1 This is m4.info, produced by makeinfo version 6.7 from m4.texi.
3 This manual (28 May 2021) is for GNU M4 (version 1.4.19), a package
4 containing an implementation of the m4 macro language.
6 Copyright © 1989–1994, 2004–2014, 2016–2017, 2020–2021 Free Software
9 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
10 document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
11 Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software
12 Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and
13 no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
14 section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License.”
15 INFO-DIR-SECTION Text creation and manipulation
17 * M4: (m4). A powerful macro processor.
21 File: m4.info, Node: Copying This Manual, Next: Indices, Prev: Copying This Package, Up: Top
23 Appendix B How to make copies of this manual
24 ********************************************
26 This appendix covers the license for copying this manual. Note that
27 some of the longer examples in this manual are also distributed in the
28 directory ‘m4-1.4.19/examples/’, where a more permissive license is in
29 effect when copying just the examples.
33 * GNU Free Documentation License:: License for copying this manual
36 File: m4.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Copying This Manual
38 B.1 License for copying this manual
39 ===================================
41 Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
43 Copyright © 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
46 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
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73 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
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181 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
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196 If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
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237 entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in
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280 K. For any section Entitled “Acknowledgements” or “Dedications”,
281 Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section
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289 M. Delete any section Entitled “Endorsements”. Such a section
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292 N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled
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298 If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
299 appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no
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306 You may add a section Entitled “Endorsements”, provided it contains
307 nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
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309 been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of
312 You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text,
313 and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of
314 the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage
315 of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
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327 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
329 You may combine the Document with other documents released under
330 this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for
331 modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all
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333 unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your
334 combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all
335 their Warranty Disclaimers.
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347 In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled
348 “History” in the various original documents, forming one section
349 Entitled “History”; likewise combine any sections Entitled
350 “Acknowledgements”, and any sections Entitled “Dedications”. You
351 must delete all sections Entitled “Endorsements.”
353 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
355 You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
356 documents released under this License, and replace the individual
357 copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
358 that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the
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360 in all other respects.
362 You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
363 distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert
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365 License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that
368 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
370 A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
371 separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a
372 storage or distribution medium, is called an “aggregate” if the
373 copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the
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379 If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
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389 Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
390 distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section
391 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
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393 translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
394 original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
395 translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
396 Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also
397 include the original English version of this License and the
398 original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a
399 disagreement between the translation and the original version of
400 this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will
403 If a section in the Document is Entitled “Acknowledgements”,
404 “Dedications”, or “History”, the requirement (section 4) to
405 Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the
410 You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
411 except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
412 otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void,
413 and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
415 However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your
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422 Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
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426 that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days
427 after your receipt of the notice.
429 Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate
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432 permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the
433 same material does not give you any rights to use it.
435 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
437 The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
438 the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
439 versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
440 differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
441 <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
443 Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
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446 have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
447 that specified version or of any later version that has been
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450 choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free
451 Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy can
452 decide which future versions of this License can be used, that
453 proxy’s public statement of acceptance of a version permanently
454 authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.
458 “Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site” (or “MMC Site”) means any
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462 A “Massive Multiauthor Collaboration” (or “MMC”) contained in the
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467 license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit
468 corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco,
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470 published by that same organization.
472 “Incorporate” means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or
473 in part, as part of another Document.
475 An MMC is “eligible for relicensing” if it is licensed under this
476 License, and if all works that were first published under this
477 License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently
478 incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover
479 texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior
482 The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the
483 site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1,
484 2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.
486 ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
487 ====================================================
489 To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
490 the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
491 notices just after the title page:
493 Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME.
494 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
495 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
496 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
497 with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
498 Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
499 Free Documentation License''.
501 If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover
502 Texts, replace the “with...Texts.” line with this:
504 with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with
505 the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts
508 If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
509 combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
512 If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
513 recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free
514 software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit
515 their use in free software.
