3 <TITLE>BusyBox - The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux</TITLE>
4 <LINK REV="made" HREF="mailto:none">
13 <LI><A HREF="#NAME">NAME</A>
14 <LI><A HREF="#SYNTAX">SYNTAX</A>
15 <LI><A HREF="#DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</A>
16 <LI><A HREF="#USAGE">USAGE</A>
17 <LI><A HREF="#COMMON_OPTIONS">COMMON OPTIONS</A>
18 <LI><A HREF="#COMMANDS">COMMANDS</A>
19 <LI><A HREF="#LIBC_NSS">LIBC NSS</A>
20 <LI><A HREF="#SEE_ALSO">SEE ALSO</A>
21 <LI><A HREF="#MAINTAINER">MAINTAINER</A>
22 <LI><A HREF="#AUTHORS">AUTHORS</A>
28 <H1><A NAME="NAME">NAME</A></H1>
30 BusyBox - The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux
34 <H1><A NAME="SYNTAX">SYNTAX</A></H1>
36 <PRE> BusyBox <function> [arguments...] # or
39 <PRE> <function> [arguments...] # if symlinked
43 <H1><A NAME="DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</A></H1>
45 BusyBox combines tiny versions of many common UNIX utilities into a single
46 small executable. It provides minimalist replacements for most of the
47 utilities you usually find in fileutils, shellutils, findutils, textutils,
48 grep, gzip, tar, etc. BusyBox provides a fairly complete POSIX environment
49 for any small or emdedded system. The utilities in BusyBox generally have
50 fewer options then their full featured GNU cousins; however, the options
51 that are included provide the expected functionality and behave very much
52 like their GNU counterparts.
55 BusyBox has been written with size-optimization and limited resources in
56 mind. It is also extremely modular so you can easily include or exclude
57 commands (or features) at compile time. This makes it easy to customize
58 your embedded systems. To create a working system, just add a kernel, a
59 shell (such as ash), and an editor (such as elvis-tiny or ae).
63 <H1><A NAME="USAGE">USAGE</A></H1>
65 When you create a link to BusyBox for the function you wish to use, when
66 BusyBox is called using that link it will behave as if the command itself
73 <PRE> ln -s ./BusyBox ls
77 will cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls' (if the 'ls' command has been compiled
81 You can also invoke BusyBox by issuing the command as an argument on the
82 command line. For example, entering
88 will also cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls'.
92 <H1><A NAME="COMMON_OPTIONS">COMMON OPTIONS</A></H1>
94 Most BusyBox commands support the <STRONG>--help</STRONG> option to provide a terse runtime description of their behavior.
98 <H1><A NAME="COMMANDS">COMMANDS</A></H1>
100 Currently defined functions include:
103 ar, basename, cat, chgrp, chmod, chown, chroot, clear, chvt, cp, cut, date,
104 dd, df, dirname, dmesg, du, dutmp, echo, false, fbset, fdflush, find, free,
105 freeramdisk, deallocvt, fsck.minix, grep, gunzip, gzip, halt, head, hostid,
106 hostname, id, init, kill, killall, length, ln, loadacm, loadfont, loadkmap,
107 logger, logname, ls, lsmod, makedevs, math, mkdir, mkfifo, mkfs.minix,
108 mknod, mkswap, mktemp, nc, more, mount, mt, mv, nslookup, ping, poweroff,
109 printf, ps, pwd, reboot, rm, rmdir, rmmod, sed, setkeycodes, sh, sfdisk,
110 sleep, sort, sync, syslogd, swapon, swapoff, tail, tar, test, tee, touch,
111 tr, true, tty, umount, uname, uniq, update, uptime, usleep, wc, whoami,
115 -------------------------------
118 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_ar">ar</A></STRONG><DD>
120 Usage: ar [optxvV] archive [filenames]
123 Extract or list files from an ar archive.
129 <PRE> o preserve original dates
133 v verbosely list files processed
136 -------------------------------
138 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_basename">basename</A></STRONG><DD>
140 Usage: basename FILE [SUFFIX]
143 Strips directory path and suffixes from FILE. If specified, also removes
150 <PRE> $ basename /usr/local/bin/foo
152 $ basename /usr/local/bin/
154 $ basename /foo/bar.txt .txt
158 -------------------------------
160 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_cat">cat</A></STRONG><DD>
162 Usage: cat [FILE ...]
165 Concatenates <CODE>FILE(s)</CODE> and prints them to the standard output.
171 <PRE> $ cat /proc/uptime
175 -------------------------------
177 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_chgrp">chgrp</A></STRONG><DD>
179 Usage: chgrp [OPTION]... GROUP FILE...
182 Change the group membership of each FILE to GROUP.
188 <PRE> -R change files and directories recursively
194 <PRE> $ ls -l /tmp/foo
195 -r--r--r-- 1 andersen andersen 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
196 $ chgrp root /tmp/foo
198 -r--r--r-- 1 andersen root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
201 -------------------------------
203 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_chmod">chmod</A></STRONG><DD>
205 Usage: chmod [<STRONG>-R</STRONG>] MODE[,MODE]... FILE...
208 Changes file access permissions for the specified <CODE>FILE(s)</CODE> (or
209 directories). Each MODE is defined by combining the letters for WHO has
210 access to the file, an OPERATOR for selecting how the permissions should be
211 changed, and a PERISSION for <CODE>FILE(s)</CODE> (or directories).
214 WHO may be chosen from
217 <PRE> u User who owns the file
218 g Users in the file's Group
219 o Other users not in the file's group
223 OPERATOR may be chosen from
226 <PRE> + Add a permission
227 - Remove a permission
228 = Assign a permission
230 PERMISSION may be chosen from
235 x Execute (or access for directories)
236 s Set user (or group) ID bit
237 t Stickey bit (for directories prevents removing files by non-owners)
240 Alternately, permissions can be set numerically where the first three
241 numbers are calculated by adding the octal values, such as
249 An optional fourth digit can also be used to specify
260 <PRE> -R Change files and directories recursively.
