1 This is m4.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.13 from m4.texinfo.
3 This manual (28 February 2011) is for GNU M4 (version 1.4.16), a
4 package containing an implementation of the m4 macro language.
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15 INFO-DIR-SECTION Text creation and manipulation
17 * M4: (m4). A powerful macro processor.
21 File: m4.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Copying This Manual
23 B.1 License for copying this manual
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475 ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
476 ====================================================
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482 Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME.
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507 File: m4.info, Node: Indices, Prev: Copying This Manual, Up: Top
509 Appendix C Indices of concepts and macros
510 *****************************************
514 * Macro index:: Index for all `m4' macros
515 * Concept index:: Index for many concepts
518 File: m4.info, Node: Macro index, Next: Concept index, Up: Indices
520 C.1 Index for all `m4' macros
521 =============================
523 This index covers all `m4' builtins, as well as several useful
524 composite macros. References are exclusively to the places where a
525 macro is introduced the first time.
530 * __file__: Location. (line 10)
531 * __gnu__: Platform macros. (line 12)
532 * __line__: Location. (line 11)
533 * __os2__: Platform macros. (line 13)
534 * __program__: Location. (line 12)
535 * __unix__: Platform macros. (line 15)
536 * __windows__: Platform macros. (line 17)
537 * argn: Shift. (line 258)
538 * array: Define. (line 56)
539 * array_set: Define. (line 57)
540 * builtin: Builtin. (line 9)
541 * capitalize: Patsubst. (line 55)
542 * changecom: Changecom. (line 10)
543 * changequote: Changequote. (line 10)
544 * changeword: Changeword. (line 23)
545 * cleardivert: Cleardivert. (line 26)
546 * cond: Shift. (line 53)
547 * copy: Composition. (line 120)
548 * curry: Composition. (line 68)
549 * debugfile: Debug Output. (line 11)
550 * debugmode: Debug Levels. (line 78)
551 * decr: Incr. (line 11)
552 * define: Define. (line 10)
553 * define_blind: Composition. (line 11)
554 * defn: Defn. (line 10)
555 * divert: Divert. (line 9)
556 * divnum: Divnum. (line 9)
558 * downcase: Patsubst. (line 54)
559 * dquote: Shift. (line 196)
560 * dquote_elt: Shift. (line 197)
561 * dumpdef: Dumpdef. (line 10)
562 * errprint: Errprint. (line 9)
563 * esyscmd: Esyscmd. (line 9)
564 * eval: Eval. (line 9)
565 * example: Manual. (line 40)
566 * exch: Arguments. (line 13)
567 * fatal_error: M4exit. (line 25)
568 * foreach: Foreach. (line 9)
569 * foreachq: Foreach. (line 10)
570 * forloop: Forloop. (line 9)
571 * format: Format. (line 9)
572 * ifdef: Ifdef. (line 10)
573 * ifelse: Ifelse. (line 11)
574 * include: Include. (line 9)
575 * incr: Incr. (line 10)
576 * index: Index macro. (line 9)
577 * indir: Indir. (line 9)
578 * join: Shift. (line 104)
579 * joinall: Shift. (line 105)
581 * m4exit: M4exit. (line 10)
582 * m4wrap: M4wrap. (line 14)
583 * maketemp: Mkstemp. (line 12)
584 * mkstemp: Mkstemp. (line 11)
585 * nargs: Pseudo Arguments. (line 13)
586 * os2: Platform macros. (line 14)
587 * patsubst: Patsubst. (line 9)
588 * popdef: Pushdef. (line 12)
589 * pushdef: Pushdef. (line 11)
590 * quote: Shift. (line 195)
591 * regexp: Regexp. (line 9)
592 * rename: Composition. (line 121)
