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  25 </div>
  26 <div class="section">
  27 <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
  28 <a name="interprocess.streams"></a><a class="link" href="streams.html" title="Direct iostream formatting: vectorstream and bufferstream">Direct iostream formatting: vectorstream
  29     and bufferstream</a>
  30 </h2></div></div></div>
  31 <div class="toc"><dl class="toc">
  32 <dt><span class="section"><a href="streams.html#interprocess.streams.vectorstream">Formatting directly
  33       in your character vector: vectorstream</a></span></dt>
  34 <dt><span class="section"><a href="streams.html#interprocess.streams.bufferstream">Formatting directly
  35       in your character buffer: bufferstream</a></span></dt>
  36 </dl></div>
  37 <p>
  38       Shared memory, memory-mapped files and all <span class="bold"><strong>Boost.Interprocess</strong></span>
  39       mechanisms are focused on efficiency. The reason why shared memory is used
  40       is that it's the fastest IPC mechanism available. When passing text-oriented
  41       messages through shared memory, there is need to format the message. Obviously
  42       C++ offers the iostream framework for that work.
  43     </p>
  44 <p>
  45       Some programmers appreciate the iostream safety and design for memory formatting
  46       but feel that the stringstream family is far from efficient not when formatting,
  47       but when obtaining formatted data to a string, or when setting the string from
  48       which the stream will extract data. An example:
  49     </p>
  50 <pre class="programlisting"><span class="comment">//Some formatting elements</span>
  51 <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">my_text</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">"..."</span><span class="special">;</span>
  52 <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">number</span><span class="special">;</span>
  53
  54 <span class="comment">//Data reader</span>
  55 <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">istringstream</span> <span class="identifier">input_processor</span><span class="special">;</span>
  56
  57 <span class="comment">//This makes a copy of the string. If not using a</span>
  58 <span class="comment">//reference counted string, this is a serious overhead.</span>
  59 <span class="identifier">input_processor</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">str</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">my_text</span><span class="special">);</span>
  60
  61 <span class="comment">//Extract data</span>
  62 <span class="keyword">while</span><span class="special">(/*...*/){</span>
  63    <span class="identifier">input_processor</span> <span class="special">&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">number</span><span class="special">;</span>
  64 <span class="special">}</span>
  65
  66 <span class="comment">//Data writer</span>
  67 <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ostringstream</span> <span class="identifier">output_processor</span><span class="special">;</span>
  68
  69 <span class="comment">//Write data</span>
  70 <span class="keyword">while</span><span class="special">(/*...*/){</span>
  71    <span class="identifier">output_processor</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">number</span><span class="special">;</span>
  72 <span class="special">}</span>
  73
  74 <span class="comment">//This returns a temporary string. Even with return-value</span>
  75 <span class="comment">//optimization this is expensive.</span>
  76 <span class="identifier">my_text</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">input_processor</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">str</span><span class="special">();</span>
  77 </pre>
  78 <p>
  79       The problem is even worse if the string is a shared-memory string, because
  80       to extract data, we must copy the data first from shared-memory to a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span></code>
  81       and then to a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">stringstream</span></code>. To encode data in a shared
  82       memory string we should copy data from a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">stringstream</span></code>
  83       to a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span></code> and then to the shared-memory string.
  84     </p>
  85 <p>
  86       Because of this overhead, <span class="bold"><strong>Boost.Interprocess</strong></span>
  87       offers a way to format memory-strings (in shared memory, memory mapped files
  88       or any other memory segment) that can avoid all unneeded string copy and memory
  89       allocation/deallocations, while using all iostream facilities. <span class="bold"><strong>Boost.Interprocess</strong></span>
  90       <span class="bold"><strong>vectorstream</strong></span> and <span class="bold"><strong>bufferstream</strong></span>
  91       implement vector-based and fixed-size buffer based storage support for iostreams
  92       and all the formatting/locale hard work is done by standard <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">basic_streambuf</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code> and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">basic_iostream</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code> classes.
