1 @c Copyright 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 2000, 2003,
3 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc.
4 @c This is part of the GAS manual.
5 @c For copying conditions, see the file as.texinfo.
8 @node M68HC11-Dependent
9 @chapter M68HC11 and M68HC12 Dependent Features
12 @node Machine Dependencies
13 @chapter M68HC11 and M68HC12 Dependent Features
16 @cindex M68HC11 and M68HC12 support
18 * M68HC11-Opts:: M68HC11 and M68HC12 Options
19 * M68HC11-Syntax:: Syntax
20 * M68HC11-Modifiers:: Symbolic Operand Modifiers
21 * M68HC11-Directives:: Assembler Directives
22 * M68HC11-Float:: Floating Point
23 * M68HC11-opcodes:: Opcodes
27 @section M68HC11 and M68HC12 Options
29 @cindex options, M68HC11
30 @cindex M68HC11 options
31 The Motorola 68HC11 and 68HC12 version of @code{@value{AS}} have a few machine
36 @cindex @samp{-m68hc11}
38 This option switches the assembler into the M68HC11 mode. In this mode,
39 the assembler only accepts 68HC11 operands and mnemonics. It produces
42 @cindex @samp{-m68hc12}
44 This option switches the assembler into the M68HC12 mode. In this mode,
45 the assembler also accepts 68HC12 operands and mnemonics. It produces
46 code for the 68HC12. A few 68HC11 instructions are replaced by
47 some 68HC12 instructions as recommended by Motorola specifications.
49 @cindex @samp{-m68hcs12}
51 This option switches the assembler into the M68HCS12 mode. This mode is
52 similar to @samp{-m68hc12} but specifies to assemble for the 68HCS12
53 series. The only difference is on the assembling of the @samp{movb}
54 and @samp{movw} instruction when a PC-relative operand is used.
56 @cindex @samp{-mm9s12x}
58 This option switches the assembler into the M9S12X mode. This mode is
59 similar to @samp{-m68hc12} but specifies to assemble for the S12X
60 series which is a superset of the HCS12.
62 @cindex @samp{-mm9s12xg}
64 This option switches the assembler into the XGATE mode for the RISC
65 co-processor featured on some S12X-family chips.
67 @cindex @samp{--xgate-ramoffset}
68 @item --xgate-ramoffset
69 This option instructs the linker to offset RAM addresses from S12X address
70 space into XGATE address space.
72 @cindex @samp{-mshort}
74 This option controls the ABI and indicates to use a 16-bit integer ABI.
75 It has no effect on the assembled instructions.
80 This option controls the ABI and indicates to use a 32-bit integer ABI.
82 @cindex @samp{-mshort-double}
84 This option controls the ABI and indicates to use a 32-bit float ABI.
87 @cindex @samp{-mlong-double}
89 This option controls the ABI and indicates to use a 64-bit float ABI.
91 @cindex @samp{--strict-direct-mode}
92 @item --strict-direct-mode
93 You can use the @samp{--strict-direct-mode} option to disable
94 the automatic translation of direct page mode addressing into
95 extended mode when the instruction does not support direct mode.
96 For example, the @samp{clr} instruction does not support direct page
97 mode addressing. When it is used with the direct page mode,
98 @code{@value{AS}} will ignore it and generate an absolute addressing.
99 This option prevents @code{@value{AS}} from doing this, and the wrong
100 usage of the direct page mode will raise an error.
102 @cindex @samp{--short-branches}
103 @item --short-branches
104 The @samp{--short-branches} option turns off the translation of
105 relative branches into absolute branches when the branch offset is
106 out of range. By default @code{@value{AS}} transforms the relative
107 branch (@samp{bsr}, @samp{bgt}, @samp{bge}, @samp{beq}, @samp{bne},
108 @samp{ble}, @samp{blt}, @samp{bhi}, @samp{bcc}, @samp{bls},
109 @samp{bcs}, @samp{bmi}, @samp{bvs}, @samp{bvs}, @samp{bra}) into
110 an absolute branch when the offset is out of the -128 .. 127 range.