593 * reverse: Shift. (line 32)
594 * shift: Shift. (line 17)
595 * sinclude: Include. (line 10)
596 * stack_foreach: Stacks. (line 12)
597 * stack_foreach_lifo: Stacks. (line 13)
598 * stack_foreach_sep: Improved copy. (line 16)
599 * stack_foreach_sep_lifo: Improved copy. (line 17)
600 * substr: Substr. (line 9)
601 * syscmd: Syscmd. (line 9)
602 * sysval: Sysval. (line 9)
603 * traceoff: Trace. (line 11)
604 * traceon: Trace. (line 10)
605 * translit: Translit. (line 9)
606 * undefine: Undefine. (line 9)
607 * undivert: Undivert. (line 9)
608 * unix: Platform macros. (line 16)
609 * upcase: Patsubst. (line 53)
610 * windows: Platform macros. (line 18)
613 File: m4.info, Node: Concept index, Prev: Macro index, Up: Indices
615 C.2 Index for many concepts
616 ===========================
621 * argument currying: Composition. (line 63)
622 * arguments to macros <1>: Arguments. (line 6)
623 * arguments to macros: Macro Arguments. (line 6)
624 * arguments to macros, special: Pseudo Arguments. (line 6)
625 * arguments, joining: Shift. (line 100)
626 * arguments, more than nine <1>: Improved foreach. (line 155)
627 * arguments, more than nine <2>: Shift. (line 252)
628 * arguments, more than nine: Arguments. (line 54)
629 * arguments, quoted macro: Quoting Arguments. (line 6)
630 * arguments, reversing: Shift. (line 31)
631 * arithmetic: Arithmetic. (line 6)
632 * arrays: Define. (line 52)
633 * avoiding quadratic behavior: Improved foreach. (line 38)
634 * basic regular expressions <1>: Patsubst. (line 6)
635 * basic regular expressions: Regexp. (line 6)
636 * blind macro <1>: Composition. (line 10)
637 * blind macro <2>: Ifelse. (line 52)
638 * blind macro: Inhibiting Invocation.
640 * bug reports: Bugs. (line 6)
641 * builtins, indirect call of: Builtin. (line 6)
642 * builtins, special tokens: Defn. (line 101)
643 * call of builtins, indirect: Builtin. (line 6)
644 * call of macros, indirect: Indir. (line 6)
645 * case statement: Ifelse. (line 69)
646 * changing comment delimiters: Changecom. (line 6)
647 * changing quote delimiters: Changequote. (line 6)
648 * changing syntax: Changeword. (line 6)
649 * characters, translating: Translit. (line 6)
650 * command line: Invoking m4. (line 6)
651 * command line, file names on the: Command line files. (line 6)
652 * command line, macro definitions on the: Preprocessor features.
654 * command line, options: Invoking m4. (line 10)
655 * commands, exit status from shell: Sysval. (line 6)
656 * commands, running shell: Shell commands. (line 6)
657 * comment delimiters, changing: Changecom. (line 6)
658 * comments: Comments. (line 6)
659 * comments, copied to output: Changecom. (line 29)
660 * comparing strings: Ifelse. (line 6)
661 * compatibility: Compatibility. (line 6)
662 * composing macros: Composition. (line 6)
663 * concatenating arguments: Shift. (line 100)
664 * conditional, short-circuiting: Shift. (line 51)
665 * conditionals: Ifdef. (line 6)
666 * controlling debugging output: Debug Levels. (line 6)
667 * copying macros: Composition. (line 116)
668 * counting loops: Forloop. (line 6)
669 * currying arguments: Composition. (line 63)
670 * debugging macros: Debugging. (line 6)
671 * debugging output, controlling: Debug Levels. (line 6)
672 * debugging output, saving: Debug Output. (line 6)
673 * decrement operator: Incr. (line 6)
674 * deferring expansion: M4wrap. (line 6)
675 * deferring output: Diversions. (line 6)
676 * defining new macros: Definitions. (line 6)
