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/*!
\page qtbinding.html
\inqmlmodule QtQuick 2
\ingroup qml-features
\previouspage {Extending QML Functionalities using C++}
\nextpage {Integrating QML Code with Existing Qt UI Code}
\contentspage QML Features
\title Using QML Bindings in C++ Applications

QML is designed to be easily extensible to and from C++. The classes in the
Qt Declarative module allow QML components to be loaded and manipulated from C++, and through
Qt's \l{The Meta-Object System}{meta-object system}, QML and C++ objects can easily
communicate through Qt signals and slots. In addition, QML plugins can be written to create
reusable QML components for distribution.

You may want to mix QML and C++ for a number of reasons. For example:

\list
\o To use functionality defined in a C++ source (for example, when using a C++ Qt-based data model, or
calling functions in a third-party C++ library)
\o To access functionality in the Qt Declarative module (for example, to dynamically generate
images using QDeclarativeImageProvider)
\o To write your own QML elements (whether for your applications, or for distribution to others)
\endlist

To use the Qt Declarative module, you must include and link to the module appropriately, as shown on
the \l {QtDeclarative}{module index page}. The \l {Qt Declarative UI Runtime} documentation
shows how to build a basic C++ application that uses this module.


\section1 Core module classes

The Qt Declarative module provides a set of C++ APIs for extending your QML applications from C++ and
embedding QML into C++ applications. There are several core classes in the Qt Declarative module
that provide the essential capabilities for doing this. These are:

\list
\o QDeclarativeEngine: A QML engine provides the environment for executing QML code. Every
application requires at least one engine instance.
\o QDeclarativeComponent: A component encapsulates a \l{QML Documents}{QML document}.
\o QDeclarativeContext: A context allows an application to expose data to the QML components
created by an engine.
\endlist

A QDeclarativeEngine allows the configuration of global settings that apply to all of its QML
component instances: for example, the QNetworkAccessManager to be used for network communications,
and the file path to be used for persistent storage.

QDeclarativeComponent is used to load QML documents. Each QDeclarativeComponent instance represents
a single document. A component can be created from the URL or file path of a QML document, or the raw
QML code of the document. Component instances are instatiated through the
QDeclarativeComponent::create() method, like this:

\code
QDeclarativeEngine engine;
QDeclarativeComponent component(&engine, QUrl::fromLocalFile("MyRectangle.qml"));
QObject *rectangleInstance = component.create();

// ...
delete rectangleInstance;
\endcode

QML documents can also be loaded using QDeclarativeView. This class provides a convenient
QWidget-based view for embedding QML components into QGraphicsView-based applications. (For other
methods of integrating QML into QWidget-based applications, see \l {Integrating QML Code with existing Qt
UI code}.)


\section1 Approaches to using QML with C++

There are a number of ways to extend your QML application through C++. For example, you could:

\list
\o Load a QML component and manipulate it (or its children) from C++
\o Embed a C++ object and its properties directly into a QML component (for example, to make a
particular C++ object callable from QML, or to replace a dummy list model with a real data set)
\o Define new QML elements (through QObject-based C++ classes) and create them directly from your
QML code
\endlist

These methods are shown below. Naturally these approaches are not exclusive; you can mix any of
these methods throughout your application as appropriate.


\section2 Loading QML Components from C++

A QML document can be loaded with QDeclarativeComponent or QDeclarativeView. QDeclarativeComponent
loads a QML component as a C++ object; QDeclarativeView also does this,
but additionally loads the QML component directly into a QGraphicsView. It is convenient for loading
a displayable QML component into a QWidget-based application.

For example, suppose there is a \c MyItem.qml file that looks like this:

\snippet doc/src/snippets/declarative/qtbinding/loading/MyItem.qml start
\snippet doc/src/snippets/declarative/qtbinding/loading/MyItem.qml end

This QML document can be loaded with QDeclarativeComponent or QDeclarativeView with the following
C++ code. Using a QDeclarativeComponent requires calling QDeclarativeComponent::create() to create
a new instance of the component, while a QDeclarativeView automatically creates an instance of the
component, which is accessible via QDeclarativeView::rootObject():

