1 U-Boot new uImage source file format (bindings definition)
2 ==========================================================
4 Author: Marian Balakowicz <m8@semihalf.com>
5 External data additions, 25/1/16 Simon Glass <sjg@chromium.org>
10 Evolution of the 2.6 Linux kernel for embedded PowerPC systems introduced new
11 booting method which requires that hardware description is available to the
12 kernel in the form of Flattened Device Tree.
14 Booting with a Flattened Device Tree is much more flexible and is intended to
15 replace direct passing of 'struct bd_info' which was used to boot pre-FDT
18 However, U-Boot needs to support both techniques to provide backward
19 compatibility for platforms which are not FDT ready. Number of elements
20 playing role in the booting process has increased and now includes the FDT
21 blob. Kernel image, FDT blob and possibly ramdisk image - all must be placed
22 in the system memory and passed to bootm as a arguments. Some of them may be
23 missing: FDT is not present for legacy platforms, ramdisk is always optional.
24 Additionally, old uImage format has been extended to support multi sub-images
25 but the support is limited by simple format of the legacy uImage structure.
26 Single binary header 'struct image_header' is not flexible enough to cover all
29 All those factors combined clearly show that there is a need for new, more
30 flexible, multi component uImage format.
33 2) New uImage format assumptions
34 --------------------------------
38 Libfdt has been selected for the new uImage format implementation as (1) it
39 provides needed functionality, (2) is actively maintained and developed and
40 (3) increases code reuse as it is already part of the U-Boot source tree.
44 This document defines new uImage structure by providing FDT bindings for new
45 uImage internals. Bindings are defined from U-Boot perspective, i.e. describe
46 final form of the uImage at the moment when it reaches U-Boot. User
47 perspective may be simpler, as some of the properties (like timestamps and
48 hashes) will need to be filled in automatically by the U-Boot mkimage tool.
50 To avoid confusion with the kernel FDT the following naming convention is
51 proposed for the new uImage format related terms:
53 FIT - Flattened uImage Tree
55 FIT is formally a flattened device tree (in the libfdt meaning), which
56 conforms to bindings defined in this document.
58 .its - image tree source
59 .itb - flattened image tree blob
61 c) Image building procedure
63 The following picture shows how the new uImage is prepared. Input consists of
64 image source file (.its) and a set of data files. Image is created with the
65 help of standard U-Boot mkimage tool which in turn uses dtc (device tree
66 compiler) to produce image tree blob (.itb). Resulting .itb file is the
67 actual binary of a new uImage.
72 vmlinux.bin.gz mkimage + dtc xfer to target
73 eldk-4.2-ramdisk --------------> tqm5200.itb --------------> bootm
78 - create .its file, automatically filled-in properties are omitted
79 - call mkimage tool on a .its file
80 - mkimage calls dtc to create .itb image and assures that
81 missing properties are added
82 - .itb (new uImage) is uploaded onto the target and used therein
87 To identify FIT sub-nodes representing images, hashes, configurations (which
88 are defined in the following sections), the "unit name" of the given sub-node
89 is used as it's identifier as it assures uniqueness without additional
93 3) Root node properties
94 -----------------------
96 Root node of the uImage Tree should have the following layout:
99 |- description = "image description"
100 |- timestamp = <12399321>
101 |- #address-cells = <1>
110 |- default = "conf-1"
118 - description : Textual description of the uImage
121 - timestamp : Last image modification time being counted in seconds since
122 1970-01-01 00:00:00 - to be automatically calculated by mkimage tool.
124 Conditionally mandatory property:
125 - #address-cells : Number of 32bit cells required to represent entry and
126 load addresses supplied within sub-image nodes. May be omitted when no
127 entry or load addresses are used.
130 - images : This node contains a set of sub-nodes, each of them representing
131 single component sub-image (like kernel, ramdisk, etc.). At least one
132 sub-image is required.
133 - configurations : Contains a set of available configuration nodes and
134 defines a default configuration.
140 This node is a container node for component sub-image nodes. Each sub-node of
141 the '/images' node should have the following layout:
144 |- description = "component sub-image description"
145 |- data = /incbin/("path/to/data/file.bin")
146 |- type = "sub-image type name"
147 |- arch = "ARCH name"
149 |- compression = "compression name"
151 |- entry = <00000000>
157 Mandatory properties:
158 - description : Textual description of the component sub-image
159 - type : Name of component sub-image type, supported types are:
160 "standalone", "kernel", "kernel_noload", "ramdisk", "firmware", "script",
161 "filesystem", "flat_dt" and others (see uimage_type in common/image.c).
162 - data : Path to the external file which contains this node's binary data.
163 - compression : Compression used by included data. Supported compressions
164 are "gzip" and "bzip2". If no compression is used compression property
165 should be set to "none". If the data is compressed but it should not be
166 uncompressed by U-Boot (e.g. compressed ramdisk), this should also be set
169 Conditionally mandatory property:
170 - os : OS name, mandatory for types "kernel". Valid OS names are:
171 "openbsd", "netbsd", "freebsd", "4_4bsd", "linux", "svr4", "esix",
172 "solaris", "irix", "sco", "dell", "ncr", "lynxos", "vxworks", "psos", "qnx",
173 "u-boot", "rtems", "unity", "integrity".
174 - arch : Architecture name, mandatory for types: "standalone", "kernel",
175 "firmware", "ramdisk" and "fdt". Valid architecture names are: "alpha",
176 "arm", "i386", "ia64", "mips", "mips64", "ppc", "s390", "sh", "sparc",
177 "sparc64", "m68k", "microblaze", "nios2", "blackfin", "avr32", "st200",
179 - entry : entry point address, address size is determined by
180 '#address-cells' property of the root node.
181 Mandatory for types: "firmware", and "kernel".
182 - load : load address, address size is determined by '#address-cells'
183 property of the root node.
184 Mandatory for types: "firmware", and "kernel".
185 - compatible : compatible method for loading image.
186 Mandatory for types: "fpga", and images that do not specify a load address.
187 To use the generic fpga loading routine, use "u-boot,fpga-legacy".
190 - hash-1 : Each hash sub-node represents separate hash or checksum
191 calculated for node's data according to specified algorithm.
198 |- algo = "hash or checksum algorithm name"
199 |- value = [hash or checksum value]
201 Mandatory properties:
202 - algo : Algorithm name, supported are "crc32", "md5" and "sha1".
203 - value : Actual checksum or hash value, correspondingly 4, 16 or 20 bytes
207 6) '/configurations' node
208 -------------------------
210 The 'configurations' node creates convenient, labeled boot configurations,
211 which combine together kernel images with their ramdisks and fdt blobs.
213 The 'configurations' node has has the following structure:
216 |- default = "default configuration sub-node unit name"
224 - default : Selects one of the configuration sub-nodes as a default
228 - configuration-sub-node-unit-name : At least one of the configuration
229 sub-nodes is required.
232 7) Configuration nodes
233 ----------------------
235 Each configuration has the following structure:
238 |- description = "configuration description"
239 |- kernel = "kernel sub-node unit name"
240 |- fdt = "fdt sub-node unit-name" [, "fdt overlay sub-node unit-name", ...]
241 |- loadables = "loadables sub-node unit-name"
242 |- compatible = "vendor,board-style device tree compatible string"
245 Mandatory properties:
246 - description : Textual configuration description.
247 - kernel or firmware: Unit name of the corresponding kernel or firmware
248 (u-boot, op-tee, etc) image. If both "kernel" and "firmware" are specified,
249 control is passed to the firmware image.
252 - fdt : Unit name of the corresponding fdt blob (component image node of a
253 "fdt type"). Additional fdt overlay nodes can be supplied which signify
254 that the resulting device tree blob is generated by the first base fdt
255 blob with all subsequent overlays applied.
256 - fpga : Unit name of the corresponding fpga bitstream blob
257 (component image node of a "fpga type").
258 - loadables : Unit name containing a list of additional binaries to be
259 loaded at their given locations. "loadables" is a comma-separated list
260 of strings. U-Boot will load each binary at its given start-address and
261 may optionally invoke additional post-processing steps on this binary based
262 on its component image node type.
263 - compatible : The root compatible string of the U-Boot device tree that
264 this configuration shall automatically match when CONFIG_FIT_BEST_MATCH is
265 enabled. If this property is not provided, the compatible string will be
266 extracted from the fdt blob instead. This is only possible if the fdt is
267 not compressed, so images with compressed fdts that want to use compatible
268 string matching must always provide this property.
270 The FDT blob is required to properly boot FDT based kernel, so the minimal
271 configuration for 2.6 FDT kernel is (kernel, fdt) pair.
273 Older, 2.4 kernel and 2.6 non-FDT kernel do not use FDT blob, in such cases
274 'struct bd_info' must be passed instead of FDT blob, thus fdt property *must
275 not* be specified in a configuration node.
281 The above format shows a 'data' property which holds the data for each image.
282 It is also possible for this data to reside outside the FIT itself. This
283 allows the FIT to be quite small, so that it can be loaded and scanned
284 without loading a large amount of data. Then when an image is needed it can
285 be loaded from an external source.
287 In this case the 'data' property is omitted. Instead you can use:
289 - data-offset : offset of the data in a separate image store. The image
290 store is placed immediately after the last byte of the device tree binary,
291 aligned to a 4-byte boundary.
292 - data-size : size of the data in bytes
294 The 'data-offset' property can be substituted with 'data-position', which
295 defines an absolute position or address as the offset. This is helpful when
296 booting U-Boot proper before performing relocation. Pass '-p [offset]' to
297 mkimage to enable 'data-position'.
299 Normal kernel FIT image has data embedded within FIT structure. U-Boot image
300 for SPL boot has external data. Existence of 'data-offset' can be used to
301 identify which format is used.
303 For FIT image with external data, it would be better to align each blob of data
304 to block(512 byte) for block device, so that we don't need to do the copy when
305 read the image data in SPL. Pass '-B 0x200' to mkimage to align the FIT
306 structure and data to 512 byte, other values available for other align size.
311 Please see doc/uImage.FIT/*.its for actual image source files.