1 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
5 * Copyright (C) 2002, Linus Torvalds.
7 * Contains functions related to preparing and submitting BIOs which contain
8 * multiple pagecache pages.
10 * 15May2002 Andrew Morton
12 * 27Jun2002 axboe@suse.de
13 * use bio_add_page() to build bio's just the right size
16 #include <linux/kernel.h>
17 #include <linux/export.h>
19 #include <linux/kdev_t.h>
20 #include <linux/gfp.h>
21 #include <linux/bio.h>
23 #include <linux/buffer_head.h>
24 #include <linux/blkdev.h>
25 #include <linux/highmem.h>
26 #include <linux/prefetch.h>
27 #include <linux/mpage.h>
28 #include <linux/mm_inline.h>
29 #include <linux/writeback.h>
30 #include <linux/backing-dev.h>
31 #include <linux/pagevec.h>
35 * I/O completion handler for multipage BIOs.
37 * The mpage code never puts partial pages into a BIO (except for end-of-file).
38 * If a page does not map to a contiguous run of blocks then it simply falls
39 * back to block_read_full_folio().
41 * Why is this? If a page's completion depends on a number of different BIOs
42 * which can complete in any order (or at the same time) then determining the
43 * status of that page is hard. See end_buffer_async_read() for the details.
44 * There is no point in duplicating all that complexity.
46 static void mpage_end_io(struct bio *bio)
49 struct bvec_iter_all iter_all;
51 bio_for_each_segment_all(bv, bio, iter_all) {
52 struct page *page = bv->bv_page;
53 page_endio(page, bio_op(bio),
54 blk_status_to_errno(bio->bi_status));
60 static struct bio *mpage_bio_submit(struct bio *bio)
62 bio->bi_end_io = mpage_end_io;
69 * support function for mpage_readahead. The fs supplied get_block might
70 * return an up to date buffer. This is used to map that buffer into
71 * the page, which allows read_folio to avoid triggering a duplicate call
74 * The idea is to avoid adding buffers to pages that don't already have
75 * them. So when the buffer is up to date and the page size == block size,
76 * this marks the page up to date instead of adding new buffers.
78 static void map_buffer_to_folio(struct folio *folio, struct buffer_head *bh,
81 struct inode *inode = folio->mapping->host;
82 struct buffer_head *page_bh, *head;
85 head = folio_buffers(folio);
88 * don't make any buffers if there is only one buffer on
89 * the folio and the folio just needs to be set up to date
91 if (inode->i_blkbits == PAGE_SHIFT &&
92 buffer_uptodate(bh)) {
93 folio_mark_uptodate(folio);
96 create_empty_buffers(&folio->page, i_blocksize(inode), 0);
97 head = folio_buffers(folio);
102 if (block == page_block) {
103 page_bh->b_state = bh->b_state;
104 page_bh->b_bdev = bh->b_bdev;
105 page_bh->b_blocknr = bh->b_blocknr;
108 page_bh = page_bh->b_this_page;
110 } while (page_bh != head);
113 struct mpage_readpage_args {
116 unsigned int nr_pages;
118 sector_t last_block_in_bio;
119 struct buffer_head map_bh;
120 unsigned long first_logical_block;
121 get_block_t *get_block;
125 * This is the worker routine which does all the work of mapping the disk
126 * blocks and constructs largest possible bios, submits them for IO if the
127 * blocks are not contiguous on the disk.
129 * We pass a buffer_head back and forth and use its buffer_mapped() flag to
130 * represent the validity of its disk mapping and to decide when to do the next
133 static struct bio *do_mpage_readpage(struct mpage_readpage_args *args)
135 struct folio *folio = args->folio;
136 struct inode *inode = folio->mapping->host;
137 const unsigned blkbits = inode->i_blkbits;
138 const unsigned blocks_per_page = PAGE_SIZE >> blkbits;
139 const unsigned blocksize = 1 << blkbits;
140 struct buffer_head *map_bh = &args->map_bh;
141 sector_t block_in_file;
143 sector_t last_block_in_file;
144 sector_t blocks[MAX_BUF_PER_PAGE];
146 unsigned first_hole = blocks_per_page;
147 struct block_device *bdev = NULL;
149 int fully_mapped = 1;
150 blk_opf_t opf = REQ_OP_READ;
152 unsigned relative_block;
153 gfp_t gfp = mapping_gfp_constraint(folio->mapping, GFP_KERNEL);
155 /* MAX_BUF_PER_PAGE, for example */
156 VM_BUG_ON_FOLIO(folio_test_large(folio), folio);
158 if (args->is_readahead) {
160 gfp |= __GFP_NORETRY | __GFP_NOWARN;
163 if (folio_buffers(folio))
166 block_in_file = (sector_t)folio->index << (PAGE_SHIFT - blkbits);
167 last_block = block_in_file + args->nr_pages * blocks_per_page;
168 last_block_in_file = (i_size_read(inode) + blocksize - 1) >> blkbits;
169 if (last_block > last_block_in_file)
170 last_block = last_block_in_file;
174 * Map blocks using the result from the previous get_blocks call first.