111 In that case, the @samp{bsr} instruction is translated into a
112 @samp{jsr}, the @samp{bra} instruction is translated into a
113 @samp{jmp} and the conditional branches instructions are inverted and
114 followed by a @samp{jmp}. This option disables these translations
115 and @code{@value{AS}} will generate an error if a relative branch
116 is out of range. This option does not affect the optimization
117 associated to the @samp{jbra}, @samp{jbsr} and @samp{jbXX} pseudo opcodes.
119 @cindex @samp{--force-long-branches}
120 @item --force-long-branches
121 The @samp{--force-long-branches} option forces the translation of
122 relative branches into absolute branches. This option does not affect
123 the optimization associated to the @samp{jbra}, @samp{jbsr} and
124 @samp{jbXX} pseudo opcodes.
126 @cindex @samp{--print-insn-syntax}
127 @item --print-insn-syntax
128 You can use the @samp{--print-insn-syntax} option to obtain the
129 syntax description of the instruction when an error is detected.
131 @cindex @samp{--print-opcodes}
132 @item --print-opcodes
133 The @samp{--print-opcodes} option prints the list of all the
134 instructions with their syntax. The first item of each line
135 represents the instruction name and the rest of the line indicates
136 the possible operands for that instruction. The list is printed
137 in alphabetical order. Once the list is printed @code{@value{AS}}
140 @cindex @samp{--generate-example}
141 @item --generate-example
142 The @samp{--generate-example} option is similar to @samp{--print-opcodes}
143 but it generates an example for each instruction instead.
149 @cindex M68HC11 syntax
150 @cindex syntax, M68HC11
152 In the M68HC11 syntax, the instruction name comes first and it may
153 be followed by one or several operands (up to three). Operands are
154 separated by comma (@samp{,}). In the normal mode,
155 @code{@value{AS}} will complain if too many operands are specified for
156 a given instruction. In the MRI mode (turned on with @samp{-M} option),
157 it will treat them as comments. Example:
166 @cindex line comment character, M68HC11
167 @cindex M68HC11 line comment character
168 The presence of a @samp{;} character or a @samp{!} character anywhere
169 on a line indicates the start of a comment that extends to the end of
172 A @samp{*} or a @samp{#} character at the start of a line also
173 introduces a line comment, but these characters do not work elsewhere
174 on the line. If the first character of the line is a @samp{#} then as
175 well as starting a comment, the line could also be logical line number
176 directive (@pxref{Comments}) or a preprocessor control command
177 (@pxref{Preprocessing}).
179 @cindex line separator, M68HC11
180 @cindex statement separator, M68HC11
181 @cindex M68HC11 line separator
182 The M68HC11 assembler does not currently support a line separator
185 @cindex M68HC11 addressing modes
186 @cindex addressing modes, M68HC11
187 The following addressing modes are understood for 68HC11 and 68HC12:
192 @item Address Register
193 @samp{@var{number},X}, @samp{@var{number},Y}
195 The @var{number} may be omitted in which case 0 is assumed.
197 @item Direct Addressing mode
198 @samp{*@var{symbol}}, or @samp{*@var{digits}}
201 @samp{@var{symbol}}, or @samp{@var{digits}}
204 The M68HC12 has other more complex addressing modes. All of them
205 are supported and they are represented below:
208 @item Constant Offset Indexed Addressing Mode
209 @samp{@var{number},@var{reg}}
211 The @var{number} may be omitted in which case 0 is assumed.
212 The register can be either @samp{X}, @samp{Y}, @samp{SP} or
213 @samp{PC}. The assembler will use the smaller post-byte definition
214 according to the constant value (5-bit constant offset, 9-bit constant
215 offset or 16-bit constant offset). If the constant is not known by
216 the assembler it will use the 16-bit constant offset post-byte and the value
217 will be resolved at link time.
219 @item Offset Indexed Indirect
220 @samp{[@var{number},@var{reg}]}
222 The register can be either @samp{X}, @samp{Y}, @samp{SP} or @samp{PC}.
224 @item Auto Pre-Increment/Pre-Decrement/Post-Increment/Post-Decrement
225 @samp{@var{number},-@var{reg}}
226 @samp{@var{number},+@var{reg}}
227 @samp{@var{number},@var{reg}-}
228 @samp{@var{number},@var{reg}+}
230 The number must be in the range @samp{-8}..@samp{+8} and must not be 0.
231 The register can be either @samp{X}, @samp{Y}, @samp{SP} or @samp{PC}.
233 @item Accumulator Offset
234 @samp{@var{acc},@var{reg}}
236 The accumulator register can be either @samp{A}, @samp{B} or @samp{D}.
237 The register can be either @samp{X}, @samp{Y}, @samp{SP} or @samp{PC}.
239 @item Accumulator D offset indexed-indirect
242 The register can be either @samp{X}, @samp{Y}, @samp{SP} or @samp{PC}.
258 @node M68HC11-Modifiers
259 @section Symbolic Operand Modifiers
261 @cindex M68HC11 modifiers
262 @cindex syntax, M68HC11
264 The assembler supports several modifiers when using symbol addresses
265 in 68HC11 and 68HC12 instruction operands. The general syntax is
273 @cindex symbol modifiers
275 This modifier indicates to the assembler and linker to use
276 the 16-bit physical address corresponding to the symbol. This is intended
277 to be used on memory window systems to map a symbol in the memory bank window.
278 If the symbol is in a memory expansion part, the physical address
279 corresponds to the symbol address within the memory bank window.
280 If the symbol is not in a memory expansion part, this is the symbol address
281 (using or not using the %addr modifier has no effect in that case).
284 This modifier indicates to use the memory page number corresponding
285 to the symbol. If the symbol is in a memory expansion part, its page
286 number is computed by the linker as a number used to map the page containing
287 the symbol in the memory bank window. If the symbol is not in a memory
288 expansion part, the page number is 0.
291 This modifier indicates to use the 8-bit high part of the physical
292 address of the symbol.
295 This modifier indicates to use the 8-bit low part of the physical
296 address of the symbol.
300 For example a 68HC12 call to a function @samp{foo_example} stored in memory
301 expansion part could be written as follows:
304 call %addr(foo_example),%page(foo_example)
307 and this is equivalent to
313 And for 68HC11 it could be written as follows:
316 ldab #%page(foo_example)
318 jsr %addr(foo_example)
321 @node M68HC11-Directives
322 @section Assembler Directives
324 @cindex assembler directives, M68HC11
325 @cindex assembler directives, M68HC12
326 @cindex M68HC11 assembler directives
327 @cindex M68HC12 assembler directives
329 The 68HC11 and 68HC12 version of @code{@value{AS}} have the following
330 specific assembler directives:
334 @cindex assembler directive .relax, M68HC11
335 @cindex M68HC11 assembler directive .relax
336 The relax directive is used by the @samp{GNU Compiler} to emit a specific
337 relocation to mark a group of instructions for linker relaxation.
338 The sequence of instructions within the group must be known to the linker
339 so that relaxation can be performed.
341 @item .mode [mshort|mlong|mshort-double|mlong-double]
342 @cindex assembler directive .mode, M68HC11
343 @cindex M68HC11 assembler directive .mode
344 This directive specifies the ABI. It overrides the @samp{-mshort},
345 @samp{-mlong}, @samp{-mshort-double} and @samp{-mlong-double} options.