265 <PRE> $ ls -l /tmp/foo
266 -rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
269 -rwxrw-r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo*
272 -r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
275 -------------------------------
277 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_chown">chown</A></STRONG><DD>
279 Usage: chown [OPTION]... OWNER[<.|:>[GROUP] FILE...
282 Changes the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP.
288 <PRE> -R Changes files and directories recursively
294 <PRE> $ ls -l /tmp/foo
295 -r--r--r-- 1 andersen andersen 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
296 $ chown root /tmp/foo
298 -r--r--r-- 1 root andersen 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
299 $ chown root.root /tmp/foo
301 -r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
304 -------------------------------
306 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_chroot">chroot</A></STRONG><DD>
308 Usage: chroot NEWROOT [COMMAND...]
311 Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT. Example:
314 <PRE> $ ls -l /bin/ls
315 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 12 Apr 13 00:46 /bin/ls -> /BusyBox
316 $ mount /dev/hdc1 /mnt -t minix
319 -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 40816 Feb 5 07:45 /bin/ls*
322 -------------------------------
324 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_clear">clear</A></STRONG><DD>
329 -------------------------------
331 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_chvt">chvt</A></STRONG><DD>
336 Changes the foreground virtual terminal to /dev/ttyN
339 -------------------------------
341 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_cp">cp</A></STRONG><DD>
343 Usage: cp [OPTION]... SOURCE DEST
346 <PRE> or: cp [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY
349 Copies SOURCE to DEST, or multiple <CODE>SOURCE(s)</CODE> to DIRECTORY.
355 <PRE> -a Same as -dpR
357 -p Preserves file attributes if possable
358 -R Copies directories recursively
361 -------------------------------
363 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_cut">cut</A></STRONG><DD>
365 Usage: cut [OPTION]... [FILE]...
368 Prints selected fields from each input FILE to standard output.
374 <PRE> -b LIST Output only bytes from LIST
375 -c LIST Output only characters from LIST
376 -d DELIM Use DELIM instead of tab as the field delimiter
377 -f N Print only these fields
384 <PRE> $ echo "Hello world" | cut -f 1 -d ' '
386 $ echo "Hello world" | cut -f 2 -d ' '
390 -------------------------------
392 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_date">date</A></STRONG><DD>
394 Usage: date [OPTION]... [+FORMAT]
397 <PRE> or: date [OPTION] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]]
400 Displays the current time in the given FORMAT, or sets the system date.
406 <PRE> -R Outputs RFC-822 compliant date string
407 -s Sets time described by STRING
408 -u Prints or sets Coordinated Universal Time
415 Wed Apr 12 18:52:41 MDT 2000
418 -------------------------------
420 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_dd">dd</A></STRONG><DD>
422 Usage: dd [if=name] [of=name] [bs=n] [count=n] [skip=n] [seek=n]
425 Copy a file, converting and formatting according to options
428 <PRE> if=FILE read from FILE instead of stdin
429 of=FILE write to FILE instead of stdout
430 bs=n read and write n bytes at a time
431 count=n copy only n input blocks
432 skip=n skip n input blocks
433 seek=n skip n output blocks
436 Numbers may be suffixed by w (x2), k (x1024), b (x512), or M (x1024^2)
440 <PRE> $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/ram1 bs=1M count=4
445 -------------------------------
447 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_df">df</A></STRONG><DD>
449 Usage: df [filesystem ...]
452 Prints the filesystem space used and space available.
459 Filesystem 1k-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
460 /dev/sda3 8690864 8553540 137324 98% /
461 /dev/sda1 64216 36364 27852 57% /boot
463 Filesystem 1k-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
464 /dev/sda3 8690864 8553540 137324 98% /
467 -------------------------------
469 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_dirname">dirname</A></STRONG><DD>
474 Strip non-directory suffix from file name
480 <PRE> $ dirname /tmp/foo
486 -------------------------------
488 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_dmesg">dmesg</A></STRONG><DD>
490 Usage: dmesg [<STRONG>-c</STRONG>] [<STRONG>-n</STRONG> level] [<STRONG>-s</STRONG> bufsize] Print or controls the kernel ring buffer.
493 -------------------------------
495 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_du">du</A></STRONG><DD>
497 Usage: du [OPTION]... [FILE]...
500 Summarize disk space used for each FILE and/or directory. Disk space is
501 printed in units of 1k (i.e. 1024 bytes).
507 <PRE> -l count sizes many times if hard linked
508 -s display only a total for each argument
516 12 ./kernel-patches/CVS
526 -------------------------------
528 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_dutmp">dutmp</A></STRONG><DD>
533 Dump utmp file format (pipe delimited) from FILE or stdin to stdout.
539 <PRE> $ dutmp /var/run/utmp
540 8|7||si|||0|0|0|955637625|760097|0
541 2|0|~|~~|reboot||0|0|0|955637625|782235|0
542 1|20020|~|~~|runlevel||0|0|0|955637625|800089|0
543 8|125||l4|||0|0|0|955637629|998367|0
544 6|245|tty1|1|LOGIN||0|0|0|955637630|998974|0
545 6|246|tty2|2|LOGIN||0|0|0|955637630|999498|0
546 7|336|pts/0|vt00andersen|andersen|:0.0|0|0|0|955637763|0|0
548 -------------------------------
550 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_echo">echo</A></STRONG><DD>
552 Usage: echo [-neE] [ARG ...]
555 Prints the specified ARGs to stdout
561 <PRE> -n suppress trailing newline
562 -e interpret backslash-escaped characters (i.e. \t=tab etc)
563 -E disable interpretation of backslash-escaped characters
569 <PRE> $ echo "Erik is cool"
571 $ echo -e "Erik\nis\ncool"
575 $ echo "Erik\nis\ncool"
578 -------------------------------
580 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_false">false</A></STRONG><DD>
582 Returns an exit code of FALSE (1)
593 -------------------------------
595 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_fbset">fbset</A></STRONG><DD>
597 Usage: fbset [options] [mode]
600 Show and modify frame buffer device settings
624 mode "1024x768-76"
625 # D: 78.653 MHz, H: 59.949 kHz, V: 75.694 Hz
626 geometry 1024 768 1024 768 16
627 timings 12714 128 32 16 4 128 4
629 rgba 5/11,6/5,5/0,0/0
633 -------------------------------
635 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_fdflush">fdflush</A></STRONG><DD>
637 Usage: fdflush device
640 Force floppy disk drive to detect disk change
643 -------------------------------
645 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_find">find</A></STRONG><DD>
647 Usage: find [PATH...] [EXPRESSION]
650 Search for files in a directory hierarchy. The default PATH is the current
651 directory; default EXPRESSION is '-print'
654 EXPRESSION may consist of:
657 <PRE> -follow Dereference symbolic links.