176 nblocks = map_bh->b_size >> blkbits;
177 if (buffer_mapped(map_bh) &&
178 block_in_file > args->first_logical_block &&
179 block_in_file < (args->first_logical_block + nblocks)) {
180 unsigned map_offset = block_in_file - args->first_logical_block;
181 unsigned last = nblocks - map_offset;
183 for (relative_block = 0; ; relative_block++) {
184 if (relative_block == last) {
185 clear_buffer_mapped(map_bh);
188 if (page_block == blocks_per_page)
190 blocks[page_block] = map_bh->b_blocknr + map_offset +
195 bdev = map_bh->b_bdev;
199 * Then do more get_blocks calls until we are done with this folio.
201 map_bh->b_folio = folio;
202 while (page_block < blocks_per_page) {
206 if (block_in_file < last_block) {
207 map_bh->b_size = (last_block-block_in_file) << blkbits;
208 if (args->get_block(inode, block_in_file, map_bh, 0))
210 args->first_logical_block = block_in_file;
213 if (!buffer_mapped(map_bh)) {
215 if (first_hole == blocks_per_page)
216 first_hole = page_block;
222 /* some filesystems will copy data into the page during
223 * the get_block call, in which case we don't want to
224 * read it again. map_buffer_to_folio copies the data
225 * we just collected from get_block into the folio's buffers
226 * so read_folio doesn't have to repeat the get_block call
228 if (buffer_uptodate(map_bh)) {
229 map_buffer_to_folio(folio, map_bh, page_block);
233 if (first_hole != blocks_per_page)
234 goto confused; /* hole -> non-hole */
236 /* Contiguous blocks? */
237 if (page_block && blocks[page_block-1] != map_bh->b_blocknr-1)
239 nblocks = map_bh->b_size >> blkbits;
240 for (relative_block = 0; ; relative_block++) {
241 if (relative_block == nblocks) {
242 clear_buffer_mapped(map_bh);
244 } else if (page_block == blocks_per_page)
246 blocks[page_block] = map_bh->b_blocknr+relative_block;
250 bdev = map_bh->b_bdev;
253 if (first_hole != blocks_per_page) {
254 folio_zero_segment(folio, first_hole << blkbits, PAGE_SIZE);
255 if (first_hole == 0) {
256 folio_mark_uptodate(folio);
260 } else if (fully_mapped) {
261 folio_set_mappedtodisk(folio);
265 * This folio will go to BIO. Do we need to send this BIO off first?
267 if (args->bio && (args->last_block_in_bio != blocks[0] - 1))
268 args->bio = mpage_bio_submit(args->bio);
271 if (args->bio == NULL) {
272 args->bio = bio_alloc(bdev, bio_max_segs(args->nr_pages), opf,
274 if (args->bio == NULL)
276 args->bio->bi_iter.bi_sector = blocks[0] << (blkbits - 9);
279 length = first_hole << blkbits;
280 if (!bio_add_folio(args->bio, folio, length, 0)) {
281 args->bio = mpage_bio_submit(args->bio);
285 relative_block = block_in_file - args->first_logical_block;
286 nblocks = map_bh->b_size >> blkbits;
287 if ((buffer_boundary(map_bh) && relative_block == nblocks) ||
288 (first_hole != blocks_per_page))
289 args->bio = mpage_bio_submit(args->bio);
291 args->last_block_in_bio = blocks[blocks_per_page - 1];
297 args->bio = mpage_bio_submit(args->bio);
298 if (!folio_test_uptodate(folio))
299 block_read_full_folio(folio, args->get_block);
306 * mpage_readahead - start reads against pages
307 * @rac: Describes which pages to read.
308 * @get_block: The filesystem's block mapper function.
310 * This function walks the pages and the blocks within each page, building and
311 * emitting large BIOs.
313 * If anything unusual happens, such as:
315 * - encountering a page which has buffers
316 * - encountering a page which has a non-hole after a hole
317 * - encountering a page with non-contiguous blocks
319 * then this code just gives up and calls the buffer_head-based read function.
320 * It does handle a page which has holes at the end - that is a common case:
321 * the end-of-file on blocksize < PAGE_SIZE setups.
323 * BH_Boundary explanation:
325 * There is a problem. The mpage read code assembles several pages, gets all
326 * their disk mappings, and then submits them all. That's fine, but obtaining
327 * the disk mappings may require I/O. Reads of indirect blocks, for example.
329 * So an mpage read of the first 16 blocks of an ext2 file will cause I/O to be
330 * submitted in the following order:
332 * 12 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 14 15 16
334 * because the indirect block has to be read to get the mappings of blocks
335 * 13,14,15,16. Obviously, this impacts performance.
337 * So what we do it to allow the filesystem's get_block() function to set
338 * BH_Boundary when it maps block 11. BH_Boundary says: mapping of the block
339 * after this one will require I/O against a block which is probably close to
340 * this one. So you should push what I/O you have currently accumulated.
342 * This all causes the disk requests to be issued in the correct order.
344 void mpage_readahead(struct readahead_control *rac, get_block_t get_block)
347 struct mpage_readpage_args args = {
348 .get_block = get_block,
349 .is_readahead = true,
352 while ((folio = readahead_folio(rac))) {
353 prefetchw(&folio->flags);
355 args.nr_pages = readahead_count(rac);
356 args.bio = do_mpage_readpage(&args);
359 mpage_bio_submit(args.bio);
361 EXPORT_SYMBOL(mpage_readahead);
364 * This isn't called much at all
366 int mpage_read_folio(struct folio *folio, get_block_t get_block)
368 struct mpage_readpage_args args = {
371 .get_block = get_block,
374 args.bio = do_mpage_readpage(&args);
376 mpage_bio_submit(args.bio);
379 EXPORT_SYMBOL(mpage_read_folio);
382 * Writing is not so simple.
384 * If the page has buffers then they will be used for obtaining the disk
385 * mapping. We only support pages which are fully mapped-and-dirty, with a
386 * special case for pages which are unmapped at the end: end-of-file.
388 * If the page has no buffers (preferred) then the page is mapped here.
390 * If all blocks are found to be contiguous then the page can go into the
391 * BIO. Otherwise fall back to the mapping's writepage().
393 * FIXME: This code wants an estimate of how many pages are still to be
394 * written, so it can intelligently allocate a suitably-sized BIO. For now,
395 * just allocate full-size (16-page) BIOs.
400 sector_t last_block_in_bio;
401 get_block_t *get_block;
405 * We have our BIO, so we can now mark the buffers clean. Make
406 * sure to only clean buffers which we know we'll be writing.
408 static void clean_buffers(struct page *page, unsigned first_unmapped)
410 unsigned buffer_counter = 0;
411 struct buffer_head *bh, *head;
412 if (!page_has_buffers(page))
414 head = page_buffers(page);
418 if (buffer_counter++ == first_unmapped)
420 clear_buffer_dirty(bh);
421 bh = bh->b_this_page;
422 } while (bh != head);
425 * we cannot drop the bh if the page is not uptodate or a concurrent
426 * read_folio would fail to serialize with the bh and it would read from
427 * disk before we reach the platter.
429 if (buffer_heads_over_limit && PageUptodate(page))
430 try_to_free_buffers(page_folio(page));
434 * For situations where we want to clean all buffers attached to a page.
435 * We don't need to calculate how many buffers are attached to the page,
436 * we just need to specify a number larger than the maximum number of buffers.
438 void clean_page_buffers(struct page *page)
440 clean_buffers(page, ~0U);
443 static int __mpage_writepage(struct folio *folio, struct writeback_control *wbc,
446 struct mpage_data *mpd = data;
447 struct bio *bio = mpd->bio;
448 struct address_space *mapping = folio->mapping;
449 struct inode *inode = mapping->host;
450 const unsigned blkbits = inode->i_blkbits;
451 const unsigned blocks_per_page = PAGE_SIZE >> blkbits;
453 sector_t block_in_file;
454 sector_t blocks[MAX_BUF_PER_PAGE];
456 unsigned first_unmapped = blocks_per_page;
457 struct block_device *bdev = NULL;
459 sector_t boundary_block = 0;
460 struct block_device *boundary_bdev = NULL;
462 struct buffer_head map_bh;
463 loff_t i_size = i_size_read(inode);
465 struct buffer_head *head = folio_buffers(folio);
468 struct buffer_head *bh = head;
470 /* If they're all mapped and dirty, do it */
473 BUG_ON(buffer_locked(bh));
474 if (!buffer_mapped(bh)) {
476 * unmapped dirty buffers are created by
477 * block_dirty_folio -> mmapped data
479 if (buffer_dirty(bh))
481 if (first_unmapped == blocks_per_page)
482 first_unmapped = page_block;
486 if (first_unmapped != blocks_per_page)
487 goto confused; /* hole -> non-hole */
489 if (!buffer_dirty(bh) || !buffer_uptodate(bh))
492 if (bh->b_blocknr != blocks[page_block-1] + 1)
495 blocks[page_block++] = bh->b_blocknr;
496 boundary = buffer_boundary(bh);
498 boundary_block = bh->b_blocknr;
499 boundary_bdev = bh->b_bdev;
502 } while ((bh = bh->b_this_page) != head);
508 * Page has buffers, but they are all unmapped. The page was
509 * created by pagein or read over a hole which was handled by
510 * block_read_full_folio(). If this address_space is also
511 * using mpage_readahead then this can rarely happen.