518 File: m4.info, Node: Indices, Prev: Copying This Manual, Up: Top
520 Appendix C Indices of concepts and macros
521 *****************************************
525 * Macro index:: Index for all ‘m4’ macros
526 * Concept index:: Index for many concepts
529 File: m4.info, Node: Macro index, Next: Concept index, Up: Indices
531 C.1 Index for all ‘m4’ macros
532 =============================
534 This index covers all ‘m4’ builtins, as well as several useful composite
535 macros. References are exclusively to the places where a macro is
536 introduced the first time.
541 * __file__: Location. (line 9)
542 * __gnu__: Platform macros. (line 11)
543 * __line__: Location. (line 10)
544 * __os2__: Platform macros. (line 12)
545 * __program__: Location. (line 11)
546 * __unix__: Platform macros. (line 14)
547 * __windows__: Platform macros. (line 16)
548 * argn: Shift. (line 256)
549 * array: Define. (line 55)
550 * array_set: Define. (line 56)
551 * builtin: Builtin. (line 8)
552 * capitalize: Patsubst. (line 54)
553 * changecom: Changecom. (line 9)
554 * changequote: Changequote. (line 9)
555 * changeword: Changeword. (line 22)
556 * cleardivert: Cleardivert. (line 25)
557 * cond: Shift. (line 51)
558 * copy: Composition. (line 119)
559 * curry: Composition. (line 67)
560 * debugfile: Debug Output. (line 10)
561 * debugmode: Debug Levels. (line 77)
562 * decr: Incr. (line 10)
563 * define: Define. (line 9)
564 * define_blind: Composition. (line 10)
565 * defn: Defn. (line 9)
566 * divert: Divert. (line 8)
567 * divnum: Divnum. (line 8)
569 * downcase: Patsubst. (line 53)
570 * dquote: Shift. (line 194)
571 * dquote_elt: Shift. (line 195)
572 * dumpdef: Dumpdef. (line 9)
573 * errprint: Errprint. (line 8)
574 * esyscmd: Esyscmd. (line 8)
575 * eval: Eval. (line 8)
576 * example: Manual. (line 39)
577 * exch: Arguments. (line 12)
578 * fatal_error: M4exit. (line 24)
579 * foreach: Foreach. (line 8)
580 * foreachq: Foreach. (line 9)
581 * forloop: Forloop. (line 8)
582 * format: Format. (line 8)
583 * ifdef: Ifdef. (line 9)
584 * ifelse: Ifelse. (line 10)
585 * ifelse <1>: Ifelse. (line 11)
586 * ifelse <2>: Ifelse. (line 12)
587 * include: Include. (line 8)
588 * incr: Incr. (line 9)
589 * index: Index macro. (line 8)
590 * indir: Indir. (line 8)
591 * join: Shift. (line 102)
592 * joinall: Shift. (line 103)
594 * m4exit: M4exit. (line 9)
595 * m4wrap: M4wrap. (line 13)
596 * maketemp: Mkstemp. (line 11)
597 * mkstemp: Mkstemp. (line 10)
598 * nargs: Pseudo Arguments. (line 12)
599 * os2: Platform macros. (line 13)
600 * patsubst: Patsubst. (line 8)
601 * popdef: Pushdef. (line 11)
602 * pushdef: Pushdef. (line 10)
603 * quote: Shift. (line 193)
604 * regexp: Regexp. (line 8)
605 * rename: Composition. (line 120)
606 * reverse: Shift. (line 31)
607 * shift: Shift. (line 16)
608 * sinclude: Include. (line 9)
609 * stack_foreach: Stacks. (line 11)
610 * stack_foreach_lifo: Stacks. (line 12)
611 * stack_foreach_sep: Improved copy. (line 15)
612 * stack_foreach_sep_lifo: Improved copy. (line 16)
613 * substr: Substr. (line 8)
614 * syscmd: Syscmd. (line 8)
615 * sysval: Sysval. (line 8)
616 * traceoff: Trace. (line 10)
617 * traceon: Trace. (line 9)
618 * translit: Translit. (line 8)
619 * undefine: Undefine. (line 8)
620 * undivert: Undivert. (line 8)
621 * unix: Platform macros. (line 15)
622 * upcase: Patsubst. (line 52)
623 * windows: Platform macros. (line 17)