\table
\row
\o
\snippet doc/src/snippets/declarative/qtbinding/loading/main.cpp QDeclarativeComponent-a
\dots 0
\snippet doc/src/snippets/declarative/qtbinding/loading/main.cpp QDeclarativeComponent-b
\o
\snippet doc/src/snippets/declarative/qtbinding/loading/main.cpp QDeclarativeView
\endtable

This \c object is the instance of the \c MyItem.qml component that has been created. You can now
modify the item's properties using QObject::setProperty() or QDeclarativeProperty:

\snippet doc/src/snippets/declarative/qtbinding/loading/main.cpp properties

Alternatively, you can cast the object to its actual type and call functions with compile-time
safety. In this case the base object of \c MyItem.qml is an \l Item, which is defined by the
QDeclarativeItem class:

\snippet doc/src/snippets/declarative/qtbinding/loading/main.cpp cast

You can also connect to any signals or call functions defined in the component using
QMetaObject::invokeMethod() and QObject::connect(). See \l {Exchanging data between QML and C++}
below for further details.

\section3 Locating child objects

QML components are essentially object trees with children that have siblings and their own children.
Child objects of QML components can be located using the QObject::objectName property with
QObject::findChild(). For example, if the root item in \c MyItem.qml had a child \l Rectangle item:

\snippet doc/src/snippets/declarative/qtbinding/loading/MyItem.qml start
\codeline
\snippet doc/src/snippets/declarative/qtbinding/loading/MyItem.qml child
\snippet doc/src/snippets/declarative/qtbinding/loading/MyItem.qml end

The child could be located like this:

\snippet doc/src/snippets/declarative/qtbinding/loading/main.cpp findChild

If \c objectName is used inside a delegate of a ListView, \l Repeater or some other
element that creates multiple instances of its delegates, there will be multiple children with
the same \c objectName. In this case, QObject::findChildren() can be used to find all children
with a matching \c objectName.

\warning While it is possible to use C++ to access and manipulate QML objects deep into the
object tree, we recommend that you do not take this approach outside of application
testing and prototyping. One strength of QML and C++ integration is the ability to implement the
QML user interface separately from the C++ logic and dataset backend, and this strategy breaks if the
C++ side reaches deep into the QML components to manipulate them directly. This would make it difficult
to, for example, swap a QML view component for another view, if the new component was missing a
required \c objectName. It is better for the C++ implementation to know as little as possible about
the QML user interface implementation and the composition of the QML object tree.


\section2 Embedding C++ Objects into QML Components

When loading a QML scene into a C++ application, it can be useful to directly embed C++ data into
the QML object. QDeclarativeContext enables this by exposing data to the context of a QML
component, allowing data to be injected from C++ into QML.

For example, here is a QML item that refers to a \c currentDateTime value that does not exist in
the current scope:

\snippet doc/src/snippets/declarative/qtbinding/context/MyItem.qml 0

This \c currentDateTime value can be set directly by the C++ application that loads the QML
component, using QDeclarativeContext::setContextProperty():

\snippet doc/src/snippets/declarative/qtbinding/context/main.cpp 0

Context properties can hold either QVariant or QObject* values. This means custom C++ objects can
also be injected using this approach, and these objects can be modified and read directly in QML.
Here, we modify the above example to embed a QObject instance instead of a QDateTime value, and the QML code
invokes a method on the object instance:

\table
\row
\o
\snippet doc/src/snippets/declarative/qtbinding/context-advanced/applicationdata.h 0
\codeline
\snippet doc/src/snippets/declarative/qtbinding/context-advanced/main.cpp 0
\o
\snippet doc/src/snippets/declarative/qtbinding/context-advanced/MyItem.qml 0
\endtable

(Note that date/time values returned from C++ to QML can be formatted through
\l{QML:Qt::formatDateTime}{Qt.formatDateTime()} and associated functions.)

If the QML item needs to receive signals from the context property, it can connect to them using the
\l Connections element. For example, if \c ApplicationData has a signal named \c
dataChanged(), this signal can be connected to using an \c onDataChanged handler within
a \l Connections object:

\snippet doc/src/snippets/declarative/qtbinding/context-advanced/connections.qml 0

Context properties can be useful for using C++ based data models in a QML view. See the
\l {declarative/modelviews/stringlistmodel}{String ListModel},
\l {declarative/modelviews/objectlistmodel}{Object ListModel} and
\l {declarative/modelviews/abstractitemmodel}{AbstractItemModel} models for
respective examples on using QStringListModel, QObjectList-based models and QAbstractItemModel
in QML views.

Also see the QDeclarativeContext documentation for more information.


\section2 Defining New QML Elements

While new QML elements can be \l {Defining New Components}{defined in QML}, they can also be
defined by C++ classes; in fact, many of the core \l {QML Elements} are implemented through
C++ classes. When you create a QML object using one of these elements, you are simply creating an
instance of a QObject-based C++ class and setting its properties.

To create a visual item that fits in with the Qt Quick elements, base your class off \l QDeclarativeItem instead of QObject directly.
You can then implement your own painting and functionality like any other QGraphicsObject. Note that QGraphicsItem::ItemHasNoContents is set by default on QDeclarativeItem because
it does not paint anything; you will need to clear this if your item is supposed to paint anything (as opposed to being solely for input handling or logical grouping).

For example, here is an \c ImageViewer class with an \c image URL property:

\snippet doc/src/snippets/declarative/qtbinding/newelements/imageviewer.h 0

Aside from the fact that it inherits QDeclarativeItem, this is an ordinary class that could
exist outside of QML. However, once it is registered with the QML engine using qmlRegisterType():

\snippet doc/src/snippets/declarative/qtbinding/newelements/main.cpp register

Then, any QML code loaded by your C++ application or \l{QDeclarativeExtensionPlugin}{plugin} can create and manipulate
\c ImageViewer objects:

\snippet doc/src/snippets/declarative/qtbinding/newelements/standalone.qml 0


It is advised that you avoid using QGraphicsItem functionality beyond the properties documented in QDeclarativeItem.
This is because the GraphicsView backend is intended to be an implementation detail for QML, so the QtQuick items can be moved to faster backends as they become available with no change from a QML perspective.
To minimize any porting requirements for custom visual items, try to stick to the documented properties in QDeclarativeItem where possible. Properties QDeclarativeItem inherits but doesn't document are classed as implementation details; they are not officially supported and may disappear between releases.

Note that custom C++ types do not have to inherit from QDeclarativeItem; this is only necessary if it is
a displayable item. If the item is not displayable, it can simply inherit from QObject.

For more information on defining new QML elements, see the \l {Tutorial: Writing QML extensions with C++}
{Writing QML extensions with C++} tutorial and the
\l {Extending QML Functionalities using C++} reference documentation.



\section1 Exchanging Data between QML and C++

QML and C++ objects can communicate with one another through signals, slots and property
modifications. For a C++ object, any data that is exposed to Qt's \l{The Meta-Object System}{Meta-Object System}
- that is, properties, signals, slots and Q_INVOKABLE methods - become available to QML. On
the QML side, all QML object data is automatically made available to the meta-object system and can
be accessed from C++.


\section2 Calling Functions

QML functions can be called from C++ and vice-versa.

All QML functions are exposed to the meta-object system and can be called using
QMetaObject::invokeMethod(). Here is a C++ application that uses this to call a QML function:

\table
\row
\o \snippet doc/src/snippets/declarative/qtbinding/functions-qml/MyItem.qml 0
\o \snippet doc/src/snippets/declarative/qtbinding/functions-qml/main.cpp 0
\endtable

Notice the Q_RETURN_ARG() and Q_ARG() arguments for QMetaObject::invokeMethod() must be specified as
QVariant types, as this is the generic data type used for QML functions and return values.

To call a C++ function from QML, the function must be either a Qt slot, or a function marked with
the Q_INVOKABLE macro, to be available to QML. In the following example, the QML code invokes
methods on the \c myObject object, which has been set using QDeclarativeContext::setContextProperty():

\table
\row
\o
\snippet doc/src/snippets/declarative/qtbinding/functions-cpp/MyItem.qml 0
\o
\snippet doc/src/snippets/declarative/qtbinding/functions-cpp/myclass.h 0
\codeline
\snippet doc/src/snippets/declarative/qtbinding/functions-cpp/main.cpp 0
\endtable

QML supports the calling of overloaded C++ functions. If there are multiple C++ functions with the
same name but different arguments, the correct function will be called according to the number and
the types of arguments that are provided.


\section2 Receiving Signals

All QML signals are automatically available to C++, and can be connected to using QObject::connect()
like any ordinary Qt C++ signal. In return, any C++ signal can be received by a QML object using
\l {Signal Handlers}{signal handlers}.

Here is a QML component with a signal named \c qmlSignal. This signal is connected to a C++ object's
slot using QObject::connect(), so that the \c cppSlot() method is called whenever the \c qmlSignal
is emitted:

\table
\row
\o
\snippet doc/src/snippets/declarative/qtbinding/signals-qml/MyItem.qml 0
\o
\snippet doc/src/snippets/declarative/qtbinding/signals-qml/myclass.h 0
\codeline
\snippet doc/src/snippets/declarative/qtbinding/signals-qml/main.cpp 0
\endtable

To connect to Qt C++ signals from within QML, use a signal handler with the \c on<SignalName> syntax.
If the C++ object is directly creatable from within QML (see \l {Defining new QML elements} above)
then the signal handler can be defined within the object declaration. In the following example, the
QML code creates a \c ImageViewer object, and the \c imageChanged and \c loadingError signals of the
C++ object are connected to through \c onImagedChanged and \c onLoadingError signal handlers in QML:

\table
\row
\o

\snippet doc/src/snippets/declarative/qtbinding/signals-cpp/imageviewer.h start
\dots 4
\snippet doc/src/snippets/declarative/qtbinding/signals-cpp/imageviewer.h end

\o
\snippet doc/src/snippets/declarative/qtbinding/signals-cpp/standalone.qml 0
\endtable

(Note that if a signal has been declared as the NOTIFY signal for a property, QML allows it to be
received with an \c on<Property>Changed handler even if the signal's name does not follow the \c
<Property>Changed naming convention. In the above example, if the "imageChanged" signal was named
"imageModified" instead, the \c onImageChanged signal handler would still be called.)

If, however, the object with the signal is not created from within the QML code, and the QML item only has a
reference to the created object - for example, if the object was set using
QDeclarativeContext::setContextProperty() - then the \l Connections element can be used
instead to create the signal handler:

\table
\row
\o \snippet doc/src/snippets/declarative/qtbinding/signals-cpp/main.cpp connections
\o \snippet doc/src/snippets/declarative/qtbinding/signals-cpp/MyItem.qml 0
\endtable

C++ signals can use enum values as parameters provided that the enum is declared in the
class that is emitting the signal, and that the enum is registered using Q_ENUMS.
See \l {Using enumerations of a custom type} below for details.


\section2 Modifying Properties

Any properties declared in a QML object are automatically accessible from C++. Given a QML item
like this:

\snippet doc/src/snippets/declarative/qtbinding/properties-qml/MyItem.qml 0

The value of the \c someNumber property can be set and read using QDeclarativeProperty, or
QObject::setProperty() and QObject::property():

\snippet doc/src/snippets/declarative/qtbinding/properties-qml/main.cpp 0

You should always use QObject::setProperty(), QDeclarativeProperty or QMetaProperty::write() to
change a QML property value, to ensure the QML engine is made aware of the property change. For example,
say you have a custom element \c PushButton with a \c buttonText property that internally reflects
the value of a \c m_buttonText member variable. Modifying the member variable directly like this is
not a good idea:

\badcode
// BAD!
QDeclarativeComponent component(engine, "MyButton.qml");
PushButton *button = qobject_cast<PushButton*>(component.create());
button->m_buttonText = "Click me";
\endcode

Since the value is changed directly, this bypasses Qt's \l{The Meta-Object System}{meta-object system}
and the QML engine is not made aware of the property change. This means property bindings to
\c buttonText would not be updated, and any \c onButtonTextChanged handlers would not be called.


\target properties-cpp

Any \l {The Property System}{Qt properties} - that is, those declared with the Q_PROPERTY()
macro - are accessible from QML. Here is a modified version of the \l {Embedding C++ objects into
QML components}{earlier example} on this page; here, the \c ApplicationData class has a \c backgroundColor
property. This property can be written to and read from QML:

\table
\row
\o \snippet doc/src/snippets/declarative/qtbinding/properties-cpp/applicationdata.h 0
\o \snippet doc/src/snippets/declarative/qtbinding/properties-cpp/MyItem.qml 0
\endtable

Notice the \c backgroundColorChanged signal is declared as the NOTIFY signal for the
\c backgroundColor property. If a Qt property does not have an associated NOTIFY signal,
the property cannot be used for \l {Property Binding} in QML, as the QML engine would not be
notified when the value changes. If you are using custom types in QML, make sure their
properties have NOTIFY signals so that they can be used in property bindings.

See \l {Tutorial: Writing QML extensions with C++} for further details and examples
on using Qt properties with QML.


\section1 Supported data types

Any C++ data that is used from QML - whether as custom properties, or parameters for signals or
functions - must be of a type that is recognizable by QML.

By default, QML recognizes the following data types:

\list
\o bool
\o unsigned int, int
\o float, double, qreal
\o QString
\o QUrl
\o QColor
\o QDate, QTime, QDateTime
\o QPoint, QPointF
\o QSize, QSizeF
\o QRect, QRectF
\o QVariant
\o QVariantList, QVariantMap
\o QObject*
\o Enumerations declared with Q_ENUMS()
\endlist

To allow a custom C++ type to be created or used in QML, the C++ class must be registered as a QML
type using qmlRegisterType(), as shown in the \l {Defining new QML elements} section above.


\section2 JavaScript Arrays and Objects

There is built-in support for automatic type conversion between QVariantList and JavaScript
arrays, and QVariantMap and JavaScript objects.

For example, the function defined in QML below left expects two arguments, an array and an object, and prints
their contents using the standard JavaScript syntax for array and object item access. The C++ code
below right calls this function, passing a QVariantList and a QVariantMap, which are automatically
converted to JavaScript array and object values, repectively:

\table
\header
\o Type
\o String format
\o Example
\row
\o \snippet doc/src/snippets/declarative/qtbinding/variantlistmap/MyItem.qml 0
\o \snippet doc/src/snippets/declarative/qtbinding/variantlistmap/main.cpp 0
\endtable

This produces output like:

\code
Array item: 10
Array item: #00ff00
Array item: bottles
Object item: language = QML
Object item: released = Tue Sep 21 2010 00:00:00 GMT+1000 (EST)
\endcode

Similarly, if a C++ type uses a QVariantList or QVariantMap type for a property or method
parameter, the value can be created as a JavaScript array or object in the QML
side, and is automatically converted to a QVariantList or QVariantMap when it is passed to C++.


\section2 Using Enumerations of a Custom Type

To use an enumeration from a custom C++ component, the enumeration must be declared with Q_ENUMS() to
register it with Qt's meta object system. For example, the following C++ type has a \c Status enum:

\snippet doc/src/snippets/declarative/qtbinding/enums/imageviewer.h start
\snippet doc/src/snippets/declarative/qtbinding/enums/imageviewer.h end

Providing the \c ImageViewer class has been registered using qmlRegisterType(), its \c Status enum can
now be used from QML:

\snippet doc/src/snippets/declarative/qtbinding/enums/standalone.qml 0

The C++ type must be registered with QML to use its enums. If your C++ type is not instantiable, it
can be registered using qmlRegisterUncreatableType().  To be accessible from QML, the names of enum values
must begin with a capital letter.

See the \l {Tutorial: Writing QML extensions with C++}{Writing QML extensions with C++} tutorial and
the \l {Extending QML Functionalities using C++} reference documentation for
more information.


\section2 Using Enumeration Values as Signal and Method Parameters

C++ signals may pass enumeration values as signal parameters to QML, providing that the enumeration
and the signal are declared within the same class, or that the enumeration value is one of those declared
in the \l {Qt}{Qt Namespace}.

Likewise, invokable C++ method parameters may be enumeration values providing 
that the enumeration and the method are declared within the same class, or that
the enumeration value is one of those declared in the \l {Qt}{Qt Namespace}.

Additionally, if a C++ signal with an enum parameter should be connectable to a QML function using the
\l{QML Signal and Handler Event System#Connecting Signals to Methods and Signals}{connect()}
function, the enum type must be registered using qRegisterMetaType().

For QML signals, enum values may be used as signal parameters using the \c int type:

\snippet doc/src/snippets/declarative/qtbinding/enums/standalone.qml 1


\section2 Automatic Type Conversion from Strings

As a convenience, some basic types can be specified in QML using format strings to make it easier to
pass simple values from QML to C++.

\table
\header
\o Type
\o String format
\o Example
\row
\o QColor
\o Color name, "#RRGGBB", "#RRGGBBAA"
\o "red", "#ff0000", "#ff000000"
\row
\o QDate
\o "YYYY-MM-DD"
\o "2010-05-31"
\row
\o QPoint
\o "x,y"
\o "10,20"
\row
\o QRect
\o "x,y,WidthxHeight"
\o "50,50,100x100"
\row
\o QSize
\o "WidthxHeight"
\o "100x200"
\row
\o QTime
\o "hh:mm:ss"
\o "14:22:55"
\row
\o QUrl
\o URL string
\o "http://www.example.com"
\row
\o QVector3D
\o "x,y,z"
\o "0,1,0"
\row
\o Enumeration value
\o Enum value name
\o "AlignRight"
\endtable

(More details on these string formats and types can be found in the
\l {QML Basic Types}{basic type documentation}.)

These string formats can be used to set QML \c property values and pass arguments to C++
functions. This is demonstrated by various examples on this page; in the above
\l{#properties-cpp}{Qt properties example}, the \c ApplicationData class has a \c backgroundColor
property of a QColor type, which is set from the QML code with the string "red" rather rather
than an actual QColor object.

If it is preferred to pass an explicitly-typed value rather than a string, the global
\l{QmlGlobalQtObject}{Qt object} provides convenience functions for creating some of the object
types listed above. For example, \l{QML:Qt::rgba()}{Qt.rgba()} creates a QColor value from four
RGBA values. The QColor returned from this function could be used instead of a string to set
a QColor-type property or to call a C++ function that requires a QColor parameter.


\section1 Writing QML plugins

The Qt Declarative module includes the QDeclarativeExtensionPlugin class, which is an abstract
class for writing QML plugins. This allows QML extension types to be dynamically loaded into
QML applications.

See the QDeclarativeExtensionPlugin documentation and \l {How to Create Qt Plugins} for more
details.


\section1 Managing resource files with the Qt resource system

The \l {The Qt Resource System}{Qt resource system} allows resource files to be stored as
binary files in an application executable. This can be useful when building a mixed
QML/C++ application as it enables QML files (as well as other resources such as images
and sound files) to be referred to through the resource system URI scheme rather than
relative or absolute paths to filesystem resources. Note, however, that if you use the resource
system, the application executable must be re-compiled whenever a QML source file is changed
in order to update the resources in the package.

To use the resource system in a mixed QML/C++ application:

\list
\o Create a \c .qrc \l {The Qt Resource System}{resource collection file} that lists resource
   files in XML format
\o From C++, load the main QML file as a resource using the \c :/ prefix or as a URL with the
   \c qrc scheme
\endlist

Once this is done, all files specified by relative paths in QML will be loaded from
the resource system instead. Use of the resource system is completely transparent to
the QML layer; this means all QML code should refer to resource files using relative
paths and should \i not use the \c qrc scheme. This scheme should only be used from
C++ code for referring to resource files.

Here is a application packaged using the \l {The Qt Resource System}{Qt resource system}.
The directory structure looks like this:

\code
project
    |- example.qrc
    |- main.qml
    |- images
        |- background.png
    |- main.cpp
    |- project.pro
\endcode

The \c main.qml and \c background.png files will be packaged as resource files. This is
done in the \c example.qrc resource collection file:

\quotefile doc/src/snippets/declarative/qtbinding/resources/example.qrc

Since \c background.png is a resource file, \c main.qml can refer to it using the relative
path specified in \c example.qrc:

\snippet doc/src/snippets/declarative/qtbinding/resources/main.qml 0

To allow QML to locate resource files correctly, the \c main.cpp loads the main QML
file, \c main.qml, as a resource file using the \c qrc scheme:

\snippet doc/src/snippets/declarative/qtbinding/resources/main.cpp 0

Finally \c project.pro uses the RESOURCES variable to indicate that \c example.qrc should
be used to build the application resources:

\quotefile doc/src/snippets/declarative/qtbinding/resources/resources.pro

See \l {The Qt Resource System} for more information.

*/