1 @c Copyright (C) 1991-2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
2 @c This is part of the GAS manual.
3 @c For copying conditions, see the file as.texinfo.
6 @node M68HC11-Dependent
7 @chapter M68HC11 and M68HC12 Dependent Features
10 @node Machine Dependencies
11 @chapter M68HC11 and M68HC12 Dependent Features
14 @cindex M68HC11 and M68HC12 support
16 * M68HC11-Opts:: M68HC11 and M68HC12 Options
17 * M68HC11-Syntax:: Syntax
18 * M68HC11-Modifiers:: Symbolic Operand Modifiers
19 * M68HC11-Directives:: Assembler Directives
20 * M68HC11-Float:: Floating Point
21 * M68HC11-opcodes:: Opcodes
25 @section M68HC11 and M68HC12 Options
27 @cindex options, M68HC11
28 @cindex M68HC11 options
29 The Motorola 68HC11 and 68HC12 version of @code{@value{AS}} have a few machine
34 @cindex @samp{-m68hc11}
36 This option switches the assembler into the M68HC11 mode. In this mode,
37 the assembler only accepts 68HC11 operands and mnemonics. It produces
40 @cindex @samp{-m68hc12}
42 This option switches the assembler into the M68HC12 mode. In this mode,
43 the assembler also accepts 68HC12 operands and mnemonics. It produces
44 code for the 68HC12. A few 68HC11 instructions are replaced by
45 some 68HC12 instructions as recommended by Motorola specifications.
47 @cindex @samp{-m68hcs12}
49 This option switches the assembler into the M68HCS12 mode. This mode is
50 similar to @samp{-m68hc12} but specifies to assemble for the 68HCS12
51 series. The only difference is on the assembling of the @samp{movb}
52 and @samp{movw} instruction when a PC-relative operand is used.
54 @cindex @samp{-mm9s12x}
56 This option switches the assembler into the M9S12X mode. This mode is
57 similar to @samp{-m68hc12} but specifies to assemble for the S12X
58 series which is a superset of the HCS12.
60 @cindex @samp{-mm9s12xg}
62 This option switches the assembler into the XGATE mode for the RISC
63 co-processor featured on some S12X-family chips.
65 @cindex @samp{--xgate-ramoffset}
66 @item --xgate-ramoffset
67 This option instructs the linker to offset RAM addresses from S12X address
68 space into XGATE address space.
70 @cindex @samp{-mshort}
72 This option controls the ABI and indicates to use a 16-bit integer ABI.
73 It has no effect on the assembled instructions.
78 This option controls the ABI and indicates to use a 32-bit integer ABI.
80 @cindex @samp{-mshort-double}
82 This option controls the ABI and indicates to use a 32-bit float ABI.
85 @cindex @samp{-mlong-double}
87 This option controls the ABI and indicates to use a 64-bit float ABI.
89 @cindex @samp{--strict-direct-mode}
90 @item --strict-direct-mode
91 You can use the @samp{--strict-direct-mode} option to disable
92 the automatic translation of direct page mode addressing into
93 extended mode when the instruction does not support direct mode.
94 For example, the @samp{clr} instruction does not support direct page
95 mode addressing. When it is used with the direct page mode,
96 @code{@value{AS}} will ignore it and generate an absolute addressing.
97 This option prevents @code{@value{AS}} from doing this, and the wrong
98 usage of the direct page mode will raise an error.
100 @cindex @samp{--short-branches}
101 @item --short-branches
102 The @samp{--short-branches} option turns off the translation of
103 relative branches into absolute branches when the branch offset is
104 out of range. By default @code{@value{AS}} transforms the relative
105 branch (@samp{bsr}, @samp{bgt}, @samp{bge}, @samp{beq}, @samp{bne},
106 @samp{ble}, @samp{blt}, @samp{bhi}, @samp{bcc}, @samp{bls},
107 @samp{bcs}, @samp{bmi}, @samp{bvs}, @samp{bvs}, @samp{bra}) into
108 an absolute branch when the offset is out of the -128 .. 127 range.
109 In that case, the @samp{bsr} instruction is translated into a
110 @samp{jsr}, the @samp{bra} instruction is translated into a
111 @samp{jmp} and the conditional branches instructions are inverted and
112 followed by a @samp{jmp}. This option disables these translations
113 and @code{@value{AS}} will generate an error if a relative branch
114 is out of range. This option does not affect the optimization
115 associated to the @samp{jbra}, @samp{jbsr} and @samp{jbXX} pseudo opcodes.
117 @cindex @samp{--force-long-branches}
118 @item --force-long-branches
119 The @samp{--force-long-branches} option forces the translation of
120 relative branches into absolute branches. This option does not affect
121 the optimization associated to the @samp{jbra}, @samp{jbsr} and
122 @samp{jbXX} pseudo opcodes.
124 @cindex @samp{--print-insn-syntax}
125 @item --print-insn-syntax
126 You can use the @samp{--print-insn-syntax} option to obtain the
127 syntax description of the instruction when an error is detected.
129 @cindex @samp{--print-opcodes}
130 @item --print-opcodes
131 The @samp{--print-opcodes} option prints the list of all the
132 instructions with their syntax. The first item of each line
133 represents the instruction name and the rest of the line indicates
134 the possible operands for that instruction. The list is printed
135 in alphabetical order. Once the list is printed @code{@value{AS}}
138 @cindex @samp{--generate-example}
139 @item --generate-example
140 The @samp{--generate-example} option is similar to @samp{--print-opcodes}
141 but it generates an example for each instruction instead.
147 @cindex M68HC11 syntax
148 @cindex syntax, M68HC11
150 In the M68HC11 syntax, the instruction name comes first and it may
151 be followed by one or several operands (up to three). Operands are
152 separated by comma (@samp{,}). In the normal mode,
153 @code{@value{AS}} will complain if too many operands are specified for
154 a given instruction. In the MRI mode (turned on with @samp{-M} option),
155 it will treat them as comments. Example:
164 @cindex line comment character, M68HC11
165 @cindex M68HC11 line comment character
166 The presence of a @samp{;} character or a @samp{!} character anywhere
167 on a line indicates the start of a comment that extends to the end of
170 A @samp{*} or a @samp{#} character at the start of a line also
171 introduces a line comment, but these characters do not work elsewhere
172 on the line. If the first character of the line is a @samp{#} then as
173 well as starting a comment, the line could also be logical line number
174 directive (@pxref{Comments}) or a preprocessor control command
175 (@pxref{Preprocessing}).
177 @cindex line separator, M68HC11
178 @cindex statement separator, M68HC11
179 @cindex M68HC11 line separator
180 The M68HC11 assembler does not currently support a line separator
183 @cindex M68HC11 addressing modes
184 @cindex addressing modes, M68HC11
185 The following addressing modes are understood for 68HC11 and 68HC12:
190 @item Address Register
191 @samp{@var{number},X}, @samp{@var{number},Y}
193 The @var{number} may be omitted in which case 0 is assumed.
195 @item Direct Addressing mode
196 @samp{*@var{symbol}}, or @samp{*@var{digits}}
199 @samp{@var{symbol}}, or @samp{@var{digits}}
202 The M68HC12 has other more complex addressing modes. All of them
203 are supported and they are represented below:
206 @item Constant Offset Indexed Addressing Mode
207 @samp{@var{number},@var{reg}}
209 The @var{number} may be omitted in which case 0 is assumed.
210 The register can be either @samp{X}, @samp{Y}, @samp{SP} or
211 @samp{PC}. The assembler will use the smaller post-byte definition
212 according to the constant value (5-bit constant offset, 9-bit constant
213 offset or 16-bit constant offset). If the constant is not known by
214 the assembler it will use the 16-bit constant offset post-byte and the value
215 will be resolved at link time.
217 @item Offset Indexed Indirect
218 @samp{[@var{number},@var{reg}]}
220 The register can be either @samp{X}, @samp{Y}, @samp{SP} or @samp{PC}.
222 @item Auto Pre-Increment/Pre-Decrement/Post-Increment/Post-Decrement
223 @samp{@var{number},-@var{reg}}
224 @samp{@var{number},+@var{reg}}
225 @samp{@var{number},@var{reg}-}
226 @samp{@var{number},@var{reg}+}
228 The number must be in the range @samp{-8}..@samp{+8} and must not be 0.
229 The register can be either @samp{X}, @samp{Y}, @samp{SP} or @samp{PC}.
231 @item Accumulator Offset
232 @samp{@var{acc},@var{reg}}
234 The accumulator register can be either @samp{A}, @samp{B} or @samp{D}.
235 The register can be either @samp{X}, @samp{Y}, @samp{SP} or @samp{PC}.
237 @item Accumulator D offset indexed-indirect
240 The register can be either @samp{X}, @samp{Y}, @samp{SP} or @samp{PC}.
256 @node M68HC11-Modifiers
257 @section Symbolic Operand Modifiers
259 @cindex M68HC11 modifiers
260 @cindex syntax, M68HC11
262 The assembler supports several modifiers when using symbol addresses
263 in 68HC11 and 68HC12 instruction operands. The general syntax is
271 @cindex symbol modifiers
273 This modifier indicates to the assembler and linker to use
274 the 16-bit physical address corresponding to the symbol. This is intended
275 to be used on memory window systems to map a symbol in the memory bank window.
276 If the symbol is in a memory expansion part, the physical address
277 corresponds to the symbol address within the memory bank window.
278 If the symbol is not in a memory expansion part, this is the symbol address
279 (using or not using the %addr modifier has no effect in that case).
282 This modifier indicates to use the memory page number corresponding
283 to the symbol. If the symbol is in a memory expansion part, its page
284 number is computed by the linker as a number used to map the page containing
285 the symbol in the memory bank window. If the symbol is not in a memory
286 expansion part, the page number is 0.
289 This modifier indicates to use the 8-bit high part of the physical
290 address of the symbol.
293 This modifier indicates to use the 8-bit low part of the physical
294 address of the symbol.