677 * definition stack <1>: Stacks. (line 6)
678 * definition stack: Pushdef. (line 6)
679 * definitions, displaying macro <1>: Dumpdef. (line 6)
680 * definitions, displaying macro: Defn. (line 6)
681 * deleting macros: Undefine. (line 6)
682 * deleting whitespace in input: Dnl. (line 6)
683 * delimiters, changing <1>: Changecom. (line 6)
684 * delimiters, changing: Changequote. (line 6)
685 * discarding diverted text: Cleardivert. (line 6)
686 * discarding input <1>: Divert. (line 42)
687 * discarding input <2>: Dnl. (line 6)
688 * discarding input: Ifelse. (line 6)
689 * displaying macro definitions: Dumpdef. (line 6)
690 * diversion numbers: Divnum. (line 6)
691 * diverted text, discarding: Cleardivert. (line 6)
692 * diverting output to files: Divert. (line 6)
693 * dumping into frozen file: Using frozen files. (line 6)
694 * error messages, printing: Errprint. (line 6)
695 * errors, fatal: Operation modes. (line 20)
696 * evaluation, of integer expressions: Eval. (line 6)
697 * examples, understanding: Manual. (line 6)
698 * executing shell commands: Shell commands. (line 6)
699 * exit status from shell commands: Sysval. (line 6)
700 * exiting from m4: M4exit. (line 6)
701 * expansion of macros: Macro expansion. (line 6)
702 * expansion, deferring: M4wrap. (line 6)
703 * expansion, tracing macro: Trace. (line 6)
704 * expressions, evaluation of integer: Eval. (line 6)
705 * expressions, regular <1>: Patsubst. (line 6)
706 * expressions, regular: Regexp. (line 6)
707 * extracting substrings: Substr. (line 6)
708 * fast loading of frozen files: Using frozen files. (line 6)
709 * fatal errors: Operation modes. (line 20)
710 * FDL, GNU Free Documentation License: GNU Free Documentation License.
712 * file format, frozen file: Frozen file format. (line 6)
713 * file inclusion <1>: Undivert. (line 13)
714 * file inclusion: File Inclusion. (line 6)
715 * file names, on the command line: Command line files. (line 6)
716 * files, diverting output to: Divert. (line 6)
717 * files, names of temporary: Mkstemp. (line 6)
718 * for each loops: Foreach. (line 6)
719 * for loops: Forloop. (line 6)
720 * formatted output: Format. (line 6)
721 * Free Documentation License (FDL), GNU: GNU Free Documentation License.
723 * frozen file format: Frozen file format. (line 6)
724 * frozen files for fast loading: Using frozen files. (line 6)
725 * General Public License (GPL), GNU: GNU General Public License.
727 * GNU extensions <1>: Extensions. (line 6)
728 * GNU extensions <2>: Using frozen files. (line 6)
729 * GNU extensions <3>: Mkstemp. (line 59)
730 * GNU extensions <4>: Esyscmd. (line 6)
731 * GNU extensions <5>: Eval. (line 125)
732 * GNU extensions <6>: Format. (line 6)
733 * GNU extensions <7>: Patsubst. (line 6)
734 * GNU extensions <8>: Regexp. (line 6)
735 * GNU extensions <9>: Undivert. (line 13)
736 * GNU extensions <10>: Divert. (line 54)
737 * GNU extensions <11>: Search Path. (line 6)
738 * GNU extensions <12>: Debug Output. (line 6)
739 * GNU extensions <13>: Debug Levels. (line 74)
740 * GNU extensions <14>: Builtin. (line 6)
741 * GNU extensions <15>: Indir. (line 6)
742 * GNU extensions <16>: Arguments. (line 54)
743 * GNU extensions <17>: Define. (line 41)
744 * GNU extensions: Inhibiting Invocation.
746 * GNU Free Documentation License: GNU Free Documentation License.
748 * GNU General Public License: GNU General Public License.
750 * GNU M4, history of: History. (line 6)
751 * GPL, GNU General Public License: GNU General Public License.