  93     </p>
  94 <div class="section">
  95 <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
  96 <a name="interprocess.streams.vectorstream"></a><a class="link" href="streams.html#interprocess.streams.vectorstream" title="Formatting directly in your character vector: vectorstream">Formatting directly
  97       in your character vector: vectorstream</a>
  98 </h3></div></div></div>
  99 <p>
 100         The <span class="bold"><strong>vectorstream</strong></span> class family (<span class="bold"><strong>basic_vectorbuf</strong></span>, <span class="bold"><strong>basic_ivectorstream</strong></span>
 101         ,<span class="bold"><strong>basic_ovectorstream</strong></span> and <span class="bold"><strong>basic_vectorstream</strong></span>)
 102         is an efficient way to obtain formatted reading/writing directly in a character
 103         vector. This way, if a shared-memory vector is used, data is extracted/written
 104         from/to the shared-memory vector, without additional copy/allocation. We
 105         can see the declaration of basic_vectorstream here:
 106       </p>
 107 <pre class="programlisting"><span class="comment">//!A basic_iostream class that holds a character vector specified by CharVector</span>
 108 <span class="comment">//!template parameter as its formatting buffer. The vector must have</span>
 109 <span class="comment">//!contiguous storage, like std::vector, boost::interprocess::vector or</span>
 110 <span class="comment">//!boost::interprocess::basic_string</span>
 111 <span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">CharVector</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">CharTraits</span> <span class="special">=</span>
 112          <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">char_traits</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">CharVector</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">value_type</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
 113 <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">basic_vectorstream</span>
 114 <span class="special">:</span> <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">basic_iostream</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">CharVector</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">value_type</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">CharTraits</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 115
 116 <span class="special">{</span>
 117    <span class="keyword">public</span><span class="special">:</span>
 118    <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">CharVector</span>                                                   <span class="identifier">vector_type</span><span class="special">;</span>
 119    <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">basic_ios</span>
 120       <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">CharVector</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">value_type</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">CharTraits</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">char_type</span>          <span class="identifier">char_type</span><span class="special">;</span>
 121    <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">basic_ios</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">char_type</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">CharTraits</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">int_type</span>     <span class="identifier">int_type</span><span class="special">;</span>
 122    <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">basic_ios</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">char_type</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">CharTraits</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">pos_type</span>     <span class="identifier">pos_type</span><span class="special">;</span>
 123    <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">basic_ios</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">char_type</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">CharTraits</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">off_type</span>     <span class="identifier">off_type</span><span class="special">;</span>
 124    <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">basic_ios</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">char_type</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">CharTraits</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">traits_type</span>  <span class="identifier">traits_type</span><span class="special">;</span>
 125
 126    <span class="comment">//!Constructor. Throws if vector_type default constructor throws.</span>
 127    <span class="identifier">basic_vectorstream</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ios_base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">openmode</span> <span class="identifier">mode</span>
 128                      <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ios_base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">in</span> <span class="special">|</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ios_base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">out</span><span class="special">);</span>
 129
 130    <span class="comment">//!Constructor. Throws if vector_type(const Parameter &amp;param) throws.</span>
 131    <span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Parameter</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 132    <span class="identifier">basic_vectorstream</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">Parameter</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">param</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ios_base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">openmode</span> <span class="identifier">mode</span>
 133                      <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ios_base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">in</span> <span class="special">|</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ios_base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">out</span><span class="special">);</span>
 134
 135    <span class="special">~</span><span class="identifier">basic_vectorstream</span><span class="special">(){}</span>
 136
 137    <span class="comment">//!Returns the address of the stored stream buffer.</span>
 138    <span class="identifier">basic_vectorbuf</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">CharVector</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">CharTraits</span><span class="special">&gt;*</span> <span class="identifier">rdbuf</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span>
 139
 140    <span class="comment">//!Swaps the underlying vector with the passed vector.</span>
 141    <span class="comment">//!This function resets the position in the stream.</span>
 142    <span class="comment">//!Does not throw.</span>
 143    <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">swap_vector</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">vector_type</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">vect</span><span class="special">);</span>
 144
 145    <span class="comment">//!Returns a const reference to the internal vector.</span>
 146    <span class="comment">//!Does not throw.</span>
 147    <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">vector_type</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span>
 148
 149    <span class="comment">//!Preallocates memory from the internal vector.</span>
 150    <span class="comment">//!Resets the stream to the first position.</span>
 151    <span class="comment">//!Throws if the internals vector's memory allocation throws.</span>
 152    <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">reserve</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">vector_type</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_type</span> <span class="identifier">size</span><span class="special">);</span>
 153 <span class="special">};</span>
 154 </pre>
 155 <p>
 156         The vector type is templatized, so that we can use any type of vector: <span class="bold"><strong>std::vector</strong></span>, <code class="computeroutput">boost::interprocess::vector</code>...