347 @item .far @var{symbol}
348 @cindex assembler directive .far, M68HC11
349 @cindex M68HC11 assembler directive .far
350 This directive marks the symbol as a @samp{far} symbol meaning that it
351 uses a @samp{call/rtc} calling convention as opposed to @samp{jsr/rts}.
352 During a final link, the linker will identify references to the @samp{far}
353 symbol and will verify the proper calling convention.
355 @item .interrupt @var{symbol}
356 @cindex assembler directive .interrupt, M68HC11
357 @cindex M68HC11 assembler directive .interrupt
358 This directive marks the symbol as an interrupt entry point.
359 This information is then used by the debugger to correctly unwind the
360 frame across interrupts.
362 @item .xrefb @var{symbol}
363 @cindex assembler directive .xrefb, M68HC11
364 @cindex M68HC11 assembler directive .xrefb
365 This directive is defined for compatibility with the
366 @samp{Specification for Motorola 8 and 16-Bit Assembly Language Input
367 Standard} and is ignored.
372 @section Floating Point
374 @cindex floating point, M68HC11
375 @cindex M68HC11 floating point
376 Packed decimal (P) format floating literals are not supported.
377 Feel free to add the code!
379 The floating point formats generated by directives are these.
382 @cindex @code{float} directive, M68HC11
384 @code{Single} precision floating point constants.
386 @cindex @code{double} directive, M68HC11
388 @code{Double} precision floating point constants.
390 @cindex @code{extend} directive M68HC11
391 @cindex @code{ldouble} directive M68HC11
394 @code{Extended} precision (@code{long double}) floating point constants.
398 @node M68HC11-opcodes
401 @cindex M68HC11 opcodes
402 @cindex opcodes, M68HC11
403 @cindex instruction set, M68HC11
406 * M68HC11-Branch:: Branch Improvement
410 @subsection Branch Improvement
412 @cindex pseudo-opcodes, M68HC11
413 @cindex M68HC11 pseudo-opcodes
414 @cindex branch improvement, M68HC11
415 @cindex M68HC11 branch improvement
417 Certain pseudo opcodes are permitted for branch instructions.
418 They expand to the shortest branch instruction that reach the
419 target. Generally these mnemonics are made by prepending @samp{j} to
420 the start of Motorola mnemonic. These pseudo opcodes are not affected
421 by the @samp{--short-branches} or @samp{--force-long-branches} options.
423 The following table summarizes the pseudo-operations.
427 +-------------------------------------------------------------+
429 | --short-branches --force-long-branches |
430 +--------------------------+----------------------------------+
431 Op |BYTE WORD | BYTE WORD |
432 +--------------------------+----------------------------------+
433 bsr | bsr <pc-rel> <error> | jsr <abs> |
434 bra | bra <pc-rel> <error> | jmp <abs> |
435 jbsr | bsr <pc-rel> jsr <abs> | bsr <pc-rel> jsr <abs> |
436 jbra | bra <pc-rel> jmp <abs> | bra <pc-rel> jmp <abs> |
437 bXX | bXX <pc-rel> <error> | bNX +3; jmp <abs> |
438 jbXX | bXX <pc-rel> bNX +3; | bXX <pc-rel> bNX +3; jmp <abs> |
440 +--------------------------+----------------------------------+
442 NX: negative of condition XX
449 These are the simplest jump pseudo-operations; they always map to one
450 particular machine instruction, depending on the displacement to the
454 Here, @samp{jb@var{XX}} stands for an entire family of pseudo-operations,
455 where @var{XX} is a conditional branch or condition-code test. The full
456 list of pseudo-ops in this family is:
458 jbcc jbeq jbge jbgt jbhi jbvs jbpl jblo
459 jbcs jbne jblt jble jbls jbvc jbmi
462 For the cases of non-PC relative displacements and long displacements,
463 @code{@value{AS}} issues a longer code fragment in terms of
464 @var{NX}, the opposite condition to @var{XX}. For example, for the
465 non-PC relative case: