not by traditional @sc{mips} debuggers (this enhancement is required to fully
159 support C++ debugging). These directives are primarily used by compilers, not
160 assembly language programmers!
163 @section Directives to override the ISA level
165 @cindex MIPS ISA override
166 @kindex @code{.set mips@var{n}}
167 @sc{gnu} @code{@value{AS}} supports an additional directive to change
168 the @sc{mips} Instruction Set Architecture level on the fly: @code{.set
169 mips@var{n}}. @var{n} should be a number from 0 to 4. A value from 1
170 to 4 makes the assembler accept instructions for the corresponding
171 @sc{isa} level, from that point on in the assembly. @code{.set
172 mips@var{n}} affects not only which instructions are permitted, but also
173 how certain macros are expanded. @code{.set mips0} restores the
174 @sc{isa} level to its original level: either the level you selected with
175 command line options, or the default for your configuration. You can
176 use this feature to permit specific @sc{r4000} instructions while
177 assembling in 32 bit mode. Use this directive with care!
179 The directive @samp{.set mips16} puts the assembler into MIPS 16 mode,
180 in which it will assemble instructions for the MIPS 16 processor. Use
181 @samp{.set nomips16} to return to normal 32 bit mode.
183 Traditional @sc{mips} assemblers do not support this directive.