 157         But the storage must be <span class="bold"><strong>contiguous</strong></span>, we can't
 158         use a deque. We can even use <span class="bold"><strong>boost::interprocess::basic_string</strong></span>,
 159         since it has a vector interface and it has contiguous storage. <span class="bold"><strong>We can't use std::string</strong></span>, because although some std::string
 160         implementation are vector-based, others can have optimizations and reference-counted
 161         implementations.
 162       </p>
 163 <p>
 164         The user can obtain a const reference to the internal vector using <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">vector_type</span> <span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span></code> function
 165         and he also can swap the internal vector with an external one calling <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">swap_vector</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">vector_type</span>
 166         <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">vect</span><span class="special">)</span></code>. The swap function resets the stream position.
 167         This functions allow efficient methods to obtain the formatted data avoiding
 168         all allocations and data copies.
 169       </p>
 170 <p>
 171         Let's see an example to see how to use vectorstream:
 172       </p>
 173 <p>
 174 </p>
 175 <pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">interprocess</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">containers</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 176 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">interprocess</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">containers</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 177 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">interprocess</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">allocators</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">allocator</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 178 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">interprocess</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">managed_shared_memory</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 179 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">interprocess</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">streams</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">vectorstream</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 180 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">iterator</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 181
 182 <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">interprocess</span><span class="special">;</span>
 183
 184 <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">allocator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">managed_shared_memory</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">segment_manager</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 185    <span class="identifier">IntAllocator</span><span class="special">;</span>
 186 <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">allocator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">managed_shared_memory</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">segment_manager</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 187    <span class="identifier">CharAllocator</span><span class="special">;</span>
 188 <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">IntAllocator</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>   <span class="identifier">MyVector</span><span class="special">;</span>
 189 <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">basic_string</span>
 190    <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">char_traits</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">&gt;,</span> <span class="identifier">CharAllocator</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>   <span class="identifier">MyString</span><span class="special">;</span>
 191 <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">basic_vectorstream</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">MyString</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>               <span class="identifier">MyVectorStream</span><span class="special">;</span>
 192
 193 <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">main</span> <span class="special">()</span>
 194 <span class="special">{</span>
 195    <span class="comment">//Remove shared memory on construction and destruction</span>
 196    <span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">shm_remove</span>
 197    <span class="special">{</span>
 198       <span class="identifier">shm_remove</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="identifier">shared_memory_object</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">remove</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"MySharedMemory"</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="special">}</span>
 199       <span class="special">~</span><span class="identifier">shm_remove</span><span class="special">(){</span> <span class="identifier">shared_memory_object</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">remove</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"MySharedMemory"</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="special">}</span>
 200    <span class="special">}</span> <span class="identifier">remover</span><span class="special">;</span>
 201
 202    <span class="identifier">managed_shared_memory</span> <span class="identifier">segment</span><span class="special">(</span>
 203       <span class="identifier">create_only</span><span class="special">,</span>
 204       <span class="string">"MySharedMemory"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="comment">//segment name</span>
 205       <span class="number">65536</span><span class="special">);</span>           <span class="comment">//segment size in bytes</span>
 206
 207    <span class="comment">//Construct shared memory vector</span>
 208    <span class="identifier">MyVector</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">myvector</span> <span class="special">=</span>
 209       <span class="identifier">segment</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">construct</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">MyVector</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"MyVector"</span><span class="special">)</span>
 210       <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">IntAllocator</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">segment</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_segment_manager</span><span class="special">()));</span>
 211
 212    <span class="comment">//Fill vector</span>
 213    <span class="identifier">myvector</span><span class="special">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">reserve</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">100</span><span class="special">);</span>
 214    <span class="keyword">for</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">i</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">i</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="number">100</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">++</span><span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">){</span>
 215       <span class="identifier">myvector</span><span class="special">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">push_back</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">);</span>
 216    <span class="special">}</span>
 217
 218    <span class="comment">//Create the vectorstream. To create the internal shared memory</span>
 219    <span class="comment">//basic_string we need to pass the shared memory allocator as</span>
 220    <span class="comment">//a constructor argument</span>
 221    <span class="identifier">MyVectorStream</span> <span class="identifier">myvectorstream</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">CharAllocator</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">segment</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_segment_manager</span><span class="special">()));</span>
 222
 223    <span class="comment">//Reserve the internal string</span>
 224    <span class="identifier">myvectorstream</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">reserve</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">100</span><span class="special">*</span><span class="number">5</span><span class="special">);</span>
 225
 226    <span class="comment">//Write all vector elements as text in the internal string</span>
 227    <span class="comment">//Data will be directly written in shared memory, because</span>
 228    <span class="comment">//internal string's allocator is a shared memory allocator</span>
 229    <span class="keyword">for</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span> <span class="identifier">i</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">max</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">myvector</span><span class="special">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">size</span><span class="special">();</span> <span class="identifier">i</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">max</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">++</span><span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">){</span>
 230       <span class="identifier">myvectorstream</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="special">(*</span><span class="identifier">myvector</span><span class="special">)[</span><span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">]</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
 231    <span class="special">}</span>
 232
 233    <span class="comment">//Auxiliary vector to compare original data</span>
 234    <span class="identifier">MyVector</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">myvector2</span> <span class="special">=</span>
 235       <span class="identifier">segment</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">construct</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">MyVector</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"MyVector2"</span><span class="special">)</span>
 236       <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">IntAllocator</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">segment</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_segment_manager</span><span class="special">()));</span>
 237
 238    <span class="comment">//Avoid reallocations</span>
 239    <span class="identifier">myvector2</span><span class="special">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">reserve</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">100</span><span class="special">);</span>
 240
 241    <span class="comment">//Extract all values from the internal</span>
 242    <span class="comment">//string directly to a shared memory vector.</span>
 243    <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">istream_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">it</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">myvectorstream</span><span class="special">),</span> <span class="identifier">itend</span><span class="special">;</span>
 244    <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">copy</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">it</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">itend</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">back_inserter</span><span class="special">(*</span><span class="identifier">myvector2</span><span class="special">));</span>
 245
 246    <span class="comment">//Compare vectors</span>
 247    <span class="identifier">assert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">equal</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">myvector</span><span class="special">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">myvector</span><span class="special">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">myvector2</span><span class="special">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">()));</span>
 248
 249    <span class="comment">//Create a copy of the internal string</span>
 250    <span class="identifier">MyString</span> <span class="identifier">stringcopy</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">myvectorstream</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">());</span>
 251
 252    <span class="comment">//Now we create a new empty shared memory string...</span>
 253    <span class="identifier">MyString</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">mystring</span> <span class="special">=</span>
 254       <span class="identifier">segment</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">construct</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">MyString</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"MyString"</span><span class="special">)</span>
 255       <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">CharAllocator</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">segment</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_segment_manager</span><span class="special">()));</span>
 256
 257    <span class="comment">//...and we swap vectorstream's internal string</span>
 258    <span class="comment">//with the new one: after this statement mystring</span>
 259    <span class="comment">//will be the owner of the formatted data.</span>
 260    <span class="comment">//No reallocations, no data copies</span>
 261    <span class="identifier">myvectorstream</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">swap_vector</span><span class="special">(*</span><span class="identifier">mystring</span><span class="special">);</span>
 262
 263    <span class="comment">//Let's compare both strings</span>
 264    <span class="identifier">assert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">stringcopy</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">mystring</span><span class="special">);</span>
 265
 266    <span class="comment">//Done, destroy and delete vectors and string from the segment</span>
 267    <span class="identifier">segment</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">destroy_ptr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">myvector2</span><span class="special">);</span>
 268    <span class="identifier">segment</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">destroy_ptr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">myvector</span><span class="special">);</span>
 269    <span class="identifier">segment</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">destroy_ptr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">mystring</span><span class="special">);</span>
 270    <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span>
 271 <span class="special">}</span>
 272 </pre>
 273 <p>
 274       </p>
 275 </div>
 276 <div class="section">
 277 <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
 278 <a name="interprocess.streams.bufferstream"></a><a class="link" href="streams.html#interprocess.streams.bufferstream" title="Formatting directly in your character buffer: bufferstream">Formatting directly
 279       in your character buffer: bufferstream</a>
 280 </h3></div></div></div>
 281 <p>
 282         As seen, vectorstream offers an easy and secure way for efficient iostream
 283         formatting, but many times, we have to read or write formatted data from/to
 284         a fixed size character buffer (a static buffer, a c-string, or any other).
 285         Because of the overhead of stringstream, many developers (specially in embedded
 286         systems) choose sprintf family. The <span class="bold"><strong>bufferstream</strong></span>
 287         classes offer iostream interface with direct formatting in a fixed size memory
 288         buffer with protection against buffer overflows. This is the interface:
 289       </p>
 290 <pre class="programlisting"><span class="comment">//!A basic_iostream class that uses a fixed size character buffer</span>
 291 <span class="comment">//!as its formatting buffer.</span>
 292 <span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">CharT</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">CharTraits</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">char_traits</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">CharT</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
 293 <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">basic_bufferstream</span>
 294    <span class="special">:</span> <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">basic_iostream</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">CharT</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">CharTraits</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 295
 296 <span class="special">{</span>
 297    <span class="keyword">public</span><span class="special">:</span>                         <span class="comment">// Typedefs</span>
 298    <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">basic_ios</span>
 299       <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">CharT</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">CharTraits</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">char_type</span>          <span class="identifier">char_type</span><span class="special">;</span>
 300    <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">basic_ios</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">char_type</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">CharTraits</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">int_type</span>     <span class="identifier">int_type</span><span class="special">;</span>
 301    <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">basic_ios</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">char_type</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">CharTraits</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">pos_type</span>     <span class="identifier">pos_type</span><span class="special">;</span>
 302    <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">basic_ios</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">char_type</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">CharTraits</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">off_type</span>     <span class="identifier">off_type</span><span class="special">;</span>
 303    <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">basic_ios</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">char_type</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">CharTraits</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">traits_type</span>  <span class="identifier">traits_type</span><span class="special">;</span>
 304
 305    <span class="comment">//!Constructor. Does not throw.</span>
 306    <span class="identifier">basic_bufferstream</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ios_base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">openmode</span> <span class="identifier">mode</span>
 307                      <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ios_base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">in</span> <span class="special">|</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ios_base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">out</span><span class="special">);</span>
 308
 309    <span class="comment">//!Constructor. Assigns formatting buffer. Does not throw.</span>
 310    <span class="identifier">basic_bufferstream</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">CharT</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">buffer</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span> <span class="identifier">length</span><span class="special">,</span>
 311                      <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ios_base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">openmode</span> <span class="identifier">mode</span>
 312                         <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ios_base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">in</span> <span class="special">|</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ios_base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">out</span><span class="special">);</span>
 313
 314    <span class="comment">//!Returns the address of the stored stream buffer.</span>
 315    <span class="identifier">basic_bufferbuf</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">CharT</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">CharTraits</span><span class="special">&gt;*</span> <span class="identifier">rdbuf</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span>
 316
 317    <span class="comment">//!Returns the pointer and size of the internal buffer.</span>
 318    <span class="comment">//!Does not throw.</span>
 319    <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">pair</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">CharT</span> <span class="special">*,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">buffer</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span>
 320
 321    <span class="comment">//!Sets the underlying buffer to a new value. Resets</span>
 322    <span class="comment">//!stream position. Does not throw.</span>
 323    <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">buffer</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">CharT</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">buffer</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span> <span class="identifier">length</span><span class="special">);</span>
 324 <span class="special">};</span>
 325
 326 <span class="comment">//Some typedefs to simplify usage</span>
 327 <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">basic_bufferstream</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>     <span class="identifier">bufferstream</span><span class="special">;</span>
 328 <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">basic_bufferstream</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">wchar_t</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>  <span class="identifier">wbufferstream</span><span class="special">;</span>
 329 <span class="comment">// ...</span>
 330 </pre>
 331 <p>
 332         While reading from a fixed size buffer, <span class="bold"><strong>bufferstream</strong></span>
 333         activates endbit flag if we try to read an address beyond the end of the
 334         buffer. While writing to a fixed size buffer, <span class="bold"><strong>bufferstream</strong></span>
 335         will active the badbit flag if a buffer overflow is going to happen and disallows
 336         writing. This way, the fixed size buffer formatting through <span class="bold"><strong>bufferstream</strong></span>
 337         is secure and efficient, and offers a good alternative to sprintf/sscanf
 338         functions. Let's see an example:
 339       </p>
 340 <p>
 341 </p>
 342 <pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">interprocess</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">managed_shared_memory</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 343 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">interprocess</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">streams</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">bufferstream</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 344 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 345 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">iterator</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 346 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">cstddef</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 347
 348 <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">interprocess</span><span class="special">;</span>
 349
 350 <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">main</span> <span class="special">()</span>
 351 <span class="special">{</span>
 352    <span class="comment">//Remove shared memory on construction and destruction</span>
 353    <span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">shm_remove</span>
 354    <span class="special">{</span>
 355       <span class="identifier">shm_remove</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="identifier">shared_memory_object</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">remove</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"MySharedMemory"</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="special">}</span>
 356       <span class="special">~</span><span class="identifier">shm_remove</span><span class="special">(){</span> <span class="identifier">shared_memory_object</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">remove</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"MySharedMemory"</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="special">}</span>
 357    <span class="special">}</span> <span class="identifier">remover</span><span class="special">;</span>
 358
 359    <span class="comment">//Create shared memory</span>
 360    <span class="identifier">managed_shared_memory</span> <span class="identifier">segment</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">create_only</span><span class="special">,</span>
 361                                  <span class="string">"MySharedMemory"</span><span class="special">,</span>  <span class="comment">//segment name</span>
 362                                  <span class="number">65536</span><span class="special">);</span>
 363
 364    <span class="comment">//Fill data</span>
 365    <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">data</span><span class="special">;</span>
 366    <span class="identifier">data</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">reserve</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">100</span><span class="special">);</span>
 367    <span class="keyword">for</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">i</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">i</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="number">100</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">++</span><span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">){</span>
 368       <span class="identifier">data</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">push_back</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">);</span>
 369    <span class="special">}</span>
 370    <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span> <span class="identifier">BufferSize</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">100</span><span class="special">*</span><span class="number">5</span><span class="special">;</span>
 371
 372    <span class="comment">//Allocate a buffer in shared memory to write data</span>
 373    <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">my_cstring</span> <span class="special">=</span>
 374       <span class="identifier">segment</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">construct</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"MyCString"</span><span class="special">)[</span><span class="identifier">BufferSize</span><span class="special">](</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">);</span>
 375    <span class="identifier">bufferstream</span> <span class="identifier">mybufstream</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">my_cstring</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">BufferSize</span><span class="special">);</span>
 376
 377    <span class="comment">//Now write data to the buffer</span>
 378    <span class="keyword">for</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">i</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">i</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="number">100</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">++</span><span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">){</span>
 379       <span class="identifier">mybufstream</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">data</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">]</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
 380    <span class="special">}</span>
 381
 382    <span class="comment">//Check there was no overflow attempt</span>
 383    <span class="identifier">assert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">mybufstream</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">good</span><span class="special">());</span>
 384
 385    <span class="comment">//Extract all values from the shared memory string</span>
 386    <span class="comment">//directly to a vector.</span>
 387    <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">data2</span><span class="special">;</span>
 388    <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">istream_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">it</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">mybufstream</span><span class="special">),</span> <span class="identifier">itend</span><span class="special">;</span>
 389    <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">copy</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">it</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">itend</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">back_inserter</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">data2</span><span class="special">));</span>
 390
 391    <span class="comment">//This extraction should have ended will fail error since</span>
 392    <span class="comment">//the numbers formatted in the buffer end before the end</span>
 393    <span class="comment">//of the buffer. (Otherwise it would trigger eofbit)</span>
 394    <span class="identifier">assert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">mybufstream</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">fail</span><span class="special">());</span>
 395
 396    <span class="comment">//Compare data</span>
 397    <span class="identifier">assert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">equal</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">data</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">data</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">data2</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">()));</span>
 398
 399    <span class="comment">//Clear errors and rewind</span>
 400    <span class="identifier">mybufstream</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">clear</span><span class="special">();</span>
 401    <span class="identifier">mybufstream</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">seekp</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ios</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">beg</span><span class="special">);</span>
 402
 403    <span class="comment">//Now write again the data trying to do a buffer overflow</span>
 404    <span class="keyword">for</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">i</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">m</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">data</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">size</span><span class="special">()*</span><span class="number">5</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">i</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">m</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">++</span><span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">){</span>
 405       <span class="identifier">mybufstream</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">data</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">%</span><span class="number">5</span><span class="special">]</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
 406    <span class="special">}</span>
 407
 408    <span class="comment">//Now make sure badbit is active</span>
 409    <span class="comment">//which means overflow attempt.</span>
 410    <span class="identifier">assert</span><span class="special">(!</span><span class="identifier">mybufstream</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">good</span><span class="special">());</span>
 411    <span class="identifier">assert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">mybufstream</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">bad</span><span class="special">());</span>
 412    <span class="identifier">segment</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">destroy_ptr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">my_cstring</span><span class="special">);</span>
 413    <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span>
 414 <span class="special">}</span>
 415 </pre>
 416 <p>
 417       </p>
 418 <p>
 419         As seen, <span class="bold"><strong>bufferstream</strong></span> offers an efficient
 420         way to format data without any allocation and extra copies. This is very
 421         helpful in embedded systems, or formatting inside time-critical loops, where
 422         stringstream extra copies would be too expensive. Unlike sprintf/sscanf,
 423         it has protection against buffer overflows. As we know, according to the
 424         <span class="bold"><strong>Technical Report on C++ Performance</strong></span>, it's
 425         possible to design efficient iostreams for embedded platforms, so this bufferstream
 426         class comes handy to format data to stack, static or shared memory buffers.
 427       </p>
 428 </div>
 429 </div>
 430 <table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
 431 <td align="left"></td>
 432 <td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2005-2015 Ion Gaztanaga<p>
 433         Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
 434         file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
 435       </p>
 436 </div></td>
 437 </tr></table>
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