658 -name PATTERN File name (leading directories removed) matches PATTERN.
659 -print print the full file name followed by a newline to stdout.
665 <PRE> $ find / -name /etc/passwd
669 -------------------------------
671 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_free">free</A></STRONG><DD>
676 Displays the amount of free and used system memory.
683 total used free shared buffers
684 Mem: 257628 248724 8904 59644 93124
685 Swap: 128516 8404 120112
686 Total: 386144 257128 129016
689 -------------------------------
691 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_freeramdisk">freeramdisk</A></STRONG><DD>
693 Usage: freeramdisk DEVICE
696 Frees all memory used by the specified ramdisk.
702 <PRE> $ freeramdisk /dev/ram2
705 -------------------------------
707 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_deallocvt">deallocvt</A></STRONG><DD>
712 Deallocates unused virtual terminal /dev/ttyN
715 -------------------------------
717 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_fsck">fsck.minix</A></STRONG><DD>
719 Usage: fsck.minix [<STRONG>-larvsmf</STRONG>] /dev/name
722 Performs a consistency check for MINIX filesystems.
728 <PRE> -l Lists all filenames
729 -r Perform interactive repairs
730 -a Perform automatic repairs
732 -s Outputs super-block information
733 -m Activates MINIX-like "mode not cleared" warnings
734 -f Force file system check.
737 -------------------------------
739 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_grep">grep</A></STRONG><DD>
741 Usage: grep [OPTIONS]... PATTERN [FILE]...
744 Search for PATTERN in each FILE or standard input.
750 <PRE> -h suppress the prefixing filename on output
751 -i ignore case distinctions
752 -n print line number with output lines
753 -q be quiet. Returns 0 if result was found, 1 otherwise
754 -v select non-matching lines
757 This version of grep matches full regular expresions.
763 <PRE> $ grep root /etc/passwd
764 root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
765 $ grep ^[rR]oo. /etc/passwd
766 root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
769 -------------------------------
771 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_gunzip">gunzip</A></STRONG><DD>
773 Usage: gunzip [OPTION]... FILE
776 Uncompress FILE (or standard input if FILE is '-').
782 <PRE> -c Write output to standard output
783 -t Test compressed file integrity
789 <PRE> $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
790 -rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 557009 Apr 11 10:55 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
791 $ gunzip /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
792 $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
793 -rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 1761280 Apr 14 17:47 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar
796 -------------------------------
798 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_gzip">gzip</A></STRONG><DD>
800 Usage: gzip [OPTION]... FILE
803 Compress FILE with maximum compression. When FILE is '-', reads standard
804 input. Implies <STRONG>-c</STRONG>.
810 <PRE> -c Write output to standard output instead of FILE.gz
816 <PRE> $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
817 -rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 1761280 Apr 14 17:47 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar
818 $ gzip /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar
819 $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
820 -rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 554058 Apr 14 17:49 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
823 -------------------------------
825 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_halt">halt</A></STRONG><DD>
830 This comand halts the system.
833 -------------------------------
835 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_head">head</A></STRONG><DD>
837 Usage: head [OPTION] [FILE]...
840 Print first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one
841 FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or
842 when FILE is -, read standard input.
848 <PRE> -n NUM Print first NUM lines instead of first 10
854 <PRE> $ head -n 2 /etc/passwd
855 root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
856 daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh
859 -------------------------------
861 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_hostid">hostid</A></STRONG><DD>
866 Prints out a unique 32-bit identifier for the current machine. The 32-bit
867 identifier is intended to be unique among all UNIX systems in existence.
870 -------------------------------
872 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_hostname">hostname</A></STRONG><DD>
874 Usage: hostname [OPTION] {hostname | <STRONG>-F</STRONG> file}
877 Get or set the hostname or DNS domain name. If a hostname is given (or a
878 file with the <STRONG>-F</STRONG> parameter), the host name will be set.
885 -i Addresses for the hostname
887 -F FILE Use the contents of FILE to specify the hostname
897 -------------------------------
899 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_id">id</A></STRONG><DD>
901 Print information for USERNAME or the current user
907 <PRE> -g prints only the group ID
908 -u prints only the user ID
909 -r prints the real user ID instead of the effective ID (with -ug)
916 uid=1000(andersen) gid=1000(andersen)
919 -------------------------------
921 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_init">init</A></STRONG><DD>
926 Init is the parent of all processes.
929 This version of init is designed to be run only by the kernel.
932 BusyBox init doesn't support multiple runlevels. The runlevels field of the
933 /etc/inittab file is completely ignored by BusyBox init. If you want
934 runlevels, use sysvinit.
937 BusyBox init works just fine without an inittab. If no inittab is found, it
938 has the following default behavior:
941 <PRE> ::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
945 if it detects that /dev/console is _not_ a serial console, it will also
949 <PRE> tty2::askfirst:/bin/sh
952 If you choose to use an /etc/inittab file, the inittab entry format is as
956 <PRE> <id>:<runlevels>:<action>:<process>
962 <PRE> WARNING: This field has a non-traditional meaning for BusyBox init!
963 The id field is used by BusyBox init to specify the controlling tty for
964 the specified process to run on. The contents of this field are
965 appended to "/dev/" and used as-is. There is no need for this field to
966 be unique, although if it isn't you may have strange results. If this
967 field is left blank, it is completely ignored. Also note that if
968 BusyBox detects that a serial console is in use, then all entries
969 containing non-empty id fields will _not_ be run. BusyBox init does
970 nothing with utmp. We don't need no stinkin' utmp.
973 <PRE> <runlevels>:
976 <PRE> The runlevels field is completely ignored.
979 <PRE> <action>:
982 <PRE> Valid actions include: sysinit, respawn, askfirst, wait,
983 once, and ctrlaltdel.
986 <PRE> askfirst acts just like respawn, but before running the specified
987 process it displays the line "Please press Enter to activate this
988 console." and then waits for the user to press enter before starting
989 the specified process.
992 <PRE> Unrecognised actions (like initdefault) will cause init to emit
993 an error message, and then go along with its business.
996 <PRE> <process>:
999 <PRE> Specifies the process to be executed and it's command line.
1002 Example /etc/inittab file:
1005 <PRE> # This is run first except when booting in single-user mode.
1007 ::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
1010 <PRE> # /bin/sh invocations on selected ttys
1012 # Start an "askfirst" shell on the console (whatever that may be)
1014 # Start an "askfirst" shell on /dev/tty2
1015 tty2::askfirst:/bin/sh
1018 <PRE> # /sbin/getty invocations for selected ttys
1020 tty4::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty4
1021 tty5::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty5
1024 <PRE> # Example of how to put a getty on a serial line (for a terminal)
1026 #ttyS0::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS0 9600 vt100
1027 #ttyS1::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS1 9600 vt100
1029 # Example how to put a getty on a modem line.
1030 #ttyS2::respawn:/sbin/getty -x0 -s 57600 ttyS2
1033 <PRE> # Stuff to do before rebooting
1034 ::ctrlaltdel:/bin/umount -a -r > /dev/null 2>&1
1035 ::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/swapoff -a > /dev/null 2>&1
1038 -------------------------------
1040 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_kill">kill</A></STRONG><DD>
1042 Usage: kill [<STRONG>-signal</STRONG>] process-id [process-id ...]
1045 Send a signal (default is SIGTERM) to the specified
1046 <CODE>process(es).</CODE>
1052 <PRE> -l List all signal names and numbers.
1058 <PRE> $ ps | grep apache
1059 252 root root S [apache]
1060 263 www-data www-data S [apache]
1061 264 www-data www-data S [apache]
1062 265 www-data www-data S [apache]
1063 266 www-data www-data S [apache]
1064 267 www-data www-data S [apache]
1068 -------------------------------
1070 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_killall">killall</A></STRONG><DD>
1072 Usage: killall [<STRONG>-signal</STRONG>] process-name [process-name ...]
1075 Send a signal (default is SIGTERM) to the specified
1076 <CODE>process(es).</CODE>
1082 <PRE> -l List all signal names and numbers.
1088 <PRE> $ killall apache
1091 -------------------------------
1093 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_length">length</A></STRONG><DD>
1095 Usage: length STRING
1098 Prints out the length of the specified STRING.
1104 <PRE> $ length "Hello"
1108 -------------------------------
1110 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_ln">ln</A></STRONG><DD>
1112 Usage: ln [OPTION] TARGET... LINK_NAME|DIRECTORY
1115 Create a link named LINK_NAME or DIRECTORY to the specified TARGET Options:
1118 <PRE> -s make symbolic links instead of hard links
1119 -f remove existing destination files
1124 <PRE> $ ln -s BusyBox /tmp/ls
1126 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Apr 12 18:39 ls -> BusyBox*
1129 -------------------------------
1131 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_loadacm">loadacm</A></STRONG><DD>
1136 Loads an acm from standard input.
1142 <PRE> $ loadacm < /etc/i18n/acmname
1145 -------------------------------
1147 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_loadfont">loadfont</A></STRONG><DD>
1152 Loads a console font from standard input.
1158 <PRE> $ loadfont < /etc/i18n/fontname
1161 -------------------------------
1163 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_loadkmap">loadkmap</A></STRONG><DD>
1168 Loads a binary keyboard translation table from standard input.
1174 <PRE> $ loadkmap < /etc/i18n/lang-keymap
1177 -------------------------------
1179 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_logger">logger</A></STRONG><DD>
1181 Usage: logger [OPTION]... [MESSAGE]
1184 Write MESSAGE to the system log. If MESSAGE is '-', log stdin.
1190 <PRE> -s Log to stderr as well as the system log.
1191 -t Log using the specified tag (defaults to user name).
1192 -p Enter the message with the specified priority.
1193 This may be numerical or a ``facility.level'' pair.
1199 <PRE> $ logger "hello"
1202 -------------------------------
1204 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_logname">logname</A></STRONG><DD>
1209 Print the name of the current user.
1219 -------------------------------
1221 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_ls">ls</A></STRONG><DD>
1223 Usage: ls [<STRONG>-1acdelnpuxACF</STRONG>] [filenames...]
1229 <PRE> -a do not hide entries starting with .
1230 -c with -l: show ctime (the time of last
1231 modification of file status information)
1232 -d list directory entries instead of contents
1233 -e list both full date and full time
1234 -l use a long listing format
1235 -n list numeric UIDs and GIDs instead of names
1236 -p append indicator (one of /=@|) to entries
1237 -u with -l: show access time (the time of last
1239 -x list entries by lines instead of by columns
1240 -A do not list implied . and ..
1241 -C list entries by columns
1242 -F append indicator (one of */=@|) to entries
1245 -------------------------------
1247 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_lsmod">lsmod</A></STRONG><DD>
1252 Shows a list of all currently loaded kernel modules.
1255 -------------------------------
1257 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_makedevs">makedevs</A></STRONG><DD>
1259 Usage: makedevs NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR FIRST LAST [s]
1262 Creates a range of block or character special files
1268 <PRE> b: Make a block (buffered) device.
1269 c or u: Make a character (un-buffered) device.
1270 p: Make a named pipe. MAJOR and MINOR are ignored for named pipes.
1273 FIRST specifies the number appended to NAME to create the first device.
1274 LAST specifies the number of the last item that should be created. If 's'
1275 is the last argument, the base device is created as well.
1281 <PRE> $ makedevs /dev/ttyS c 4 66 2 63
1282 [creates ttyS2-ttyS63]
1283 $ makedevs /dev/hda b 3 0 0 8 s
1284 [creates hda,hda1-hda8]
1287 -------------------------------
1289 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_math">math</A></STRONG><DD>
1291 Usage: math expression ...
1294 This is a Tiny RPN calculator that understands the following operations: +,
1295 -, /, *, and, or, not, eor.
1301 <PRE> $ math 2 2 add
1303 $ math 8 8 \* 2 2 + /
1311 -------------------------------
1313 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_mkdir">mkdir</A></STRONG><DD>
1315 Usage: mkdir [OPTION] DIRECTORY...
1318 Create the <CODE>DIRECTORY(ies),</CODE> if they do not already exist
1324 <PRE> -m set permission mode (as in chmod), not rwxrwxrwx - umask
1325 -p no error if dir exists, make parent directories as needed
1331 <PRE> $ mkdir /tmp/foo
1333 /tmp/foo: File exists
1334 $ mkdir /tmp/foo/bar/baz
1335 /tmp/foo/bar/baz: No such file or directory
1336 $ mkdir -p /tmp/foo/bar/baz
1339 -------------------------------
1341 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_mkfifo">mkfifo</A></STRONG><DD>
1343 Usage: mkfifo [OPTIONS] name
1346 Creates a named pipe (identical to 'mknod name p')
1352 <PRE> -m create the pipe using the specified mode (default a=rw)
1355 -------------------------------
1357 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_mkfs">mkfs.minix</A></STRONG><DD>
1359 Usage: mkfs.minix [<STRONG>-c</STRONG> | <STRONG>-l</STRONG> filename] [<STRONG>-nXX</STRONG>] [<STRONG>-iXX</STRONG>] /dev/name [blocks]
1362 Make a MINIX filesystem.
1368 <PRE> -c Check the device for bad blocks
1369 -n [14|30] Specify the maximum length of filenames
1370 -i Specify the number of inodes for the filesystem
1371 -l FILENAME Read the bad blocks list from FILENAME
1372 -v Make a Minix version 2 filesystem
1375 -------------------------------
1377 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_mknod">mknod</A></STRONG><DD>
1379 Usage: mknod [OPTIONS] NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR
1382 Create a special file (block, character, or pipe).
1388 <PRE> -m create the special file using the specified mode (default a=rw)
1391 TYPEs include: b: Make a block (buffered) device. c or u: Make a character
1392 (un-buffered) device. p: Make a named pipe. MAJOR and MINOR are ignored for
1399 <PRE> $ mknod /dev/fd0 b 2 0
1400 $ mknod -m 644 /tmp/pipe p
1403 -------------------------------
1405 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_mkswap">mkswap</A></STRONG><DD>
1407 Usage: mkswap [<STRONG>-c</STRONG>] [<STRONG>-v0</STRONG>|<STRONG>-v1</STRONG>] device [block-count]
1410 Prepare a disk partition to be used as a swap partition.
1416 <PRE> -c Check for read-ability.
1417 -v0 Make version 0 swap [max 128 Megs].
1418 -v1 Make version 1 swap [big!] (default for kernels > 2.1.117).
1419 block-count Number of block to use (default is entire partition).
1422 -------------------------------
1424 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_mktemp">mktemp</A></STRONG><DD>
1426 Usage: mktemp [<STRONG>-q</STRONG>] TEMPLATE
1429 Creates a temporary file with its name based on TEMPLATE. TEMPLATE is any
1430 name with six `Xs' (i.e. /tmp/temp.XXXXXX).
1436 <PRE> $ mktemp /tmp/temp.XXXXXX
1438 $ ls -la /tmp/temp.mWiLjM
1439 -rw------- 1 andersen andersen 0 Apr 25 17:10 /tmp/temp.mWiLjM
1442 -------------------------------
1444 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_nc">nc</A></STRONG><DD>
1446 Usage: nc [IP] [port]
1449 Netcat opens a pipe to IP:port
1455 <PRE> $ nc foobar.somedomain.com 25
1456 220 foobar ESMTP Exim 3.12 #1 Sat, 15 Apr 2000 00:03:02 -0600
1458 214-Commands supported:
1459 214- HELO EHLO MAIL RCPT DATA AUTH
1460 214 NOOP QUIT RSET HELP
1462 221 foobar closing connection
1464 -------------------------------
1466 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_more">more</A></STRONG><DD>
1468 Usage: more [file ...]
1471 More is a filter for paging through text one screenful at a time.
1477 <PRE> $ dmesg | more
1480 -------------------------------
1482 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_mount">mount</A></STRONG><DD>
1484 Usage: mount [flags] mount [flags] device directory [<STRONG>-o</STRONG> options,more-options]
1490 <PRE> -a: Mount all file systems in fstab.
1491 -o option: One of many filesystem options, listed below.
1492 -r: Mount the filesystem read-only.
1493 -t fs-type: Specify the filesystem type.
1494 -w: Mount for reading and writing (default).
1497 Options for use with the ``<STRONG>-o</STRONG>'' flag:
1500 <PRE> async/sync: Writes are asynchronous / synchronous.
1501 atime/noatime: Enable / disable updates to inode access times.
1502 dev/nodev: Allow use of special device files / disallow them.
1503 exec/noexec: Allow use of executable files / disallow them.
1504 loop: Mounts a file via loop device.
1505 suid/nosuid: Allow set-user-id-root programs / disallow them.
1506 remount: Re-mount a currently-mounted filesystem, changing its flags.
1507 ro/rw: Mount for read-only / read-write.
1508 There are EVEN MORE flags that are specific to each filesystem.
1509 You'll have to see the written documentation for those.
1516 /dev/hda3 on / type minix (rw)
1517 proc on /proc type proc (rw)
1518 devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw)
1519 $ mount /dev/fd0 /mnt -t msdos -o ro
1520 $ mount /tmp/diskimage /opt -t ext2 -o loop
1523 -------------------------------
1525 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_mt">mt</A></STRONG><DD>
1527 Usage: mt [<STRONG>-f</STRONG> device] opcode value
1530 Control magnetic tape drive operation
1533 -------------------------------
1535 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_mv">mv</A></STRONG><DD>
1537 Usage: mv SOURCE DEST
1540 <PRE> or: mv SOURCE... DIRECTORY
1543 Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move <CODE>SOURCE(s)</CODE> to DIRECTORY.
1549 <PRE> $ mv /tmp/foo /bin/bar
1552 -------------------------------
1554 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_nslookup">nslookup</A></STRONG><DD>
1556 Usage: nslookup [HOST]
1559 Queries the nameserver for the IP address of the given HOST
1565 <PRE> $ nslookup localhost
1574 -------------------------------
1576 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_ping">ping</A></STRONG><DD>
1578 Usage: ping [OPTION]... host
1581 Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts.
1587 <PRE> -c COUNT Send only COUNT pings.
1588 -q Quiet mode, only displays output at start
1593 <PRE> $ ping localhost
1594 PING slag (127.0.0.1): 56 data bytes
1595 64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=0 ttl=255 time=20.1 ms
1598 <PRE> --- debian ping statistics ---
1599 1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss
1600 round-trip min/avg/max = 20.1/20.1/20.1 ms
1603 -------------------------------
1605 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_poweroff">poweroff</A></STRONG><DD>
1607 Shuts down the system, and requests that the kernel turn off power upon
1611 -------------------------------
1613 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_printf">printf</A></STRONG><DD>
1615 Usage: printf format [argument...]
1618 Formats and prints the given data in a manner similar to the C printf
1625 <PRE> $ printf "Val=%d\n" 5
1629 -------------------------------
1631 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_ps">ps</A></STRONG><DD>
1636 Report process status
1639 This version of ps accepts no options.
1646 PID Uid Gid State Command
1648 2 root root S [kflushd]
1649 3 root root S [kupdate]
1650 4 root root S [kpiod]
1651 5 root root S [kswapd]
1652 742 andersen andersen S [bash]
1653 743 andersen andersen S -bash
1654 745 root root S [getty]
1655 2990 andersen andersen R ps
1658 -------------------------------
1660 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_pwd">pwd</A></STRONG><DD>
1662 Prints the full filename of the current working directory.
1672 -------------------------------
1674 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_reboot">reboot</A></STRONG><DD>
1676 Instructs the kernel to reboot the system.
1679 -------------------------------
1681 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_rm">rm</A></STRONG><DD>
1683 Usage: rm [OPTION]... FILE...
1686 Remove (unlink) the <CODE>FILE(s).</CODE>
1692 <PRE> -f remove existing destinations, never prompt
1693 -r or -R remove the contents of directories recursively
1699 <PRE> $ rm -rf /tmp/foo
1702 -------------------------------
1704 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_rmdir">rmdir</A></STRONG><DD>
1706 Usage: rmdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY...
1709 Remove the <CODE>DIRECTORY(ies),</CODE> if they are empty.
1715 <PRE> # rmdir /tmp/foo
1718 -------------------------------
1720 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_rmmod">rmmod</A></STRONG><DD>
1722 Usage: rmmod [OPTION]... [MODULE]...
1725 Unloads the specified kernel modules from the kernel.
1731 <PRE> -a Try to remove all unused kernel modules.
1740 -------------------------------
1742 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_sed">sed</A></STRONG><DD>
1744 Usage: sed [<STRONG>-n</STRONG>] <STRONG>-e</STRONG> script [file...]
1747 Allowed sed scripts come in the following form:
1750 <PRE> 'ADDR [!] COMMAND'
1753 <PRE> where address ADDR can be:
1754 NUMBER Match specified line number
1756 /REGEXP/ Match specified regexp
1757 (! inverts the meaning of the match)
1760 <PRE> and COMMAND can be:
1761 s/regexp/replacement/[igp]
1762 which attempt to match regexp against the pattern space
1763 and if successful replaces the matched portion with replacement.
1767 which appends TEXT after the pattern space
1773 <PRE> -e add the script to the commands to be executed
1774 -n suppress automatic printing of pattern space
1777 This version of sed matches full regular expresions.
1783 <PRE> $ echo "foo" | sed -e 's/f[a-zA-Z]o/bar/g'
1787 -------------------------------
1789 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_setkeycodes">setkeycodes</A></STRONG><DD>
1791 Usage: setkeycodes SCANCODE KEYCODE ...
1794 Set entries into the kernel's scancode-to-keycode map, allowing unusual
1795 keyboards to generate usable keycodes.
1798 SCANCODE may be either xx or e0xx (hexadecimal), and KEYCODE is given in
1805 <PRE> # setkeycodes e030 127
1808 -------------------------------
1810 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_sh">sh</A></STRONG><DD>
1815 lash -- the BusyBox LAme SHell (command interpreter)
1818 This command does not yet have proper documentation.
1821 Use lash just as you would use any other shell. It properly handles pipes,
1822 redirects, job control, can be used as the shell for scripts (#!/bin/sh),
1823 and has a sufficient set of builtins to do what is needed. It does not
1824 (yet) support Bourne Shell syntax. If you need things like
1825 ``if-then-else'', ``while'', and such, use ash or bash. If you just need a
1826 very simple and extremely small shell, this will do the job.
1829 -------------------------------
1831 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_sfdisk">sfdisk</A></STRONG><DD>
1833 Usage: sfdisk [options] device ...
1836 device: something like /dev/hda or /dev/sda
1842 <PRE> -s [or --show-size]: list size of a partition
1843 -c [or --id]: print or change partition Id
1844 -l [or --list]: list partitions of each device
1845 -d [or --dump]: idem, but in a format suitable for later input
1846 -i [or --increment]: number cylinders etc. from 1 instead of from 0
1847 -uS, -uB, -uC, -uM: accept/report in units of sectors/blocks/cylinders/MB
1848 -T [or --list-types]:list the known partition types
1849 -D [or --DOS]: for DOS-compatibility: waste a little space
1850 -R [or --re-read]: make kernel reread partition table
1851 -N# : change only the partition with number #
1852 -n : do not actually write to disk
1853 -O file : save the sectors that will be overwritten to file
1854 -I file : restore these sectors again
1855 -v [or --version]: print version
1856 -? [or --help]: print this message
1862 <PRE> -g [or --show-geometry]: print the kernel's idea of the geometry
1863 -x [or --show-extended]: also list extended partitions on output
1866 <PRE> or expect descriptors for them on input
1867 -L [or --Linux]: do not complain about things irrelevant for Linux
1868 -q [or --quiet]: suppress warning messages
1869 You can override the detected geometry using:
1870 -C# [or --cylinders #]:set the number of cylinders to use
1871 -H# [or --heads #]: set the number of heads to use
1872 -S# [or --sectors #]: set the number of sectors to use
1875 You can disable all consistency checking with:
1878 <PRE> -f [or --force]: do what I say, even if it is stupid
1881 -------------------------------
1883 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_sleep">sleep</A></STRONG><DD>
1888 Pause for N seconds.
1895 [2 second delay results]
1898 -------------------------------
1900 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_sort">sort</A></STRONG><DD>
1902 Usage: sort [<STRONG>-n</STRONG>] [<STRONG>-r</STRONG>] [FILE]...
1905 Sorts lines of text in the specified files
1911 <PRE> $ echo -e "e\nf\nb\nd\nc\na" | sort
1920 -------------------------------
1922 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_sync">sync</A></STRONG><DD>
1927 Write all buffered filesystem blocks to disk.
1930 -------------------------------
1932 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_syslogd">syslogd</A></STRONG><DD>
1934 Usage: syslogd [OPTION]...
1937 Linux system and kernel (provides klogd) logging utility. Note that this
1938 version of syslogd/klogd ignores /etc/syslog.conf.
1944 <PRE> -m Change the mark timestamp interval. default=20min. 0=off
1945 -n Do not fork into the background (for when run by init)
1946 -K Do not start up the klogd process (by default syslogd spawns klogd).
1947 -O Specify an alternate log file. default=/var/log/messages
1950 -------------------------------
1952 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_swapon">swapon</A></STRONG><DD>
1954 Usage: swapon [OPTION] [device]
1957 Start swapping virtual memory pages on the given device.
1963 <PRE> -a Start swapping on all swap devices
1966 -------------------------------
1968 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_swapoff">swapoff</A></STRONG><DD>
1970 Usage: swapoff [OPTION] [device]
1973 Stop swapping virtual memory pages on the given device.
1979 <PRE> -a Stop swapping on all swap devices
1982 -------------------------------
1984 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_tail">tail</A></STRONG><DD>
1986 Usage: tail [OPTION] [FILE]...
1989 Print last 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one
1990 FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or
1991 when FILE is -, read standard input.
1997 <PRE> -n NUM Print last NUM lines instead of first 10
1998 -f Output data as the file grows. This version
1999 of 'tail -f' supports only one file at a time.
2005 <PRE> $ tail -n 1 /etc/resolv.conf
2009 -------------------------------
2011 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_tar">tar</A></STRONG><DD>
2013 Usage: tar -[cxtvO] [<STRONG>--exclude</STRONG> File] [<STRONG>-f</STRONG> tarFile] [FILE] ...
2016 Create, extract, or list files from a tar file. Note that this version of
2017 tar treats hard links as separate files.
2020 Main operation mode:
2031 <PRE> f name of tarfile or "-" for stdin
2033 --exclude file to exclude
2039 <PRE> v verbosely list files processed
2045 <PRE> $ zcat /tmp/tarball.tar.gz | tar -xf -
2046 $ tar -cf /tmp/tarball.tar /usr/local
2049 -------------------------------
2051 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_test">test, [</A></STRONG><DD>
2053 Usage: test EXPRESSION or [ EXPRESSION ]
2056 Checks file types and compares values returning an exit code determined by
2057 the value of EXPRESSION.
2063 <PRE> $ test 1 -eq 2
2077 -------------------------------
2079 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_tee">tee</A></STRONG><DD>
2081 Usage: tee [OPTION]... [FILE]...
2084 Copy standard input to each FILE, and also to standard output.
2090 <PRE> -a append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite
2096 <PRE> $ echo "Hello" | tee /tmp/foo
2101 -------------------------------
2103 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_touch">touch</A></STRONG><DD>
2105 Usage: touch [<STRONG>-c</STRONG>] file [file ...]
2108 Update the last-modified date on (or create) the selected file[s].
2114 <PRE> $ ls -l /tmp/foo
2115 /bin/ls: /tmp/foo: No such file or directory
2118 -rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 0 Apr 15 01:11 /tmp/foo
2121 -------------------------------
2123 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_tr">tr</A></STRONG><DD>
2125 Usage: tr [-cds] STRING1 [STRING2]
2128 Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters from standard input, writing
2135 <PRE> -c take complement of STRING1
2136 -d delete input characters coded STRING1
2137 -s squeeze multiple output characters of STRING2 into one character
2143 <PRE> $ echo "gdkkn vnqkc" | tr [a-y] [b-z]
2147 -------------------------------
2149 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_true">true</A></STRONG><DD>
2151 Returns an exit code of TRUE (0)
2162 -------------------------------
2164 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_tty">tty</A></STRONG><DD>
2169 Print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input.
2175 <PRE> -s print nothing, only return an exit status
2185 -------------------------------
2187 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_umount">umount</A></STRONG><DD>
2189 Usage: umount [flags] filesystem|directory
2195 <PRE> -a: Unmount all file systems
2196 -r: Try to remount devices as read-only if mount is busy
2197 -f: Force filesystem umount (i.e. unreachable NFS server)
2198 -l: Do not free loop device (if a loop device has been used)
2204 <PRE> $ umount /dev/hdc1
2207 -------------------------------
2209 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_uname">uname</A></STRONG><DD>
2211 Usage: uname [OPTION]...
2214 Print certain system information. With no OPTION, same as <STRONG>-s</STRONG>.
2220 <PRE> -a print all information
2221 -m the machine (hardware) type
2222 -n print the machine's network node hostname
2223 -r print the operating system release
2224 -s print the operating system name
2225 -p print the host processor type
2226 -v print the operating system version
2233 Linux debian 2.2.15pre13 #5 Tue Mar 14 16:03:50 MST 2000 i686 unknown
2236 -------------------------------
2238 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_uniq">uniq</A></STRONG><DD>
2240 Usage: uniq [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]]
2243 Discard all but one of successive identical lines from INPUT (or standard
2244 input), writing to OUTPUT (or standard output).
2250 <PRE> $ echo -e "a\na\nb\nc\nc\na" | sort | uniq
2256 -------------------------------
2258 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_update">update</A></STRONG><DD>
2260 Usage: update [options]
2263 Periodically flushes filesystem buffers.
2269 <PRE> -S force use of sync(2) instead of flushing
2270 -s SECS call sync this often (default 30)
2271 -f SECS flush some buffers this often (default 5)
2274 -------------------------------
2276 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_uptime">uptime</A></STRONG><DD>
2281 Tells how long the system has been running since boot.
2288 1:55pm up 2:30, load average: 0.09, 0.04, 0.00
2291 -------------------------------
2293 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_usleep">usleep</A></STRONG><DD>
2298 Pauses for N microseconds.
2304 <PRE> $ usleep 1000000
2305 [pauses for 1 second]
2308 -------------------------------
2310 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_wc">wc</A></STRONG><DD>
2312 Usage: wc [OPTION]... [FILE]...
2315 Print line, word, and byte counts for each FILE, and a total line if more
2316 than one FILE is specified. With no FILE, read standard input.
2322 <PRE> -c print the byte counts
2323 -l print the newline counts
2324 -L print the length of the longest line
2325 -w print the word counts
2331 <PRE> $ wc /etc/passwd
2332 31 46 1365 /etc/passwd
2335 -------------------------------
2337 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_whoami">whoami</A></STRONG><DD>
2342 Prints the user name associated with the current effective user id.
2352 -------------------------------
2354 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_yes">yes</A></STRONG><DD>
2356 Usage: yes [OPTION]... [STRING]...
2359 Repeatedly outputs a line with all specified <CODE>STRING(s),</CODE> or
2363 -------------------------------
2365 <DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_zcat">zcat</A></STRONG><DD>
2367 This is essentially an alias for invoking ``gunzip <STRONG>-c</STRONG>'', where it decompresses the file inquestion and send the output to
2371 -------------------------------
2376 <H1><A NAME="LIBC_NSS">LIBC NSS</A></H1>
2378 GNU Libc uses the Name Service Switch (NSS) to configure the behavior of
2379 the C library for the local environment, and to configure how it reads
2380 system data, such as passwords and group information. BusyBox has made it
2381 Policy that it will never use NSS, and will never use and libc calls that
2382 make use of NSS. This allows you to run an embedded system without the need
2383 for installing an /etc/nsswitch.conf file and without and /lib/libnss_*
2384 libraries installed.
2387 If you are using a system that is using a remote LDAP server for
2388 authentication via GNU libc NSS, and you want to use BusyBox, then you will
2389 need to adjust the BusyBox source. Chances are though, that if you have
2390 enough space to install of that stuff on your system, then you probably
2391 want the full GNU utilities.
2395 <H1><A NAME="SEE_ALSO">SEE ALSO</A></H1>
2397 <CODE>textutils(1),</CODE> <CODE>shellutils(1),</CODE> etc...
2401 <H1><A NAME="MAINTAINER">MAINTAINER</A></H1>
2403 Erik Andersen <<A
2404 HREF="mailto:andersee@debian.org">andersee@debian.org</A>> <<A
2405 HREF="mailto:andersen@lineo.com">andersen@lineo.com</A>>
2409 <H1><A NAME="AUTHORS">AUTHORS</A></H1>
2411 The following people have contributed code to BusyBox whether they know it
2415 Erik Andersen <<A
2416 HREF="mailto:andersee@debian.org">andersee@debian.org</A>>
2421 John Beppu <<A HREF="mailto:beppu@lineo.com">beppu@lineo.com</A>>
2426 Brian Candler <<A
2427 HREF="mailto:B.Candler@pobox.com">B.Candler@pobox.com</A>>
2432 Randolph Chung <<A
2433 HREF="mailto:tausq@debian.org">tausq@debian.org</A>>
2439 HREF="mailto:dcinege@psychosis.com">dcinege@psychosis.com</A>>
2444 Karl M. Hegbloom <<A
2445 HREF="mailto:karlheg@debian.org">karlheg@debian.org</A>>
2450 John Lombardo <<A
2451 HREF="mailto:john@deltanet.com">john@deltanet.com</A>>
2456 Glenn McGrath <<A
2457 HREF="mailto:bug1@netconnect.com.au">bug1@netconnect.com.au</A>>
2462 Bruce Perens <<A HREF="mailto:bruce@perens.com">bruce@perens.com</A>>
2468 HREF="mailto:pavel_roskin@geocities.com">pavel_roskin@geocities.com</A>>
2473 Linus Torvalds <<A
2474 HREF="mailto:torvalds@transmeta.com">torvalds@transmeta.com</A>>
2479 Charles P. Wright <<A
2480 HREF="mailto:cpwright@villagenet.com">cpwright@villagenet.com</A>>
2485 Enrique Zanardi <<A
2486 HREF="mailto:ezanardi@ull.es">ezanardi@ull.es</A>>