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href="credits.html#main-contributors">Main contributors</a></li><li class="menu item"><a href="credits.html#special-thanks-goes-to">Special thanks goes to:</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="/sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="banner"><div class="banner_image"><img src="python-xml-title.png" /></div><div class="banner_link"><a href="index.html#support-the-project">Like the tool? <br class="first" />Help making it better! <br class="second" />Your donation helps!</a></div></div><h1 class="title">lxml.cssselect</h1>
29 <p>lxml supports a number of interesting languages for tree traversal and element
30 selection. The most important is obviously <a class="reference external" href="xpathxslt.html#xpath">XPath</a>, but there is also
31 <a class="reference external" href="objectify.html#objectpath">ObjectPath</a> in the <a class="reference external" href="objectify.html">lxml.objectify</a> module. The newest child of this family
32 is <a class="reference external" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/selector.html">CSS selection</a>, which is made available in form of the <tt class="docutils literal">lxml.cssselect</tt>
34 <p>Although it started its life in lxml, <a class="reference external" href="http://packages.python.org/cssselect/">cssselect</a> is now an independent project.
35 It translates CSS selectors to XPath 1.0 expressions that can be used with
36 lxml's XPath engine. <tt class="docutils literal">lxml.cssselect</tt> adds a few convenience shortcuts into
38 <p>To install <tt class="docutils literal">cssselect</tt>, run</p>
39 <pre class="literal-block">
42 <p>lxml will then import and use it automatically.</p>
43 <div class="contents topic" id="contents">
44 <p class="topic-title">Contents</p>
46 <li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-cssselector-class" id="id1">The CSSSelector class</a></li>
47 <li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-cssselect-method" id="id2">The cssselect method</a></li>
48 <li><a class="reference internal" href="#supported-selectors" id="id3">Supported Selectors</a></li>
49 <li><a class="reference internal" href="#namespaces" id="id4">Namespaces</a></li>
52 <div class="section" id="the-cssselector-class">
53 <h1>The CSSSelector class</h1>
54 <p>The most important class in the <tt class="docutils literal">lxml.cssselect</tt> module is <tt class="docutils literal">CSSSelector</tt>. It
55 provides the same interface as the <a class="reference external" href="xpathxslt.html#xpath">XPath</a> class, but accepts a CSS selector
56 expression as input:</p>
57 <div class="syntax"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">lxml.cssselect</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">CSSSelector</span>
58 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">sel</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">CSSSelector</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'div.content'</span><span class="p">)</span>
59 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">sel</span> <span class="c1">#doctest: +ELLIPSIS</span>
60 <span class="go"><CSSSelector ... for 'div.content'></span>
61 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">sel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">css</span>
62 <span class="go">'div.content'</span>
64 <p>The selector actually compiles to XPath, and you can see the
65 expression by inspecting the object:</p>
66 <div class="syntax"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">sel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span>
67 <span class="go">"descendant-or-self::div[@class and contains(concat(' ', normalize-space(@class), ' '), ' content ')]"</span>
69 <p>To use the selector, simply call it with a document or element
71 <div class="syntax"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">lxml.etree</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">fromstring</span>
72 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">h</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">fromstring</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'''<div id="outer"></span>
73 <span class="gp">... </span><span class="s1"> <div id="inner" class="content body"></span>
74 <span class="gp">... </span><span class="s1"> text</span>
75 <span class="gp">... </span><span class="s1"> </div></div>'''</span><span class="p">)</span>
76 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">e</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'id'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">e</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">sel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">h</span><span class="p">)]</span>
77 <span class="go">['inner']</span>
79 <p>Using <tt class="docutils literal">CSSSelector</tt> is equivalent to translating with <tt class="docutils literal">cssselect</tt>
80 and using the <tt class="docutils literal">XPath</tt> class:</p>
81 <div class="syntax"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">cssselect</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">GenericTranslator</span>
82 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">lxml.etree</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">XPath</span>
83 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">sel</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">XPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">GenericTranslator</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">css_to_xpath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'div.content'</span><span class="p">))</span>
85 <p><tt class="docutils literal">CSSSelector</tt> takes a <tt class="docutils literal">translator</tt> parameter to let you choose which
86 translator to use. It can be <tt class="docutils literal">'xml'</tt> (the default), <tt class="docutils literal">'xhtml'</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">'html'</tt>
87 or a <a class="reference external" href="http://packages.python.org/cssselect/#cssselect.GenericTranslator">Translator object</a>.</p>
89 <div class="section" id="the-cssselect-method">
90 <h1>The cssselect method</h1>
91 <p>lxml <tt class="docutils literal">Element</tt> objects have a <tt class="docutils literal">cssselect</tt> convenience method.</p>
92 <div class="syntax"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">h</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cssselect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'div.content'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">sel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">h</span><span class="p">)</span>
93 <span class="go">True</span>
95 <p>Note however that pre-compiling the expression with the <tt class="docutils literal">CSSSelector</tt> or
96 <tt class="docutils literal">XPath</tt> class can provide a substantial speedup.</p>
97 <p>The method also accepts a <tt class="docutils literal">translator</tt> parameter. On <tt class="docutils literal">HtmlElement</tt>
98 objects, the default is changed to <tt class="docutils literal">'html'</tt>.</p>
100 <div class="section" id="supported-selectors">
101 <h1>Supported Selectors</h1>
102 <p>Most <a class="reference external" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-css3-selectors-20110929/">Level 3</a> selectors are supported. The details are in the
103 <a class="reference external" href="http://packages.python.org/cssselect/#supported-selectors">cssselect documentation</a>.</p>
105 <div class="section" id="namespaces">
107 <p>In CSS you can use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">namespace-prefix|element</span></tt>, similar to
108 <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">namespace-prefix:element</span></tt> in an XPath expression. In fact, it maps
109 one-to-one, and the same rules are used to map namespace prefixes to
110 namespace URIs: the <tt class="docutils literal">CSSSelector</tt> class accepts a dictionary as its
111 <tt class="docutils literal">namespaces</tt> argument.</p>
115 <hr class="footer" />
116 Generated on: 2020-10-17.
projects / platform / upstream / python-lxml.git / blob