753 * history of m4: History. (line 6)
754 * included files, search path for: Search Path. (line 6)
755 * inclusion, of files <1>: Undivert. (line 13)
756 * inclusion, of files: File Inclusion. (line 6)
757 * increment operator: Incr. (line 6)
758 * indirect call of builtins: Builtin. (line 6)
759 * indirect call of macros: Indir. (line 6)
760 * initialization, frozen state: Using frozen files. (line 6)
761 * input location <1>: Location. (line 6)
762 * input location: Preprocessor features.
764 * input tokens: Syntax. (line 6)
765 * input, discarding <1>: Divert. (line 42)
766 * input, discarding <2>: Dnl. (line 6)
767 * input, discarding: Ifelse. (line 6)
768 * input, saving: M4wrap. (line 6)
769 * integer arithmetic: Arithmetic. (line 6)
770 * integer expression evaluation: Eval. (line 6)
771 * invoking m4: Invoking m4. (line 6)
772 * invoking macros: Invocation. (line 6)
773 * iterating over lists: Foreach. (line 6)
774 * joining arguments: Shift. (line 100)
775 * length of strings: Len. (line 6)
776 * lexical structure of words: Changeword. (line 6)
777 * License, code: Copying This Package.
779 * License, manual: Copying This Manual. (line 6)
780 * limit, nesting: Limits control. (line 43)
781 * literal output: Pseudo Arguments. (line 106)
782 * local variables: Pushdef. (line 79)
783 * location, input <1>: Location. (line 6)
784 * location, input: Preprocessor features.
786 * loops: Shift. (line 10)
787 * loops, counting: Forloop. (line 6)
788 * loops, list iteration: Foreach. (line 6)
789 * M4PATH: Search Path. (line 9)
790 * macro composition: Composition. (line 6)
791 * macro definitions, on the command line: Preprocessor features.
793 * macro expansion, tracing: Trace. (line 6)
794 * macro invocation: Invocation. (line 6)
795 * macro, blind <1>: Composition. (line 10)
796 * macro, blind <2>: Ifelse. (line 52)
797 * macro, blind: Inhibiting Invocation.
799 * macros, arguments to <1>: Arguments. (line 6)
800 * macros, arguments to: Macro Arguments. (line 6)
801 * macros, copying: Composition. (line 116)
802 * macros, debugging: Debugging. (line 6)
803 * macros, displaying definitions <1>: Dumpdef. (line 6)
804 * macros, displaying definitions: Defn. (line 6)
805 * macros, expansion of: Macro expansion. (line 6)
806 * macros, how to define new: Definitions. (line 6)
807 * macros, how to delete: Undefine. (line 6)
808 * macros, how to rename: Defn. (line 6)
809 * macros, indirect call of: Indir. (line 6)
810 * macros, quoted arguments to: Quoting Arguments. (line 6)
811 * macros, recursive: Shift. (line 6)
812 * macros, special arguments to: Pseudo Arguments. (line 6)
813 * macros, temporary redefinition of: Pushdef. (line 6)
814 * manipulating quotes: Shift. (line 191)
815 * messages, printing error: Errprint. (line 6)
816 * more than nine arguments <1>: Improved foreach. (line 155)
817 * more than nine arguments <2>: Shift. (line 252)
818 * more than nine arguments: Arguments. (line 54)
819 * multibranches: Ifelse. (line 69)
820 * names: Names. (line 6)
821 * nesting limit: Limits control. (line 43)
822 * nine arguments, more than <1>: Improved foreach. (line 155)
823 * nine arguments, more than <2>: Shift. (line 252)
824 * nine arguments, more than: Arguments. (line 54)
825 * numbers: Manual. (line 57)
826 * options, command line: Invoking m4. (line 10)
827 * output, diverting to files: Divert. (line 6)
828 * output, formatted: Format. (line 6)
829 * output, literal: Pseudo Arguments. (line 106)
830 * output, saving debugging: Debug Output. (line 6)
831 * overview of m4: Intro. (line 6)
832 * pattern substitution: Patsubst. (line 6)
833 * platform macros: Platform macros. (line 6)
834 * positional parameters, more than nine: Arguments. (line 54)
835 * POSIX: Extensions. (line 6)
836 * POSIXLY_CORRECT <1>: Incompatibilities. (line 146)
837 * POSIXLY_CORRECT: Invoking m4. (line 10)
838 * preprocessor features: Preprocessor features.
840 * printing error messages: Errprint. (line 6)
841 * pushdef stack <1>: Stacks. (line 6)
842 * pushdef stack: Pushdef. (line 6)
843 * quadratic behavior, avoiding: Improved foreach. (line 38)
844 * quote delimiters, changing: Changequote. (line 6)
845 * quote manipulation: Shift. (line 191)
846 * quoted macro arguments: Quoting Arguments. (line 6)
847 * quoted string: Quoted strings. (line 6)
848 * quoting rule of thumb: Quoting Arguments. (line 22)
849 * recursive macros: Shift. (line 6)
850 * redefinition of macros, temporary: Pushdef. (line 6)
851 * regular expressions <1>: Patsubst. (line 6)
852 * regular expressions <2>: Regexp. (line 6)
853 * regular expressions: Changeword. (line 6)
854 * reloading a frozen file: Using frozen files. (line 6)
855 * renaming macros <1>: Composition. (line 116)
856 * renaming macros: Defn. (line 6)
857 * reporting bugs: Bugs. (line 6)
858 * rescanning <1>: Other Incompatibilities.
860 * rescanning <2>: Defn. (line 61)
861 * rescanning <3>: Pseudo Arguments. (line 106)
862 * rescanning <4>: Inhibiting Invocation.
864 * rescanning: Limits control. (line 56)
865 * reversing arguments: Shift. (line 31)
866 * rule of thumb, quoting: Quoting Arguments. (line 22)
867 * running shell commands: Shell commands. (line 6)
868 * saving debugging output: Debug Output. (line 6)
869 * saving input: M4wrap. (line 6)
870 * search path for included files: Search Path. (line 6)
871 * shell commands, exit status from: Sysval. (line 6)
872 * shell commands, running: Shell commands. (line 6)
873 * short-circuiting conditional: Shift. (line 51)
874 * special arguments to macros: Pseudo Arguments. (line 6)
875 * stack, macro definition <1>: Stacks. (line 6)
876 * stack, macro definition: Pushdef. (line 6)
877 * standard error, output to <1>: Errprint. (line 6)
878 * standard error, output to <2>: Trace. (line 6)
879 * standard error, output to: Dumpdef. (line 6)
880 * status of shell commands: Sysval. (line 6)
881 * status, setting m4 exit: M4exit. (line 6)
882 * string, quoted: Quoted strings. (line 6)
883 * strings, length of: Len. (line 6)
884 * substitution by regular expression: Patsubst. (line 6)
885 * substrings, extracting: Substr. (line 6)
886 * substrings, locating: Index macro. (line 6)
887 * suggestions, reporting: Bugs. (line 6)
888 * suppressing warnings: Macro Arguments. (line 38)
889 * switch statement: Ifelse. (line 69)
890 * synchronization lines: Preprocessor features.
892 * syntax, changing: Changeword. (line 6)
893 * temporary file names: Mkstemp. (line 6)
894 * temporary redefinition of macros: Pushdef. (line 6)
895 * TMPDIR: Diversions. (line 10)
896 * tokens: Syntax. (line 6)
897 * tokens, builtin macro: Defn. (line 101)
898 * tokens, special: Other tokens. (line 6)
899 * tracing macro expansion: Trace. (line 6)
900 * translating characters: Translit. (line 6)
901 * undefining macros: Undefine. (line 6)
902 * UNIX commands, exit status from: Sysval. (line 6)
903 * UNIX commands, running: Shell commands. (line 6)
904 * variables, local: Pushdef. (line 79)
905 * warnings, suppressing: Macro Arguments. (line 38)
906 * words: Names. (line 6)
907 * words, lexical structure of: Changeword. (line 6)
projects / platform / upstream / m4.git / blob