626 File: m4.info, Node: Concept index, Prev: Macro index, Up: Indices
628 C.2 Index for many concepts
629 ===========================
634 * argument currying: Composition. (line 63)
635 * arguments to macros: Macro Arguments. (line 6)
636 * arguments to macros <1>: Arguments. (line 6)
637 * arguments to macros, special: Pseudo Arguments. (line 6)
638 * arguments, joining: Shift. (line 99)
639 * arguments, more than nine: Arguments. (line 54)
640 * arguments, more than nine <1>: Shift. (line 251)
641 * arguments, more than nine <2>: Improved foreach. (line 157)
642 * arguments, quoted macro: Quoting Arguments. (line 6)
643 * arguments, reversing: Shift. (line 31)
644 * arithmetic: Arithmetic. (line 6)
645 * arrays: Define. (line 52)
646 * avoiding quadratic behavior: Improved foreach. (line 38)
647 * basic regular expressions: Regexp. (line 6)
648 * basic regular expressions <1>: Patsubst. (line 6)
649 * blind macro: Inhibiting Invocation.
651 * blind macro <1>: Ifelse. (line 52)
652 * blind macro <2>: Composition. (line 10)
653 * bug reports: Bugs. (line 6)
654 * builtins, indirect call of: Builtin. (line 6)
655 * builtins, special tokens: Defn. (line 101)
656 * call of builtins, indirect: Builtin. (line 6)
657 * call of macros, indirect: Indir. (line 6)
658 * case statement: Ifelse. (line 69)
659 * changing comment delimiters: Changecom. (line 6)
660 * changing quote delimiters: Changequote. (line 6)
661 * changing syntax: Changeword. (line 6)
662 * characters, translating: Translit. (line 6)
663 * command line: Invoking m4. (line 6)
664 * command line, file names on the: Command line files. (line 6)
665 * command line, macro definitions on the: Preprocessor features.
667 * command line, options: Invoking m4. (line 10)
668 * commands, exit status from shell: Sysval. (line 6)
669 * commands, running shell: Shell commands. (line 6)
670 * comment delimiters, changing: Changecom. (line 6)
671 * comments: Comments. (line 6)
672 * comments, copied to output: Changecom. (line 29)
673 * comparing strings: Ifelse. (line 6)
674 * compatibility: Compatibility. (line 6)
675 * composing macros: Composition. (line 6)
676 * concatenating arguments: Shift. (line 99)
677 * conditional, short-circuiting: Shift. (line 51)
678 * conditionals: Ifdef. (line 6)
679 * controlling debugging output: Debug Levels. (line 6)
680 * copying macros: Composition. (line 116)
681 * counting loops: Forloop. (line 6)
682 * currying arguments: Composition. (line 63)
683 * debugging macros: Debugging. (line 6)
684 * debugging output, controlling: Debug Levels. (line 6)
685 * debugging output, saving: Debug Output. (line 6)
686 * decrement operator: Incr. (line 6)
687 * deferring expansion: M4wrap. (line 6)
688 * deferring output: Diversions. (line 6)
689 * defining new macros: Definitions. (line 6)
690 * definition stack: Pushdef. (line 6)
691 * definition stack <1>: Stacks. (line 6)
692 * definitions, displaying macro: Defn. (line 6)
693 * definitions, displaying macro <1>: Dumpdef. (line 6)
694 * deleting macros: Undefine. (line 6)
695 * deleting whitespace in input: Dnl. (line 6)
696 * delimiters, changing: Changequote. (line 6)
697 * delimiters, changing <1>: Changecom. (line 6)
698 * discarding diverted text: Cleardivert. (line 6)
699 * discarding input: Ifelse. (line 6)
700 * discarding input <1>: Dnl. (line 6)
701 * discarding input <2>: Divert. (line 42)
702 * displaying macro definitions: Dumpdef. (line 6)
703 * diversion numbers: Divnum. (line 6)