298 For example a 68HC12 call to a function @samp{foo_example} stored in memory
299 expansion part could be written as follows:
302 call %addr(foo_example),%page(foo_example)
305 and this is equivalent to
311 And for 68HC11 it could be written as follows:
314 ldab #%page(foo_example)
316 jsr %addr(foo_example)
319 @node M68HC11-Directives
320 @section Assembler Directives
322 @cindex assembler directives, M68HC11
323 @cindex assembler directives, M68HC12
324 @cindex M68HC11 assembler directives
325 @cindex M68HC12 assembler directives
327 The 68HC11 and 68HC12 version of @code{@value{AS}} have the following
328 specific assembler directives:
332 @cindex assembler directive .relax, M68HC11
333 @cindex M68HC11 assembler directive .relax
334 The relax directive is used by the @samp{GNU Compiler} to emit a specific
335 relocation to mark a group of instructions for linker relaxation.
336 The sequence of instructions within the group must be known to the linker
337 so that relaxation can be performed.
339 @item .mode [mshort|mlong|mshort-double|mlong-double]
340 @cindex assembler directive .mode, M68HC11
341 @cindex M68HC11 assembler directive .mode
342 This directive specifies the ABI. It overrides the @samp{-mshort},
343 @samp{-mlong}, @samp{-mshort-double} and @samp{-mlong-double} options.
345 @item .far @var{symbol}
346 @cindex assembler directive .far, M68HC11
347 @cindex M68HC11 assembler directive .far
348 This directive marks the symbol as a @samp{far} symbol meaning that it
349 uses a @samp{call/rtc} calling convention as opposed to @samp{jsr/rts}.
350 During a final link, the linker will identify references to the @samp{far}
351 symbol and will verify the proper calling convention.
353 @item .interrupt @var{symbol}
354 @cindex assembler directive .interrupt, M68HC11
355 @cindex M68HC11 assembler directive .interrupt
356 This directive marks the symbol as an interrupt entry point.
357 This information is then used by the debugger to correctly unwind the
358 frame across interrupts.
360 @item .xrefb @var{symbol}
361 @cindex assembler directive .xrefb, M68HC11
362 @cindex M68HC11 assembler directive .xrefb
363 This directive is defined for compatibility with the
364 @samp{Specification for Motorola 8 and 16-Bit Assembly Language Input
365 Standard} and is ignored.
370 @section Floating Point
372 @cindex floating point, M68HC11
373 @cindex M68HC11 floating point
374 Packed decimal (P) format floating literals are not supported.
375 Feel free to add the code!
377 The floating point formats generated by directives are these.
380 @cindex @code{float} directive, M68HC11
382 @code{Single} precision floating point constants.
384 @cindex @code{double} directive, M68HC11
386 @code{Double} precision floating point constants.
388 @cindex @code{extend} directive M68HC11
389 @cindex @code{ldouble} directive M68HC11
392 @code{Extended} precision (@code{long double}) floating point constants.
396 @node M68HC11-opcodes
399 @cindex M68HC11 opcodes
400 @cindex opcodes, M68HC11
401 @cindex instruction set, M68HC11
404 * M68HC11-Branch:: Branch Improvement
408 @subsection Branch Improvement
410 @cindex pseudo-opcodes, M68HC11
411 @cindex M68HC11 pseudo-opcodes
412 @cindex branch improvement, M68HC11
413 @cindex M68HC11 branch improvement
415 Certain pseudo opcodes are permitted for branch instructions.
416 They expand to the shortest branch instruction that reach the
417 target. Generally these mnemonics are made by prepending @samp{j} to
418 the start of Motorola mnemonic. These pseudo opcodes are not affected
419 by the @samp{--short-branches} or @samp{--force-long-branches} options.
421 The following table summarizes the pseudo-operations.
425 +-------------------------------------------------------------+
427 | --short-branches --force-long-branches |
428 +--------------------------+----------------------------------+
429 Op |BYTE WORD | BYTE WORD |
430 +--------------------------+----------------------------------+
431 bsr | bsr <pc-rel> <error> | jsr <abs> |
432 bra | bra <pc-rel> <error> | jmp <abs> |
433 jbsr | bsr <pc-rel> jsr <abs> | bsr <pc-rel> jsr <abs> |
434 jbra | bra <pc-rel> jmp <abs> | bra <pc-rel> jmp <abs> |
435 bXX | bXX <pc-rel> <error> | bNX +3; jmp <abs> |
436 jbXX | bXX <pc-rel> bNX +3; | bXX <pc-rel> bNX +3; jmp <abs> |
438 +--------------------------+----------------------------------+
440 NX: negative of condition XX
447 These are the simplest jump pseudo-operations; they always map to one
448 particular machine instruction, depending on the displacement to the
452 Here, @samp{jb@var{XX}} stands for an entire family of pseudo-operations,
453 where @var{XX} is a conditional branch or condition-code test. The full
454 list of pseudo-ops in this family is:
456 jbcc jbeq jbge jbgt jbhi jbvs jbpl jblo
457 jbcs jbne jblt jble jbls jbvc jbmi
460 For the cases of non-PC relative displacements and long displacements,
461 @code{@value{AS}} issues a longer code fragment in terms of
462 @var{NX}, the opposite condition to @var{XX}. For example, for the
463 non-PC relative case: