1 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
3 * SPI master driver using generic bitbanged GPIO
5 * Copyright (C) 2006,2008 David Brownell
6 * Copyright (C) 2017 Linus Walleij
8 #include <linux/kernel.h>
9 #include <linux/module.h>
10 #include <linux/platform_device.h>
11 #include <linux/gpio/consumer.h>
13 #include <linux/of_device.h>
15 #include <linux/spi/spi.h>
16 #include <linux/spi/spi_bitbang.h>
17 #include <linux/spi/spi_gpio.h>
21 * This bitbanging SPI master driver should help make systems usable
22 * when a native hardware SPI engine is not available, perhaps because
23 * its driver isn't yet working or because the I/O pins it requires
24 * are used for other purposes.
26 * platform_device->driver_data ... points to spi_gpio
28 * spi->controller_state ... reserved for bitbang framework code
30 * spi->master->dev.driver_data ... points to spi_gpio->bitbang
34 struct spi_bitbang bitbang;
35 struct gpio_desc *sck;
36 struct gpio_desc *miso;
37 struct gpio_desc *mosi;
38 struct gpio_desc **cs_gpios;
41 /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
44 * Because the overhead of going through four GPIO procedure calls
45 * per transferred bit can make performance a problem, this code
46 * is set up so that you can use it in either of two ways:
48 * - The slow generic way: set up platform_data to hold the GPIO
49 * numbers used for MISO/MOSI/SCK, and issue procedure calls for
50 * each of them. This driver can handle several such busses.
52 * - The quicker inlined way: only helps with platform GPIO code
53 * that inlines operations for constant GPIOs. This can give
54 * you tight (fast!) inner loops, but each such bus needs a
55 * new driver. You'll define a new C file, with Makefile and
56 * Kconfig support; the C code can be a total of six lines:
58 * #define DRIVER_NAME "myboard_spi2"
59 * #define SPI_MISO_GPIO 119
60 * #define SPI_MOSI_GPIO 120
61 * #define SPI_SCK_GPIO 121
62 * #define SPI_N_CHIPSEL 4
63 * #include "spi-gpio.c"
67 #define DRIVER_NAME "spi_gpio"
69 #define GENERIC_BITBANG /* vs tight inlines */
73 /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
75 static inline struct spi_gpio *__pure
76 spi_to_spi_gpio(const struct spi_device *spi)
78 const struct spi_bitbang *bang;
79 struct spi_gpio *spi_gpio;
81 bang = spi_master_get_devdata(spi->master);
82 spi_gpio = container_of(bang, struct spi_gpio, bitbang);
86 /* These helpers are in turn called by the bitbang inlines */
87 static inline void setsck(const struct spi_device *spi, int is_on)
89 struct spi_gpio *spi_gpio = spi_to_spi_gpio(spi);
91 gpiod_set_value_cansleep(spi_gpio->sck, is_on);
94 static inline void setmosi(const struct spi_device *spi, int is_on)
96 struct spi_gpio *spi_gpio = spi_to_spi_gpio(spi);
98 gpiod_set_value_cansleep(spi_gpio->mosi, is_on);
101 static inline int getmiso(const struct spi_device *spi)
103 struct spi_gpio *spi_gpio = spi_to_spi_gpio(spi);
105 if (spi->mode & SPI_3WIRE)
106 return !!gpiod_get_value_cansleep(spi_gpio->mosi);
108 return !!gpiod_get_value_cansleep(spi_gpio->miso);
112 * NOTE: this clocks "as fast as we can". It "should" be a function of the
113 * requested device clock. Software overhead means we usually have trouble
114 * reaching even one Mbit/sec (except when we can inline bitops), so for now
115 * we'll just assume we never need additional per-bit slowdowns.
117 #define spidelay(nsecs) do {} while (0)
119 #include "spi-bitbang-txrx.h"
122 * These functions can leverage inline expansion of GPIO calls to shrink
123 * costs for a txrx bit, often by factors of around ten (by instruction
124 * count). That is particularly visible for larger word sizes, but helps
125 * even with default 8-bit words.
127 * REVISIT overheads calling these functions for each word also have
128 * significant performance costs. Having txrx_bufs() calls that inline
129 * the txrx_word() logic would help performance, e.g. on larger blocks
130 * used with flash storage or MMC/SD. There should also be ways to make
131 * GCC be less stupid about reloading registers inside the I/O loops,
132 * even without inlined GPIO calls; __attribute__((hot)) on GCC 4.3?
135 static u32 spi_gpio_txrx_word_mode0(struct spi_device *spi,
136 unsigned nsecs, u32 word, u8 bits, unsigned flags)
138 if (unlikely(spi->mode & SPI_LSB_FIRST))
139 return bitbang_txrx_le_cpha0(spi, nsecs, 0, flags, word, bits);
141 return bitbang_txrx_be_cpha0(spi, nsecs, 0, flags, word, bits);
144 static u32 spi_gpio_txrx_word_mode1(struct spi_device *spi,
145 unsigned nsecs, u32 word, u8 bits, unsigned flags)
147 if (unlikely(spi->mode & SPI_LSB_FIRST))
148 return bitbang_txrx_le_cpha1(spi, nsecs, 0, flags, word, bits);
150 return bitbang_txrx_be_cpha1(spi, nsecs, 0, flags, word, bits);
153 static u32 spi_gpio_txrx_word_mode2(struct spi_device *spi,
154 unsigned nsecs, u32 word, u8 bits, unsigned flags)
156 if (unlikely(spi->mode & SPI_LSB_FIRST))
157 return bitbang_txrx_le_cpha0(spi, nsecs, 1, flags, word, bits);
159 return bitbang_txrx_be_cpha0(spi, nsecs, 1, flags, word, bits);
162 static u32 spi_gpio_txrx_word_mode3(struct spi_device *spi,
163 unsigned nsecs, u32 word, u8 bits, unsigned flags)
165 if (unlikely(spi->mode & SPI_LSB_FIRST))
166 return bitbang_txrx_le_cpha1(spi, nsecs, 1, flags, word, bits);
168 return bitbang_txrx_be_cpha1(spi, nsecs, 1, flags, word, bits);
172 * These functions do not call setmosi or getmiso if respective flag
173 * (SPI_MASTER_NO_RX or SPI_MASTER_NO_TX) is set, so they are safe to
174 * call when such pin is not present or defined in the controller.
175 * A separate set of callbacks is defined to get highest possible
176 * speed in the generic case (when both MISO and MOSI lines are
177 * available), as optimiser will remove the checks when argument is
181 static u32 spi_gpio_spec_txrx_word_mode0(struct spi_device *spi,
182 unsigned nsecs, u32 word, u8 bits, unsigned flags)
184 flags = spi->master->flags;
185 if (unlikely(spi->mode & SPI_LSB_FIRST))
186 return bitbang_txrx_le_cpha0(spi, nsecs, 0, flags, word, bits);
188 return bitbang_txrx_be_cpha0(spi, nsecs, 0, flags, word, bits);
191 static u32 spi_gpio_spec_txrx_word_mode1(struct spi_device *spi,
192 unsigned nsecs, u32 word, u8 bits, unsigned flags)
194 flags = spi->master->flags;
195 if (unlikely(spi->mode & SPI_LSB_FIRST))
196 return bitbang_txrx_le_cpha1(spi, nsecs, 0, flags, word, bits);
198 return bitbang_txrx_be_cpha1(spi, nsecs, 0, flags, word, bits);
201 static u32 spi_gpio_spec_txrx_word_mode2(struct spi_device *spi,
202 unsigned nsecs, u32 word, u8 bits, unsigned flags)
204 flags = spi->master->flags;
205 if (unlikely(spi->mode & SPI_LSB_FIRST))
206 return bitbang_txrx_le_cpha0(spi, nsecs, 1, flags, word, bits);
208 return bitbang_txrx_be_cpha0(spi, nsecs, 1, flags, word, bits);
211 static u32 spi_gpio_spec_txrx_word_mode3(struct spi_device *spi,
212 unsigned nsecs, u32 word, u8 bits, unsigned flags)
214 flags = spi->master->flags;
215 if (unlikely(spi->mode & SPI_LSB_FIRST))
216 return bitbang_txrx_le_cpha1(spi, nsecs, 1, flags, word, bits);
218 return bitbang_txrx_be_cpha1(spi, nsecs, 1, flags, word, bits);
221 /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
223 static void spi_gpio_chipselect(struct spi_device *spi, int is_active)
225 struct spi_gpio *spi_gpio = spi_to_spi_gpio(spi);
227 /* set initial clock line level */
229 gpiod_set_value_cansleep(spi_gpio->sck, spi->mode & SPI_CPOL);
231 /* Drive chip select line, if we have one */
232 if (spi_gpio->cs_gpios) {
233 struct gpio_desc *cs = spi_gpio->cs_gpios[spi_get_chipselect(spi, 0)];
235 /* SPI chip selects are normally active-low */
236 gpiod_set_value_cansleep(cs, (spi->mode & SPI_CS_HIGH) ? is_active : !is_active);
240 static int spi_gpio_setup(struct spi_device *spi)
242 struct gpio_desc *cs;
244 struct spi_gpio *spi_gpio = spi_to_spi_gpio(spi);
247 * The CS GPIOs have already been
248 * initialized from the descriptor lookup.
250 if (spi_gpio->cs_gpios) {
251 cs = spi_gpio->cs_gpios[spi_get_chipselect(spi, 0)];
252 if (!spi->controller_state && cs)
253 status = gpiod_direction_output(cs,
254 !(spi->mode & SPI_CS_HIGH));
258 status = spi_bitbang_setup(spi);
263 static int spi_gpio_set_direction(struct spi_device *spi, bool output)
265 struct spi_gpio *spi_gpio = spi_to_spi_gpio(spi);
269 return gpiod_direction_output(spi_gpio->mosi, 1);
272 * Only change MOSI to an input if using 3WIRE mode.
273 * Otherwise, MOSI could be left floating if there is
274 * no pull resistor connected to the I/O pin, or could
275 * be left logic high if there is a pull-up. Transmitting
276 * logic high when only clocking MISO data in can put some
277 * SPI devices in to a bad state.
279 if (spi->mode & SPI_3WIRE) {
280 ret = gpiod_direction_input(spi_gpio->mosi);
285 * Send a turnaround high impedance cycle when switching
286 * from output to input. Theoretically there should be
287 * a clock delay here, but as has been noted above, the
288 * nsec delay function for bit-banged GPIO is simply
289 * {} because bit-banging just doesn't get fast enough
292 if (spi->mode & SPI_3WIRE_HIZ) {
293 gpiod_set_value_cansleep(spi_gpio->sck,
294 !(spi->mode & SPI_CPOL));
295 gpiod_set_value_cansleep(spi_gpio->sck,
296 !!(spi->mode & SPI_CPOL));
301 static void spi_gpio_cleanup(struct spi_device *spi)
303 spi_bitbang_cleanup(spi);
307 * It can be convenient to use this driver with pins that have alternate
308 * functions associated with a "native" SPI controller if a driver for that
309 * controller is not available, or is missing important functionality.
311 * On platforms which can do so, configure MISO with a weak pullup unless
312 * there's an external pullup on that signal. That saves power by avoiding
313 * floating signals. (A weak pulldown would save power too, but many
314 * drivers expect to see all-ones data as the no slave "response".)
316 static int spi_gpio_request(struct device *dev, struct spi_gpio *spi_gpio)
318 spi_gpio->mosi = devm_gpiod_get_optional(dev, "mosi", GPIOD_OUT_LOW);
319 if (IS_ERR(spi_gpio->mosi))
320 return PTR_ERR(spi_gpio->mosi);
322 spi_gpio->miso = devm_gpiod_get_optional(dev, "miso", GPIOD_IN);
323 if (IS_ERR(spi_gpio->miso))
324 return PTR_ERR(spi_gpio->miso);
326 spi_gpio->sck = devm_gpiod_get(dev, "sck", GPIOD_OUT_LOW);
327 return PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(spi_gpio->sck);
331 static const struct of_device_id spi_gpio_dt_ids[] = {
332 { .compatible = "spi-gpio" },
335 MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE(of, spi_gpio_dt_ids);
337 static int spi_gpio_probe_dt(struct platform_device *pdev,
338 struct spi_master *master)
340 master->dev.of_node = pdev->dev.of_node;
341 master->use_gpio_descriptors = true;
346 static inline int spi_gpio_probe_dt(struct platform_device *pdev,
347 struct spi_master *master)
353 static int spi_gpio_probe_pdata(struct platform_device *pdev,
354 struct spi_master *master)
356 struct device *dev = &pdev->dev;
357 struct spi_gpio_platform_data *pdata = dev_get_platdata(dev);
358 struct spi_gpio *spi_gpio = spi_master_get_devdata(master);
361 #ifdef GENERIC_BITBANG
362 if (!pdata || !pdata->num_chipselect)
366 * The master needs to think there is a chipselect even if not
369 master->num_chipselect = pdata->num_chipselect ?: 1;
371 spi_gpio->cs_gpios = devm_kcalloc(dev, master->num_chipselect,
372 sizeof(*spi_gpio->cs_gpios),
374 if (!spi_gpio->cs_gpios)
377 for (i = 0; i < master->num_chipselect; i++) {
378 spi_gpio->cs_gpios[i] = devm_gpiod_get_index(dev, "cs", i,
380 if (IS_ERR(spi_gpio->cs_gpios[i]))
381 return PTR_ERR(spi_gpio->cs_gpios[i]);
387 static int spi_gpio_probe(struct platform_device *pdev)
390 struct spi_master *master;
391 struct spi_gpio *spi_gpio;
392 struct device *dev = &pdev->dev;
393 struct spi_bitbang *bb;
395 master = devm_spi_alloc_master(dev, sizeof(*spi_gpio));
399 if (pdev->dev.of_node)
400 status = spi_gpio_probe_dt(pdev, master);
402 status = spi_gpio_probe_pdata(pdev, master);
407 spi_gpio = spi_master_get_devdata(master);
409 status = spi_gpio_request(dev, spi_gpio);
413 master->bits_per_word_mask = SPI_BPW_RANGE_MASK(1, 32);
414 master->mode_bits = SPI_3WIRE | SPI_3WIRE_HIZ | SPI_CPHA | SPI_CPOL |
415 SPI_CS_HIGH | SPI_LSB_FIRST;
416 if (!spi_gpio->mosi) {
417 /* HW configuration without MOSI pin
419 * No setting SPI_MASTER_NO_RX here - if there is only
420 * a MOSI pin connected the host can still do RX by
421 * changing the direction of the line.
423 master->flags = SPI_MASTER_NO_TX;
426 master->bus_num = pdev->id;
427 master->setup = spi_gpio_setup;
428 master->cleanup = spi_gpio_cleanup;
430 bb = &spi_gpio->bitbang;
433 * There is some additional business, apart from driving the CS GPIO
434 * line, that we need to do on selection. This makes the local
435 * callback for chipselect always get called.
437 master->flags |= SPI_MASTER_GPIO_SS;
438 bb->chipselect = spi_gpio_chipselect;
439 bb->set_line_direction = spi_gpio_set_direction;
441 if (master->flags & SPI_MASTER_NO_TX) {
442 bb->txrx_word[SPI_MODE_0] = spi_gpio_spec_txrx_word_mode0;
443 bb->txrx_word[SPI_MODE_1] = spi_gpio_spec_txrx_word_mode1;
444 bb->txrx_word[SPI_MODE_2] = spi_gpio_spec_txrx_word_mode2;
445 bb->txrx_word[SPI_MODE_3] = spi_gpio_spec_txrx_word_mode3;
447 bb->txrx_word[SPI_MODE_0] = spi_gpio_txrx_word_mode0;
448 bb->txrx_word[SPI_MODE_1] = spi_gpio_txrx_word_mode1;
449 bb->txrx_word[SPI_MODE_2] = spi_gpio_txrx_word_mode2;
450 bb->txrx_word[SPI_MODE_3] = spi_gpio_txrx_word_mode3;
452 bb->setup_transfer = spi_bitbang_setup_transfer;
454 status = spi_bitbang_init(&spi_gpio->bitbang);
458 return devm_spi_register_master(&pdev->dev, master);
461 MODULE_ALIAS("platform:" DRIVER_NAME);
463 static struct platform_driver spi_gpio_driver = {
466 .of_match_table = of_match_ptr(spi_gpio_dt_ids),
468 .probe = spi_gpio_probe,
470 module_platform_driver(spi_gpio_driver);
472 MODULE_DESCRIPTION("SPI master driver using generic bitbanged GPIO ");
473 MODULE_AUTHOR("David Brownell");
474 MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");