704 * diverted text, discarding: Cleardivert. (line 6)
705 * diverting output to files: Divert. (line 6)
706 * dumping into frozen file: Using frozen files. (line 6)
707 * error messages, printing: Errprint. (line 6)
708 * errors, fatal: Operation modes. (line 19)
709 * evaluation, of integer expressions: Eval. (line 6)
710 * examples, understanding: Manual. (line 6)
711 * executing shell commands: Shell commands. (line 6)
712 * exit status from shell commands: Sysval. (line 6)
713 * exiting from m4: M4exit. (line 6)
714 * expansion of macros: Macro expansion. (line 6)
715 * expansion, deferring: M4wrap. (line 6)
716 * expansion, tracing macro: Trace. (line 6)
717 * expressions, evaluation of integer: Eval. (line 6)
718 * expressions, regular: Regexp. (line 6)
719 * expressions, regular <1>: Patsubst. (line 6)
720 * extracting substrings: Substr. (line 6)
721 * fast loading of frozen files: Using frozen files. (line 6)
722 * fatal errors: Operation modes. (line 19)
723 * FDL, GNU Free Documentation License: GNU Free Documentation License.
725 * file format, frozen file: Frozen file format. (line 6)
726 * file inclusion: File Inclusion. (line 6)
727 * file inclusion <1>: Undivert. (line 13)
728 * file inclusion <2>: Undivert. (line 89)
729 * file names, on the command line: Command line files. (line 6)
730 * files, diverting output to: Divert. (line 6)
731 * files, names of temporary: Mkstemp. (line 6)
732 * for each loops: Foreach. (line 6)
733 * for loops: Forloop. (line 6)
734 * formatted output: Format. (line 6)
735 * Free Documentation License (FDL), GNU: GNU Free Documentation License.
737 * frozen file format: Frozen file format. (line 6)
738 * frozen files for fast loading: Using frozen files. (line 6)
739 * General Public License (GPL), GNU: GNU General Public License.
741 * GNU extensions: Inhibiting Invocation.
743 * GNU extensions <1>: Define. (line 41)
744 * GNU extensions <2>: Arguments. (line 54)
745 * GNU extensions <3>: Indir. (line 6)
746 * GNU extensions <4>: Builtin. (line 6)
747 * GNU extensions <5>: Debug Levels. (line 74)
748 * GNU extensions <6>: Debug Output. (line 6)
749 * GNU extensions <7>: Search Path. (line 6)
750 * GNU extensions <8>: Divert. (line 54)
751 * GNU extensions <9>: Undivert. (line 13)
752 * GNU extensions <10>: Undivert. (line 89)
753 * GNU extensions <11>: Regexp. (line 6)
754 * GNU extensions <12>: Patsubst. (line 6)
755 * GNU extensions <13>: Format. (line 6)
756 * GNU extensions <14>: Eval. (line 113)
757 * GNU extensions <15>: Esyscmd. (line 6)
758 * GNU extensions <16>: Mkstemp. (line 58)
759 * GNU extensions <17>: Using frozen files. (line 6)
760 * GNU extensions <18>: Extensions. (line 6)
761 * GNU Free Documentation License: GNU Free Documentation License.
763 * GNU General Public License: GNU General Public License.
765 * GNU M4, history of: History. (line 6)
766 * GPL, GNU General Public License: GNU General Public License.
768 * history of m4: History. (line 6)
769 * included files, search path for: Search Path. (line 6)
770 * inclusion, of files: File Inclusion. (line 6)
771 * inclusion, of files <1>: Undivert. (line 13)
772 * inclusion, of files <2>: Undivert. (line 89)
773 * increment operator: Incr. (line 6)
774 * indirect call of builtins: Builtin. (line 6)
775 * indirect call of macros: Indir. (line 6)
776 * initialization, frozen state: Using frozen files. (line 6)
777 * input location: Preprocessor features.
779 * input location <1>: Location. (line 6)
780 * input tokens: Syntax. (line 6)
781 * input, discarding: Ifelse. (line 6)
782 * input, discarding <1>: Dnl. (line 6)
783 * input, discarding <2>: Divert. (line 42)
784 * input, saving: M4wrap. (line 6)
785 * integer arithmetic: Arithmetic. (line 6)
786 * integer expression evaluation: Eval. (line 6)
787 * invoking m4: Invoking m4. (line 6)
788 * invoking macros: Invocation. (line 6)
789 * iterating over lists: Foreach. (line 6)
790 * joining arguments: Shift. (line 99)
791 * length of strings: Len. (line 6)
792 * lexical structure of words: Changeword. (line 6)
793 * License, code: Copying This Package.
795 * License, manual: Copying This Manual. (line 6)
796 * limit, nesting: Limits control. (line 43)
797 * literal output: Pseudo Arguments. (line 106)
798 * local variables: Pushdef. (line 79)
799 * location, input: Preprocessor features.
801 * location, input <1>: Location. (line 6)
802 * loops: Shift. (line 10)
803 * loops, counting: Forloop. (line 6)
804 * loops, list iteration: Foreach. (line 6)
805 * M4PATH: Search Path. (line 9)
806 * macro composition: Composition. (line 6)
807 * macro definitions, on the command line: Preprocessor features.
809 * macro expansion, tracing: Trace. (line 6)
810 * macro invocation: Invocation. (line 6)
811 * macro, blind: Inhibiting Invocation.
813 * macro, blind <1>: Ifelse. (line 52)
814 * macro, blind <2>: Composition. (line 10)
815 * macros, arguments to: Macro Arguments. (line 6)
816 * macros, arguments to <1>: Arguments. (line 6)
817 * macros, copying: Composition. (line 116)
818 * macros, debugging: Debugging. (line 6)
819 * macros, displaying definitions: Defn. (line 6)
820 * macros, displaying definitions <1>: Dumpdef. (line 6)
821 * macros, expansion of: Macro expansion. (line 6)
822 * macros, how to define new: Definitions. (line 6)
823 * macros, how to delete: Undefine. (line 6)
824 * macros, how to rename: Defn. (line 6)
825 * macros, indirect call of: Indir. (line 6)
826 * macros, quoted arguments to: Quoting Arguments. (line 6)
827 * macros, recursive: Shift. (line 6)
828 * macros, special arguments to: Pseudo Arguments. (line 6)
829 * macros, temporary redefinition of: Pushdef. (line 6)
830 * manipulating quotes: Shift. (line 190)
831 * messages, printing error: Errprint. (line 6)
832 * more than nine arguments: Arguments. (line 54)
833 * more than nine arguments <1>: Shift. (line 251)
834 * more than nine arguments <2>: Improved foreach. (line 157)
835 * multibranches: Ifelse. (line 69)
836 * names: Names. (line 6)
837 * nesting limit: Limits control. (line 43)
838 * nine arguments, more than: Arguments. (line 54)
839 * nine arguments, more than <1>: Shift. (line 251)
840 * nine arguments, more than <2>: Improved foreach. (line 157)
841 * numbers: Manual. (line 57)
842 * options, command line: Invoking m4. (line 10)
843 * output, diverting to files: Divert. (line 6)
844 * output, formatted: Format. (line 6)
845 * output, literal: Pseudo Arguments. (line 106)
846 * output, saving debugging: Debug Output. (line 6)
847 * overview of m4: Intro. (line 6)
848 * pattern substitution: Patsubst. (line 6)
849 * platform macros: Platform macros. (line 6)
850 * positional parameters, more than nine: Arguments. (line 54)
851 * POSIX: Extensions. (line 6)
852 * POSIXLY_CORRECT: Invoking m4. (line 10)
853 * POSIXLY_CORRECT <1>: Incompatibilities. (line 144)
854 * preprocessor features: Preprocessor features.
856 * printing error messages: Errprint. (line 6)
857 * pushdef stack: Pushdef. (line 6)
858 * pushdef stack <1>: Stacks. (line 6)
859 * quadratic behavior, avoiding: Improved foreach. (line 38)
860 * quote delimiters, changing: Changequote. (line 6)
861 * quote manipulation: Shift. (line 190)
862 * quoted macro arguments: Quoting Arguments. (line 6)
863 * quoted string: Quoted strings. (line 6)
864 * quoting rule of thumb: Quoting Arguments. (line 22)
865 * recursive macros: Shift. (line 6)
866 * redefinition of macros, temporary: Pushdef. (line 6)
867 * regular expressions: Changeword. (line 6)
868 * regular expressions <1>: Regexp. (line 6)
869 * regular expressions <2>: Patsubst. (line 6)
870 * reloading a frozen file: Using frozen files. (line 6)
871 * renaming macros: Defn. (line 6)
872 * renaming macros <1>: Composition. (line 116)
873 * reporting bugs: Bugs. (line 6)
874 * rescanning: Limits control. (line 56)
875 * rescanning <1>: Inhibiting Invocation.
877 * rescanning <2>: Pseudo Arguments. (line 106)
878 * rescanning <3>: Defn. (line 61)
879 * rescanning <4>: Other Incompatibilities.
881 * reversing arguments: Shift. (line 31)
882 * rule of thumb, quoting: Quoting Arguments. (line 22)
883 * running shell commands: Shell commands. (line 6)
884 * saving debugging output: Debug Output. (line 6)
885 * saving input: M4wrap. (line 6)
886 * search path for included files: Search Path. (line 6)
887 * shell commands, exit status from: Sysval. (line 6)
888 * shell commands, running: Shell commands. (line 6)
889 * short-circuiting conditional: Shift. (line 51)
890 * special arguments to macros: Pseudo Arguments. (line 6)
891 * stack, macro definition: Pushdef. (line 6)
892 * stack, macro definition <1>: Stacks. (line 6)
893 * standard error, output to: Dumpdef. (line 6)
894 * standard error, output to <1>: Trace. (line 6)
895 * standard error, output to <2>: Errprint. (line 6)
896 * status of shell commands: Sysval. (line 6)
897 * status, setting m4 exit: M4exit. (line 6)
898 * string, quoted: Quoted strings. (line 6)
899 * strings, length of: Len. (line 6)
900 * substitution by regular expression: Patsubst. (line 6)
901 * substrings, extracting: Substr. (line 6)
902 * substrings, locating: Index macro. (line 6)
903 * suggestions, reporting: Bugs. (line 6)
904 * suppressing warnings: Macro Arguments. (line 38)
905 * switch statement: Ifelse. (line 69)
906 * synchronization lines: Preprocessor features.
908 * syntax, changing: Changeword. (line 6)
909 * temporary file names: Mkstemp. (line 6)
910 * temporary redefinition of macros: Pushdef. (line 6)
911 * TMPDIR: Diversions. (line 10)
912 * tokens: Syntax. (line 6)
913 * tokens, builtin macro: Defn. (line 101)
914 * tokens, special: Other tokens. (line 6)
915 * tracing macro expansion: Trace. (line 6)
916 * translating characters: Translit. (line 6)
917 * undefining macros: Undefine. (line 6)
918 * UNIX commands, exit status from: Sysval. (line 6)
919 * UNIX commands, running: Shell commands. (line 6)
920 * variables, local: Pushdef. (line 79)
921 * warnings, suppressing: Macro Arguments. (line 38)
922 * words: Names. (line 6)
923 * words, lexical structure of: Changeword. (line 6)
projects / platform / upstream / m4.git / blob