517 * The page has no buffers: map it to disk
519 BUG_ON(!folio_test_uptodate(folio));
520 block_in_file = (sector_t)folio->index << (PAGE_SHIFT - blkbits);
522 * Whole page beyond EOF? Skip allocating blocks to avoid leaking
525 if (block_in_file >= (i_size + (1 << blkbits) - 1) >> blkbits)
527 last_block = (i_size - 1) >> blkbits;
528 map_bh.b_folio = folio;
529 for (page_block = 0; page_block < blocks_per_page; ) {
532 map_bh.b_size = 1 << blkbits;
533 if (mpd->get_block(inode, block_in_file, &map_bh, 1))
535 if (!buffer_mapped(&map_bh))
537 if (buffer_new(&map_bh))
538 clean_bdev_bh_alias(&map_bh);
539 if (buffer_boundary(&map_bh)) {
540 boundary_block = map_bh.b_blocknr;
541 boundary_bdev = map_bh.b_bdev;
544 if (map_bh.b_blocknr != blocks[page_block-1] + 1)
547 blocks[page_block++] = map_bh.b_blocknr;
548 boundary = buffer_boundary(&map_bh);
549 bdev = map_bh.b_bdev;
550 if (block_in_file == last_block)
554 BUG_ON(page_block == 0);
556 first_unmapped = page_block;
559 /* Don't bother writing beyond EOF, truncate will discard the folio */
560 if (folio_pos(folio) >= i_size)
562 length = folio_size(folio);
563 if (folio_pos(folio) + length > i_size) {
565 * The page straddles i_size. It must be zeroed out on each
566 * and every writepage invocation because it may be mmapped.
567 * "A file is mapped in multiples of the page size. For a file
568 * that is not a multiple of the page size, the remaining memory
569 * is zeroed when mapped, and writes to that region are not
570 * written out to the file."
572 length = i_size - folio_pos(folio);
573 folio_zero_segment(folio, length, folio_size(folio));
577 * This page will go to BIO. Do we need to send this BIO off first?
579 if (bio && mpd->last_block_in_bio != blocks[0] - 1)
580 bio = mpage_bio_submit(bio);
584 bio = bio_alloc(bdev, BIO_MAX_VECS,
585 REQ_OP_WRITE | wbc_to_write_flags(wbc),
587 bio->bi_iter.bi_sector = blocks[0] << (blkbits - 9);
588 wbc_init_bio(wbc, bio);
592 * Must try to add the page before marking the buffer clean or
593 * the confused fail path above (OOM) will be very confused when
594 * it finds all bh marked clean (i.e. it will not write anything)
596 wbc_account_cgroup_owner(wbc, &folio->page, folio_size(folio));
597 length = first_unmapped << blkbits;
598 if (!bio_add_folio(bio, folio, length, 0)) {
599 bio = mpage_bio_submit(bio);
603 clean_buffers(&folio->page, first_unmapped);
605 BUG_ON(folio_test_writeback(folio));
606 folio_start_writeback(folio);
608 if (boundary || (first_unmapped != blocks_per_page)) {
609 bio = mpage_bio_submit(bio);
610 if (boundary_block) {
611 write_boundary_block(boundary_bdev,
612 boundary_block, 1 << blkbits);
615 mpd->last_block_in_bio = blocks[blocks_per_page - 1];
621 bio = mpage_bio_submit(bio);
624 * The caller has a ref on the inode, so *mapping is stable
626 ret = block_write_full_page(&folio->page, mpd->get_block, wbc);
627 mapping_set_error(mapping, ret);
634 * mpage_writepages - walk the list of dirty pages of the given address space & writepage() all of them
635 * @mapping: address space structure to write
636 * @wbc: subtract the number of written pages from *@wbc->nr_to_write
637 * @get_block: the filesystem's block mapper function.
639 * This is a library function, which implements the writepages()
640 * address_space_operation.
643 mpage_writepages(struct address_space *mapping,
644 struct writeback_control *wbc, get_block_t get_block)
646 struct mpage_data mpd = {
647 .get_block = get_block,
649 struct blk_plug plug;
652 blk_start_plug(&plug);
653 ret = write_cache_pages(mapping, wbc, __mpage_writepage, &mpd);
655 mpage_bio_submit(mpd.bio);
656 blk_finish_plug(&plug);
659 EXPORT_SYMBOL(mpage_writepages);